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Cited by 8,291Global Health and EpidemiologyHealth Systems, Economic Evaluations, Quality of LifeInsurance, Mortality, Demography, Risk Management

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 96 of the 100 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Years lived with disability (YLDs) for 1160 sequelae of 289 diseases and injuries 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010

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Vos, Theo, Flaxman, Abraham D, Naghavi, Mohsen, Lozano, Rafael, Michaud, Catherine, Ezzati, Majid, Shibuya, Kenji, Salomon, Joshua A, Abdalla, Safa, Aboyans, Victor, Abraham, Jerry, Ackerman, Ilana, Aggarwal, Rakesh, Ahn, Stephanie Y, Ali, Mohammed K, AlMazroa, Mohammad A, Alvarado, Miriam, Anderson, H Ross, Anderson, Laurie M, Andrews, Kathryn G, Atkinson, Charles, Baddour, Larry M, Bahalim, Adil N, Barker-Collo, Suzanne, Barrero, Lope H, Bartels, David H, Basáñez, Maria-Gloria, Baxter, Amanda, Bell, Michelle L, Benjamin, Emelia J, Bennett, Derrick, Bernabé, Eduardo, Bhalla, Kavi, Bhandari, Bishal, Bikbov, Boris, Abdulhak, Aref Bin, Birbeck, Gretchen, Black, James A, Blencowe, Hannah, Blore, Jed D, Blyth, Fiona, Bolliger, Ian, Bonaventure, Audrey, Boufous, Soufiane, Bourne, Rupert, Boussinesq, Michel, Braithwaite, Tasanee, Brayne, Carol, Bridgett, Lisa, Brooker, Simon, Brooks, Peter, Brugha, Traolach S, Bryan-Hancock, Claire, Bucello, Chiara, Buchbinder, Rachelle, Buckle, Geoffrey, Budke, Christine M, Burch, Michael, Burney, Peter, Burstein, Roy, Calabria, Bianca, Campbell, Benjamin, Canter, Charles E, Carabin, Hélène, Carapetis, Jonathan, Carmona, Loreto, Cella, Claudia, Charlson, Fiona, Chen, Honglei, Cheng, Andrew Tai-Ann, Chou, David, Chugh, Sumeet S, Coffeng, Luc E, Colan, Steven D, Colquhoun, Samantha, Colson, K Ellicott, Condon, John, Connor, Myles D, Cooper, Leslie T, Corriere, Matthew, Cortinovis, Monica, de Vaccaro, Karen Courville, Couser, William, Cowie, Benjamin C, Criqui, Michael H, Cross, Marita, Dabhadkar, Kaustubh C, Dahiya, Manu, Dahodwala, Nabila, Damsere-Derry, James, Danaei, Goodarz, Davis, Adrian, De Leo, Diego, Degenhardt, Louisa, Dellavalle, Robert, Delossantos, Allyne, Denenberg, Julie, Derrett, Sarah, Des Jarlais, Don C, Dharmaratne, Samath D, Dherani, Mukesh, Diaz-Torne, Cesar, Dolk, Helen, Dorsey, E Ray, Driscoll, Tim, Duber, Herbert, Ebel, Beth, Edmond, Karen, Elbaz, Alexis, Ali, Suad Eltahir, Erskine, Holly, Erwin, Patricia J, Espindola, Patricia, Ewoigbokhan, Stalin E, Farzadfar, Farshad, Feigin, Valery, Felson, David T, Ferrari, Alize, Ferri, Cleusa P, Fèvre, Eric M, Finucane, Mariel M, Flaxman, Seth, Flood, Louise, Foreman, Kyle, Forouzanfar, Mohammad H, Fowkes, Francis Gerry R, Franklin, Richard, Fransen, Marlene, Freeman, Michael K, Gabbe, Belinda J, Gabriel, Sherine E, Gakidou, Emmanuela, Ganatra, Hammad A, Garcia, Bianca, Gaspari, Flavio, Gillum, Richard F, Gmel, Gerhard, Gosselin, Richard, Grainger, Rebecca, Groeger, Justina, Guillemin, Francis, Gunnell, David, Gupta, Ramyani, Haagsma, Juanita, Hagan, Holly, Halasa, Yara A, Hall, Wayne, Haring, Diana, Haro, Josep Maria, Harrison, James E, Havmoeller, Rasmus, Hay, Roderick J, Higashi, Hideki, Hill, Catherine, Hoen, Bruno, Hoffman, Howard, Hotez, Peter J, Hoy, Damian, Huang, John J, Ibeanusi, Sydney E, Jacobsen, Kathryn H, James, Spencer L, Jarvis, Deborah, Jasrasaria, Rashmi, Jayaraman, Sudha, Johns, Nicole, Jonas, Jost B, Karthikeyan, Ganesan, Kassebaum, Nicholas, Kawakami, Norito, Keren, Andre, Khoo, Jon-Paul, King, Charles H, Knowlton, Lisa Marie, Kobusingye, Olive, Koranteng, Adofo, Krishnamurthi, Rita, Lalloo, Ratilal, Laslett, Laura L, Lathlean, Tim, Leasher, Janet L, Lee, Yong Yi, Leigh, James, Lim, Stephen S, Limb, Elizabeth, Lin, John Kent, Lipnick, Michael, Lipshultz, Steven E, Liu, Wei, Loane, Maria, Ohno, Summer Lockett, Lyons, Ronan, Ma, Jixiang, Mabweijano, Jacqueline, MacIntyre, Michael F, Malekzadeh, Reza, Mallinger, Leslie, Manivannan, Sivabalan, Marcenes, Wagner, March, Lyn, Margolis, David J, Marks, Guy B, Marks, Robin, Matsumori, Akira, Matzopoulos, Richard, Mayosi, Bongani M, McAnulty, John H, McDermott, Mary M, McGill, Neil, McGrath, John, Medina-Mora, Maria Elena, Meltzer, Michele, Memish, Ziad A, Mensah, George A, Merriman, Tony R, Meyer, Ana-Claire, Miglioli, Valeria, Miller, Matthew, Miller, Ted R, Mitchell, Philip B, Mocumbi, Ana Olga, Moffitt, Terrie E, Mokdad, Ali A, Monasta, Lorenzo, Montico, Marcella, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Moran, Andrew, Morawska, Lidia, Mori, Rintaro, Murdoch, Michele E, Mwaniki, Michael K, Naidoo, Kovin, Nair, M Nathan, Naldi, Luigi, Narayan, KM Venkat, Nelson, Paul K, Nelson, Robert G, Nevitt, Michael C, Newton, Charles R, Nolte, Sandra, Norman, Paul, Norman, Rosana, O'Donnell, Martin, O'Hanlon, Simon, Olives, Casey, Omer, Saad B, Ortblad, Katrina, Osborne, Richard, Ozgediz, Doruk, Page, Andrew, Pahari, Bishnu, Pandian, Jeyaraj Durai, Rivero, Andrea Panozo, Patten, Scott B, Pearce, Neil, Padilla, Rogelio Perez, Perez-Ruiz, Fernando, Perico, Norberto, Pesudovs, Konrad, Phillips, David, Phillips, Michael R, Pierce, Kelsey, Pion, Sébastien, Polanczyk, Guilherme V, Polinder, Suzanne, Pope, C Arden, Popova, Svetlana, Porrini, Esteban, Pourmalek, Farshad, Prince, Martin, Pullan, Rachel L, Ramaiah, Kapa D, Ranganathan, Dharani, Razavi, Homie, Regan, Mathilda, Rehm, Jürgen T, Rein, David B, Remuzzi, Guiseppe, Richardson, Kathryn, Rivara, Frederick P, Roberts, Thomas, Robinson, Carolyn, De Leòn, Felipe Rodriguez, Ronfani, Luca, Room, Robin, Rosenfeld, Lisa C, Rushton, Lesley, Sacco, Ralph L, Saha, Sukanta, Sampson, Uchechukwu, Sanchez-Riera, Lidia, Sanman, Ella, Schwebel, David C, Scott, James Graham, Segui-Gomez, Maria, Shahraz, Saeid, Shepard, Donald S, Shin, Hwashin, Shivakoti, Rupak, Silberberg, Donald, Singh, David, Singh, Gitanjali M, Singh, Jasvinder A, Singleton, Jessica, Sleet, David A, Sliwa, Karen, Smith, Emma, Smith, Jennifer L, Stapelberg, Nicolas JC, Steer, Andrew, Steiner, Timothy, Stolk, Wilma A, Stovner, Lars Jacob, Sudfeld, Christopher, Syed, Sana, Tamburlini, Giorgio, Tavakkoli, Mohammad, Taylor, Hugh R, Taylor, Jennifer A, Taylor, William J, Thomas, Bernadette, Thomson, W Murray, Thurston, George D, Tleyjeh, Imad M, Tonelli, Marcello, Towbin, Jeffrey A, Truelsen, Thomas, Tsilimbaris, Miltiadis K, Ubeda, Clotilde, Undurraga, Eduardo A, van der Werf, Marieke J, van Os, Jim, Vavilala, Monica S, Venketasubramanian, N, Wang, Mengru, Wang, Wenzhi, Watt, Kerrianne, Weatherall, David J, Weinstock, Martin A, Weintraub, Robert, Weisskopf, Marc G, Weissman, Myrna M, White, Richard A, Whiteford, Harvey, Wiersma, Steven T, Wilkinson, James D, Williams, Hywel C, Williams, Sean RM, Witt, Emma, Wolfe, Frederick, Woolf, Anthony D, Wulf, Sarah, Yeh, Pon-Hsiu, Zaidi, Anita KM, Zheng, Zhi-Jie, Zonies, David, Lopez, Alan D, Murray, Christopher JL·2012·The Lancet
DOI 10.1016/s0140-6736(12)61729-2PMC PMC6350784
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Abstract

Background Non-fatal health outcomes from diseases and injuries are a crucial consideration in the promotion and monitoring of individual and population health. The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) studies done in 1990 and 2000 have been the only studies to quantify non-fatal health outcomes across an exhaustive set of disorders at the global and regional level. Neither effort quantified uncertainty in prevalence or years lived with disability (YLDs).Methods Of the 291 diseases and injuries in the GBD cause list, 289 cause disability. For 1160 sequelae of the 289 diseases and injuries, we undertook a systematic analysis of prevalence, incidence, remission, duration, and excess mortality. Sources included published studies, case notification, population-based cancer registries, other disease registries, antenatal clinic serosurveillance, hospital discharge data, ambulatory care data, household surveys, other surveys, and cohort studies. For most sequelae, we used a Bayesian meta-regression method, DisMod-MR, designed to address key limitations in descriptive epidemiological data, including missing data, inconsistency, and large methodological variation between data sources. For some disorders, we used natural history models, geospatial models, back-calculation models (models calculating incidence from population mortality rates and case fatality), or registration completeness models (models adjusting for incomplete registration with health-system access and other covariates). Disability weights for 220 unique health states were used to capture the severity of health loss. YLDs by cause at age, sex, country, and year levels were adjusted for comorbidity with simulation methods. We included uncertainty estimates at all stages of the analysis.Findings Global prevalence for all ages combined in 2010 across the 1160 sequelae ranged from fewer than one case per 1 million people to 350,000 cases per 1 million people. Prevalence and severity of health loss were weakly correlated (correlation coefficient -0·37). In 2010, there were 777 million YLDs from all causes, up from 583 million in 1990. The main contributors to global YLDs were mental and behavioural disorders, musculoskeletal disorders, and diabetes or endocrine diseases. The leading specific causes of YLDs were much the same in 2010 as they were in 1990: low back pain, major depressive disorder, iron-deficiency anaemia, neck pain, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, anxiety disorders, migraine, diabetes, and falls. Age-specific prevalence of YLDs increased with age in all regions and has decreased slightly from 1990 to 2010. Regional patterns of the leading causes of YLDs were more similar compared with years of life lost due to premature mortality. Neglected tropical diseases, HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria, and anaemia were important causes of YLDs in sub-Saharan Africa.Interpretation Rates of YLDs per 100,000 people have remained largely constant over time but rise steadily with age. Population growth and ageing have increased YLD numbers and crude rates over the past two decades. Prevalences of the most common causes of YLDs, such as mental and behavioural disorders and musculoskeletal disorders, have not decreased. Health systems will need to address the needs of the rising numbers of individuals with a range of disorders that largely cause disability but not mortality. Quantification of the burden of non-fatal health outcomes will be crucial to understand how well health systems are responding to these challenges. Effective and affordable strategies to deal with this rising burden are an urgent priority for health systems in most parts of the world.Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

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Vos, T., Flaxman, A. D., Naghavi, M., Lozano, R., Michaud, C., Ezzati, M., Shibuya, K., Salomon, J. A., Abdalla, S., Aboyans, V., Abraham, J., Ackerman, I., Aggarwal, R., Ahn, S. Y., Ali, M. K., AlMazroa, M. A., Alvarado, M., Anderson, H. R., Anderson, L. M., Andrews, K. G., Atkinson, C., Baddour, L. M., Bahalim, A. N., Barker-Collo, S., Barrero, L. H., Bartels, D. H., Basáñez, M.-G., Baxter, A., Bell, M. L., Benjamin, E. J., Bennett, D., Bernabé, E., Bhalla, K., Bhandari, B., Bikbov, B., Abdulhak, A. B., Birbeck, G., Black, J. A., Blencowe, H., Blore, J. D., Blyth, F., Bolliger, I., Bonaventure, A., Boufous, S., Bourne, R., Boussinesq, M., Braithwaite, T., Brayne, C., Bridgett, L., Brooker, S., Brooks, P., Brugha, T. S., Bryan-Hancock, C., Bucello, C., Buchbinder, R., Buckle, G., Budke, C. M., Burch, M., Burney, P., Burstein, R., Calabria, B., Campbell, B., Canter, C. E., Carabin, H., Carapetis, J., Carmona, L., Cella, C., Charlson, F., Chen, H., Cheng, A. T.-A., Chou, D., Chugh, S. S., Coffeng, L. E., Colan, S. D., Colquhoun, S., Colson, K. E., Condon, J., Connor, M. D., Cooper, L. T., Corriere, M., Cortinovis, M., de Vaccaro, K. C., Couser, W., Cowie, B. C., Criqui, M. H., Cross, M., Dabhadkar, K. C., Dahiya, M., Dahodwala, N., Damsere-Derry, J., Danaei, G., Davis, A., De Leo, D., Degenhardt, L., Dellavalle, R., Delossantos, A., Denenberg, J., Derrett, S., Des Jarlais, D. C., Dharmaratne, S. D., Dherani, M., Diaz-Torne, C., Dolk, H., Dorsey, E. R., Driscoll, T., Duber, H., Ebel, B., Edmond, K., Elbaz, A., Ali, S. E., Erskine, H., Erwin, P. J., Espindola, P., Ewoigbokhan, S. E., Farzadfar, F., Feigin, V., Felson, D. T., Ferrari, A., Ferri, C. P., Fèvre, E. M., Finucane, M. M., Flaxman, S., Flood, L., Foreman, K., Forouzanfar, M. H., Fowkes, F. G. R., Franklin, R., Fransen, M., Freeman, M. K., Gabbe, B. J., Gabriel, S. E., Gakidou, E., Ganatra, H. A., Garcia, B., Gaspari, F., Gillum, R. F., Gmel, G., Gosselin, R., Grainger, R., Groeger, J., Guillemin, F., Gunnell, D., Gupta, R., Haagsma, J., Hagan, H., Halasa, Y. A., Hall, W., Haring, D., Haro, J. M., Harrison, J. E., Havmoeller, R., Hay, R. J., Higashi, H., Hill, C., Hoen, B., Hoffman, H., Hotez, P. J., Hoy, D., Huang, J. J., Ibeanusi, S. E., Jacobsen, K. H., James, S. L., Jarvis, D., Jasrasaria, R., Jayaraman, S., Johns, N., Jonas, J. B., Karthikeyan, G., Kassebaum, N., Kawakami, N., Keren, A., Khoo, J.-P., King, C. H., Knowlton, L. M., Kobusingye, O., Koranteng, A., Krishnamurthi, R., Lalloo, R., Laslett, L. L., Lathlean, T., Leasher, J. L., Lee, Y. Y., Leigh, J., Lim, S. S., Limb, E., Lin, J. K., Lipnick, M., Lipshultz, S. E., Liu, W., Loane, M., Ohno, S. L., Lyons, R., Ma, J., Mabweijano, J., MacIntyre, M. F., Malekzadeh, R., Mallinger, L., Manivannan, S., Marcenes, W., March, L., Margolis, D. J., Marks, G. B., Marks, R., Matsumori, A., Matzopoulos, R., Mayosi, B. M., McAnulty, J. H., McDermott, M. M., McGill, N., McGrath, J., Medina-Mora, M. E., Meltzer, M., Memish, Z. A., Mensah, G. A., Merriman, T. R., Meyer, A.-C., Miglioli, V., Miller, M., Miller, T. R., Mitchell, P. B., Mocumbi, A. O., Moffitt, T. E., Mokdad, A. A., Monasta, L., Montico, M., Moradi-Lakeh, M., Moran, A., Morawska, L., Mori, R., Murdoch, M. E., Mwaniki, M. K., Naidoo, K., Nair, M. N., Naldi, L., Narayan, K. V., Nelson, P. K., Nelson, R. G., Nevitt, M. C., Newton, C. R., Nolte, S., Norman, P., Norman, R., O'Donnell, M., O'Hanlon, S., Olives, C., Omer, S. B., Ortblad, K., Osborne, R., Ozgediz, D., Page, A., Pahari, B., Pandian, J. D., Rivero, A. P., Patten, S. B., Pearce, N., Padilla, R. P., Perez-Ruiz, F., Perico, N., Pesudovs, K., Phillips, D., Phillips, M. R., Pierce, K., Pion, S., Polanczyk, G. V., Polinder, S., Pope, C. A., Popova, S., Porrini, E., Pourmalek, F., Prince, M., Pullan, R. L., Ramaiah, K. D., Ranganathan, D., Razavi, H., Regan, M., Rehm, J. T., Rein, D. B., Remuzzi, G., Richardson, K., Rivara, F. P., Roberts, T., Robinson, C., De Leòn, F. R., Ronfani, L., Room, R., Rosenfeld, L. C., Rushton, L., Sacco, R. L., Saha, S., Sampson, U., Sanchez-Riera, L., Sanman, E., Schwebel, D. C., Scott, J. G., Segui-Gomez, M., Shahraz, S., Shepard, D. S., Shin, H., Shivakoti, R., Silberberg, D., Singh, D., Singh, G. M., Singh, J. A., Singleton, J., Sleet, D. A., Sliwa, K., Smith, E., Smith, J. L., Stapelberg, N. J., Steer, A., Steiner, T., Stolk, W. A., Stovner, L. J., Sudfeld, C., Syed, S., Tamburlini, G., Tavakkoli, M., Taylor, H. R., Taylor, J. A., Taylor, W. J., Thomas, B., Thomson, W. M., Thurston, G. D., Tleyjeh, I. M., Tonelli, M., Towbin, J. A., Truelsen, T., Tsilimbaris, M. K., Ubeda, C., Undurraga, E. A., van der Werf, M. J., van Os, J., Vavilala, M. S., Venketasubramanian, N., Wang, M., Wang, W., Watt, K., Weatherall, D. J., Weinstock, M. A., Weintraub, R., Weisskopf, M. G., Weissman, M. M., White, R. A., Whiteford, H., Wiersma, S. T., Wilkinson, J. D., Williams, H. C., Williams, S. R., Witt, E., Wolfe, F., Woolf, A. D., Wulf, S., Yeh, P.-H., Zaidi, A. K., Zheng, Z.-J., Zonies, D., Lopez, A. D., & Murray, C. J.
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ORCID
Venue
The Lancet
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2012-12
Volume
380
Issue
9859
Pages
2163-2196
ISSN
  • 0099-5355 (ISSN-L)
  • 0140-6736
DOI
10.1016/s0140-6736(12)61729-2
PMC
PMC6350784
OpenAlex
W2108344016
Cited by
8,291
References
100
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FWCI
917.55
Type
journal article
Language
en
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  • NSUWorks (Nova Southeastern University) (submittedVersion)
  • ANU Open Research (Australian National University) (submittedVersion)
  • UWA Profiles and Research Repository (UWA) (submittedVersion)
  • National University of Singapore (submittedVersion)
  • EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion)
  • HAL (submittedVersion)
  • CGSPace A Repository of Agricultural Research Outputs (Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • Research Publications (Maastricht University) (submittedVersion)
  • Adelaide Research & Scholarship (AR&S) (University of Adelaide) (submittedVersion)
  • UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
  • eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
  • Figshare (submittedVersion)
  • Institutional Repositories DataBase (IRDB) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • Minerva Access (University of Melbourne) (submittedVersion)
  • Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
  • Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (submittedVersion)
  • UNIFESP Institutional Repository (Universidade Federal de São Paulo) (submittedVersion)
  • Bristol Research (University of Bristol) (submittedVersion)
  • Griffith Research Online (submittedVersion)
  • Swinburne figshare (Swinburne University of Technology) (submittedVersion)
  • UEA Digital Repository (University of East Anglia) (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs
  • Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
  • Robert Wood Johnson Foundation
  • Sabin Vaccine Institute
  • PepsiCo
  • World Health Organization
  • Vanderbilt University
  • Arthritis Foundation of Australia
  • Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand
  • University of Otago
  • European Chemical Industry Council
  • Regeneron Pharmaceuticals
  • Wellcome Trust (085308, 092654, 095009, 098045)
  • Anglia Ruskin University
  • Brien Holden Vision Institute
  • Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
  • Australian Government
  • National Institute for Health and Care Research (NF-SI-0611-10084)
  • Bupa Foundation
  • University of Leicester
  • Imperial College London
  • University of Tasmania
  • South African Medical Research Council
  • University of New South Wales
  • University of Sydney
  • Monash University
  • University of Melbourne
  • Flinders University
  • Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
  • Department of Health, State Government of Victoria
  • Shire
  • Vetenskapsrådet
  • Universidad de Navarra
  • Tehran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services
  • University of Cape Town
  • Sociedad Española de Reumatología
  • H. Lundbeck A/S
  • World Heart Federation
  • Foundation for Alcohol Research and Education
  • Tasmanian Community Fund
  • Lomonosov Moscow State University
  • National Institutes of Health (2002-2004, ES00260.)
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
  • Allergan
  • Pan American Health Organization
  • School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town
  • Medical Research Council
  • National Health and Medical Research Council
  • Health Research Council of New Zealand
  • Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (22390130)
  • National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre
  • National Institute on Aging (K23AG034236)
  • National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (K08HL089675)
  • National Cancer Institute
  • National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
  • National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (ES00260, ES015459, P30ES000260, T32ES015459)
  • National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases
  • Cilag
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Global Health and Epidemiology
  • Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Health Systems, Economic Evaluations, Quality of Life
  • Social Sciences › Demography › Insurance, Mortality, Demography, Risk Management
Keywords
years lived with disability, disability weights, prevalence estimation, disability incidence, excess mortality, comorbidities, mental and behavioral disorders, musculoskeletal disorders, diabetes mellitus, endocrine disorders, Global Burden of Disease Study 2010, uncertainty estimation, natural history model
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Health Status, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Male, Middle Aged, Sex Factors, Global Health, Wounds and Injuries, Incidence, Prevalence, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, Young Adult

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

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