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The global prevalence of intimate partner homicide: a systematic review
Open accessAbstract
Background Homicide is an important cause of premature mortality globally, but evidence for the magnitude of homicides by intimate partners is scarce and hampered by the large amount of missing information about the victim-offender relationship. The objective of the study was to estimate global and regional prevalence of intimate partner homicide.Methods A systematic search of five databases (Medline, Global Health, Embase, Social Policy, and Web of Science) yielded 2167 abstracts, and resulted in the inclusion of 118 full-text articles with 1122 estimates of the prevalence of intimate partner homicide after double-blind screening. All studies were included that reported the number or proportion of women or men who were murdered by an intimate partner in a country, province, or town, using an inclusive definition of an intimate partner. Additionally, a survey of official sources of 169 countries provided a further 53 estimates. We selected one estimate per country-year using a quality assessment decision algorithm. The median prevalence of intimate partner homicide was calculated by country and region overall, and for women and men separately.Findings Data were obtained for 66 countries. Overall 13·5% (IQR 9·2-18·2) of homicides were committed by an intimate partner, and this proportion was six times higher for female homicides than for male homicides (38·6%, 30·8-45·3, vs 6·3%, 3·1-6·3). Median percentages for all (male and female) and female intimate partner homicide were highest in high-income countries (all, 14·9%, 9·2-18·2; female homicide, 41·2%, 30·8-44·5) and in southeast Asia (18·8%, 11·3-18·8; 58·8%, 58·8-58·8). Adjustments to account for unknown victim-offender relationships generally increased the prevalence, suggesting that results presented are conservative.Interpretation At least one in seven homicides globally and more than a third of female homicides are perpetrated by an intimate partner. Such violence commonly represents the culmination of a long history of abuse. Strategies to reduce homicide risk include increased investment in intimate partner violence prevention, risk assessments at different points of care, support for women experiencing intimate partner violence, and control of gun ownership for people with a history of violence. Improvements in country-level data collection and monitoring systems are also essential, because data availability and quality varied strongly across regions.Funding WHO, Sigrid Rausing Trust, and the UK Economic and Social Research Council.
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“This extends a large body of evidence demonstrating that women experience the majority of severe consequences of IPV and are more likely to have controlling, violent partners.(2) 28 At the same time, participants’ reporting on the impacts and interpretations of their IPV experiences may have been influenced by gender…”
BackgroundHarm Reduction in Sexual Medicine
Sansone, A., Limoncin, E., Colonnello, E., Mollaioli, D., Ciocca, G., Corona, G., & Jannini, E. A. (2021) · Sexual Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.sxmr.2021.01.005 · Cited by 37
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“…rape, and other forms of abuse (Krug, Dahlberg, Mercy, Jwi, & Lozano, 2002), is a major source of morbidity (Campbell, 2002) and mortality (Stöckl et al., 2013); such violence affects, on average, 30–60% of women in regions across the globe (Garcia-Moreno, Jansen, Ellsberg, Heise, &…”
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“3%).(1) In the United States, more than half of female homicide victims are killed by intimate partners.”
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“(3) Doctors use a fitted-out van to provide free medical checkups and care in different cities and villages.”
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“…family members as some of the most dangerous, deadly, and abusive relationships many individuals are exposed to in their lives, early suspects in police investigations, and some of the most prevalent perpetrators of harm (Mariano et al., 2014; Stöckl et al., 2013; Wallace & Roberson, 2016).”
BackgroundVariability and validity of intimate partner violence reporting by couples in Tanzania
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“IPV also has negative effects on women’s physical, mental and emotional health (Karen M. Devries et al., 2013a; Jewkes et al., 2010; Stöckl et al., 2013), and is associated with harmful sexual and reproductive health (SRH) outcomes potentially including increased HIV risk (Dunkle et al.”
BackgroundIntimate partner femicide in Eskisehir, Turkey 25 years analysis
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BackgroundAttitudes towards domestic violence in Lebanon: a qualitative study of primary care practitioners
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“The ratio between men and women as perpetrators of IPH is 6:1 (Stöckl et al., 2013).”
BackgroundInfluentialFailed Femicides Among Migrant Survivors
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“It concluded that 13.5% of all homicides were committed by intimate partners, with women 6 times more likely affected than men [1].”
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“gender-based violence in previous studies (Stöckl et al., 2010).”
MethodGhanaian media coverage of violence against women and girls: implications for health promotion
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“Intimate partner violence against women (IPVAW) is recognized as a public social and health problem that affects around 35% of women worldwide (Stöckl et al., 2013).”
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“The proportion is higher, at one in three, when only female homicide victimizations are considered, but estimates vary by region (Stockl et al., 2013).”
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Alcohol Policies and Alcohol Involvement in Intimate Partner Homicide in the U.S.
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“one of the three cases of women being murdered worldwide is perpetrated by a current or former male intimate partner [6,7].”
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“This is consistent with global intimate partner femicide rates, as only a small proportion of women are victims of this type of violence (Stöckl et al., 2013).”
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“Additionally, it was found in a study that 38–50% of all homicides of women are committed by their partners as a resultant of IPV [13].”
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“Studies show that partner violence is associated with mental health problems including depression, anxiety, phobia, post-traumatic stress disorders, drug abuse and alcoholism [18], and is a leading cause of homicide deaths in women [19].”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Stöckl, H., Devries, K., Rotstein, A., Abrahams, N., Campbell, J., Watts, C., & Moreno, C. G.
- Affiliations
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (GB)
- McMaster University (CA)
- South African Medical Research Council (ZA)
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- World Health Organization (CH)
- Corresponding author
- Stöckl, Heidi
- ORCID
- Venue
- The Lancet
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-09
- Volume
- 382
- Issue
- 9895
- Pages
- 859-865
- ISSN
- 0099-5355 (ISSN-L)
- 0140-6736
- OpenAlex
- W2124952808
- Cited by
- 955
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 44 · 2025: 64 · 2024: 95 · 2023: 76 · 2022: 113 · 2021: 99 · 2020: 95 · 2019: 77 · 2018: 71 · 2017: 73 · 2016: 61 · 2015: 39 · 2014: 35 · 2013: 12
- FWCI
- 8.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Lancet (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- LSHTM Research Online (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine) (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Economic and Social Research Council (ES/I003045/1)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Intimate Partner and Family Violence
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Homicide, Infanticide, and Child Abuse
- Social Sciences › Health › Gun Ownership and Violence Research
- Keywords
- intimate partner homicide, intimate partner violence, victim-offender relationship, high-income countries, Southeast Asia, gun control, intimate partner violence prevention
- MeSH terms
- Cause of Death, Cross-Sectional Studies, Cross-Cultural Comparison, Data Collection, Female, Homicide, Humans, Male, Risk, Sex Factors, Socioeconomic Factors, Spouse Abuse
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