Strategies for reducing inequalities and improving developmental outcomes for young children in low-income and middle-income countries
Abstract
This report is the second in a Series on early child development in low-income and middle-income countries and assesses the effectiveness of early child development interventions, such as parenting support and preschool enrolment. The evidence reviewed suggests that early child development can be improved through these interventions, with effects greater for programmes of higher quality and for the most vulnerable children. Other promising interventions for the promotion of early child development include children's educational media, interventions with children at high risk, and combining the promotion of early child development with conditional cash transfer programmes. Effective investments in early child development have the potential to reduce inequalities perpetuated by poverty, poor nutrition, and restricted learning opportunities. A simulation model of the potential long-term economic effects of increasing preschool enrolment to 25% or 50% in every low-income and middle-income country showed a benefit-to-cost ratio ranging from 6·4 to 17·6, depending on preschool enrolment rate and discount rate.
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Different types of parenting interventions have consistently shown benefits across a wide age range of children, especially during early childhood.
“These different types of parenting interventions have consistently shown benefits across a wide age range of children, and especially during early childhood [5,18].”
From Parenting interventions to promote early child development in the first three years of life: A global systematic review and meta-analysis (2021) · cites this paper as [18]
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“Girls’ education is particularly important as many start to have children at relatively young ages in LMICs and education has a strong impact, not only on their own life chances, but on their respective children’s survival, health and development [12,13].”
BackgroundVery Early Childhood Development
Aboud, F. E., & Yousafzai, A. K. (2016) · Disease Control Priorities, Third Edition (Volume 2): Reproductive, Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health · doi:10.1596/978-1-4648-0348-2_ch13 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Engle, P. L., Fernald, L. C., Alderman, H., Behrman, J., O'Gara, C., Yousafzai, A., de Mello, M. C., Hidrobo, M., Ulkuer, N., Ertem, I., & Iltus, S.
- Affiliations
- California Polytechnic State University (US)
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- World Bank (US)
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Aga Khan University (PK)
- Bernard van Leer Foundation (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Engle, Patrice L
- Venue
- The Lancet
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2011-10
- Volume
- 378
- Issue
- 9799
- Pages
- 1339-1353
- ISSN
- 0099-5355 (ISSN-L)
- 0140-6736
- OpenAlex
- W2159492200
- Cited by
- 995
- References
- 87
- Citations by year
- 2026: 38 · 2025: 45 · 2024: 59 · 2023: 70 · 2022: 75 · 2021: 86 · 2020: 112 · 2019: 70 · 2018: 69 · 2017: 76 · 2016: 73 · 2015: 59 · 2014: 58 · 2013: 66 · 2012: 34
- FWCI
- 47.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Lancet (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DigitalCommons - CalPoly (California State Polytechnic University) (submittedVersion)
- IFPRI E-brary (International Food Policy Research Institute) (submittedVersion)
- CGSPace A Repository of Agricultural Research Outputs (Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research) (submittedVersion)
- International Food Policy Research Institute (International Food Policy Research Institute) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- UNICEF
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Child Nutrition and Water Access
- Social Sciences › Education › Early Childhood Education and Development
- Social Sciences › Safety Research › Poverty, Education, and Child Welfare
- Keywords
- early childhood development, early childhood intervention, parenting support, conditional cash transfers, instructional media, vulnerable children, inequality reduction, benefit-cost ratio, low- and middle-income countries, poverty, nutrition
- MeSH terms
- Child Development, Humans
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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