Cited by 955Intimate Partner and Family ViolenceHomicide, Infanticide, and Child AbuseGun Ownership and Violence Research

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The global prevalence of intimate partner homicide: a systematic review

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Stöckl, Heidi, Devries, Karen, Rotstein, Alexandra, Abrahams, Naeemah, Campbell, Jacquelyn, Watts, Charlotte, Moreno, Claudia Garcia·2013·The Lancet

DOI 10.1016/s0140-6736(13)61030-2

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Abstract

Background Homicide is an important cause of premature mortality globally, but evidence for the magnitude of homicides by intimate partners is scarce and hampered by the large amount of missing information about the victim-offender relationship. The objective of the study was to estimate global and regional prevalence of intimate partner homicide.Methods A systematic search of five databases (Medline, Global Health, Embase, Social Policy, and Web of Science) yielded 2167 abstracts, and resulted in the inclusion of 118 full-text articles with 1122 estimates of the prevalence of intimate partner homicide after double-blind screening. All studies were included that reported the number or proportion of women or men who were murdered by an intimate partner in a country, province, or town, using an inclusive definition of an intimate partner. Additionally, a survey of official sources of 169 countries provided a further 53 estimates. We selected one estimate per country-year using a quality assessment decision algorithm. The median prevalence of intimate partner homicide was calculated by country and region overall, and for women and men separately.Findings Data were obtained for 66 countries. Overall 13·5% (IQR 9·2-18·2) of homicides were committed by an intimate partner, and this proportion was six times higher for female homicides than for male homicides (38·6%, 30·8-45·3, vs 6·3%, 3·1-6·3). Median percentages for all (male and female) and female intimate partner homicide were highest in high-income countries (all, 14·9%, 9·2-18·2; female homicide, 41·2%, 30·8-44·5) and in southeast Asia (18·8%, 11·3-18·8; 58·8%, 58·8-58·8). Adjustments to account for unknown victim-offender relationships generally increased the prevalence, suggesting that results presented are conservative.Interpretation At least one in seven homicides globally and more than a third of female homicides are perpetrated by an intimate partner. Such violence commonly represents the culmination of a long history of abuse. Strategies to reduce homicide risk include increased investment in intimate partner violence prevention, risk assessments at different points of care, support for women experiencing intimate partner violence, and control of gun ownership for people with a history of violence. Improvements in country-level data collection and monitoring systems are also essential, because data availability and quality varied strongly across regions.Funding WHO, Sigrid Rausing Trust, and the UK Economic and Social Research Council.

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Homicide in Denmark 1992–2016
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Background
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Background
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Background
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Background
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Background
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Background
Marital Rape and HIV Risk in Uganda: The Impact of Women’s Empowerment Factors
Mengo, C. W., Okumu, M., Ombayo, B. K., Nahar, S., & Small, E. (2019) · Violence Against Women · doi:10.1177/1077801218821444 · Cited by 22
“…rape may suffer psychological effects (Devries et al., 2013; Johnson, Zlotnick & Perez, 2008), physical injury, gynecological problems associated with forced sex, unintended pregnancies, and miscarriages (Campbell, Garcia-Moreno, & Sharps, 2004; Mikton, 2010; Stöckl et al., 2013; WHO, 2016).”
Background
Nursing research on intimate partner violence in China: A scoping review
Li, Q., Liu, H.-P., Chou, K.-R., Lin, C.-C., Van, I., Davidson, P., & Campbell, J. (2020) · The Lancet Regional Health - Western Pacific · doi:10.1016/j.lanwpc.2020.100017 · Cited by 17
“0/ ) re more vulnerable in terms of prevalence and severity of IPV vicimisation [3 , 4] .”
BackgroundSelf-citation
When Women are Murdered
Dobash, R. E., & Dobash, R. P. (2017) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118924501.ch8 · Cited by 21
Is the ‘Nordic Paradox’ an illusion? Measuring intimate partner violence against women in Europe
Permanyer, I., & Gómez-Casillas, A. (2020) · International Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1007/s00038-020-01457-5 · Cited by 20
The role of anxious attachment in the continuation of abusive relationships: The potential for strengthening a secure attachment schema as a tool of empowerment
Kural, A. I., & Kovács, M. E. (2022) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2022.103537 · Cited by 27
An examination of femicides in Peru between 2009 and 2014
Quintanilla, B. P. A., Taft, A., McDonald, S., & Pollock, W. (2016) · International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics · doi:10.1016/j.ijgo.2016.03.020 · Cited by 20
“Femicide is the lethal expression of violence against women for gender-based reasons [1].”
Background
Atendimentos de jovens vítimas de agressões em serviços públicos de urgência e emergência, 2011: diferenças entre sexos
Melo, A. C. M., & García, L. P. (2017) · Ciência & Saúde Coletiva · doi:10.1590/1413-81232017224.10992015 · Cited by 20
Gender Differences in the Effect of Past Year Victimization on Self-Reported Physical and Mental Health: Findings from the 2010 National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey
Hayes, B. E., & Kopp, P. M. (2019) · American Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1007/s12103-019-09510-7 · Cited by 18
Intimate Partner Violence and Injury Prediction From Radiology Reports
Chen, I. Y., Alsentzer, E., Park, H., Thomas, R., Gosangi, B., Gujrathi, R., & Khurana, B. (2020) · Pacific Symposium on Biocomputing (PSB) · doi:10.1142/9789811232701_0006 · Cited by 20
Predictors of sexual violence among female students in higher education institutions in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Kefale, B., Yalew, M., Damtie, Y., Arefaynie, M., & Adane, B. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0247386 · Cited by 23
Femicide across Europe
Ṿayl, S. C. 2. J., Corradi, C., & Naudi, M. (2018) · Policy Press eBooks · doi:10.1332/9781447347163 · Cited by 42
Severe intimate partner violence affecting both young and elderly patients of both sexes
Hackenberg, E. A. M., Sallinen, V. J., Koljonen, V., & Handolin, L. E. (2016) · European Journal of Trauma and Emergency Surgery · doi:10.1007/s00068-016-0646-9 · Cited by 20
“Globally, at least one in seven homicides are perpetrated by an intimate partner [10].”
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Challenges in Defining Domestic Homicide: Considerations for Research and Practice
Fairbairn, J., Jaffe, P. G., & Dawson, M. (2017) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1057/978-1-137-56276-0_7 · Cited by 20
Evolution and study of a copycat effect in intimate partner homicides: A lesson from Spanish femicides
Torrecilla, J. L., Quijano-Sánchez, L., Liberatore, F., López‐Ossorio, J. J., & Álvarez, J. L. G. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0217914 · Cited by 20
Money Matters: Dissecting the Relationship Between Gender Equality and Female Homicide Victimization Rates in the European Union
Stamatel, J. P. (2016) · Feminist Criminology · doi:10.1177/1557085116667480 · Cited by 20
“A recent review of the empirical research estimated 38.6% of female homicides globally were committed by intimate partners compared with 6.3% of male homicides (Stöckl et al., 2013).”
BackgroundInfluential
Objectifying Women’s Bodies is Acceptable from an Intimate Perpetrator, at Least for Female Sexists
Fernández, M. L., Fiske, S. T., Fernández, A. G., & Lopez, J. F. (2017) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-017-0862-8 · Cited by 19
“Such beliefs may be misplaced, as suggested, for example, by the alarming evidence and dramatic consequences of intimate partner violence (Stöckl et al., 2013).”
Background
Vulnerability Factors among Women Victimized by Intimate Partner Violence and the Presence of Children
Petersson, J., & Thunberg, S. (2021) · Journal of Family Violence · doi:10.1007/s10896-021-00328-8 · Cited by 19
“This is a method for criminal justice professionals to manage violent situations, such as police officers responding to IPV-related calls (Kropp, 2008).”
BackgroundInfluential
Epidemiology and 6- and 12-Month Outcomes of Intimate Partner Violence and Other Violence-Related Traumatic Brain Injury in Major Trauma: A Population-Based Trauma Registry Study
Gabbe, B. J., Reeder, S. C., Cameron, P. A., & Berecki‐Gisolf, J. (2022) · Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/htr.0000000000000741 · Cited by 19
Technology-Based Mental Health Interventions for Domestic Violence Victims Amid COVID-19
Su, Z., Cheshmehzangi, A., McDonnell, D., Chen, H., Aḥmad, J., Šegalo, S., & da Veiga, C. P. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19074286 · Cited by 21
“That said, to avoid issues such as overgeneration and in light of the high prevalence of domestic violence among women compared to men [3], in this paper, we focused solely on female domestic violence victims.”
Background
A Study of Femicide in Turkey From 2010 to 2017
Koç, G. (2022) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/21582440221119831 · Cited by 20
“…to be murdered by their intimate partners; this disparity suggests a strong asymmetry in intimate partner homicide (Corradi & Stöckl, 2014, p. 602; Dawson, 2018, p. 16; Deirdre, 2016, p. 17; Dobash & Dobasy, 2015, p. 25; Laurent et al., 2013; Saccomano, 2018, p. 35; Stöckl et al., 2013, p. 862).”
Professionals’ perception of intimate partner violence in young people: a qualitative study in northern Spain
Maquibar, A., Vives‐Cases, C., Hurtig, A., & Goicolea, I. (2017) · Reproductive Health · doi:10.1186/s12978-017-0348-8 · Cited by 19
Sexual relationships, intimate partner violence and STI partner notification in Cape Town, South Africa: an observational study
Mathews, C., Kalichman, M. O., Laubscher, R., Hutchison, C., Nkoko, K., Lurie, M. N., & Kalichman, S. C. (2017) · Sexually Transmitted Infections · doi:10.1136/sextrans-2017-053434 · Cited by 17
The spatial heterogeneity of factors of feminicide: The case of Antioquia-Colombia
Murillo, F. H. S., Olmo, J., & de Cortázar, A. R. D. (2018) · Applied Geography · doi:10.1016/j.apgeog.2018.01.006 · Cited by 15
Parts Unknown: Risk Factors of Intimate Partner Violence in Azerbaijan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Moldova
Hayes, B. E., & Randa, R. (2018) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260518772105 · Cited by 19
Understanding Women’s Help-Seeking With Intimate Partner Violence in Tanzania
Mahenge, B., & Stöckl, H. (2020) · Violence Against Women · doi:10.1177/1077801220914389 · Cited by 19
“IPV has been linked with a wide array of both physical and mental health effects such as depression, suicidality, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), miscarriages, injuries, and, in severe cases, death (Devries et al., 2013; Mahenge et al., 2013; Mapayi et al., 2013; Stockl et al., 2013).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Navigating risk and protective factors for family violence during and after the COVID-19 ‘perfect storm’
Spiranovic, C. A., Hudson, N., Winter, R., Stanford, S., Norris, K., Bartkowiak-Théron, I., & Cashman, K. (2020) · Current Issues in Criminal Justice · doi:10.1080/10345329.2020.1849933 · Cited by 19
“An emphasis on gender-based violence in the literature and in policy is consistent with the gendered nature of FV reported in data both globally (Stöckl et al., 2013) and in Australia (Cussen & Bryant, 2015) for intimate partner homicide, which has”
Result
El feminicidio en América Latina: Un enfoque económico
Álvarez-Garavito, C., & Acosta‐González, N. (2021) · Revista Desarrollo y Sociedad · doi:10.13043/dys.88.1 · Cited by 19
“This may be due to the constraint arising from the lack of official data on femicide cases, and the inconsistency in country-level data availability, especially in Latin America (Stöckl et al. 2013).”
Background
Femicide in Italy: National scenario and presentation of four cases
Bonanni, E., Maiese, A., Gitto, L., Falco, P., Maiese, A., & Bolino, G. (2014) · Medico-Legal Journal · doi:10.1177/0025817213510250 · Cited by 18
“According to systematic research requested by the World Health Organization (WHO), and performed by Stöckl et al.13 using the most important scientific databases (Medline, Global Health, Embase, Social Policy, and Web of Science), 13.5% of homicides were found to have been committed by the intimate partner of the vic…”
MethodInfluential
Acceptability of Intimate Partner Violence among Male Offenders: The Role of Set-Shifting and Emotion Decoding Dysfunctions as Cognitive Risk Factors
Romero‐Martínez, Á., Lila, M., Gracia, E., Rodriguez, C. M., & Moya‐Albiol, L. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16091537 · Cited by 22
“The lifetime prevalence of IPVAW in Western countries is estimated to be around 23% [7], ranging in the European Union between 13 and 32% [8,9].”
Background
Interpersonal violence and mental health: a social justice framework to advance research and practice
Tol, W. A. (2020) · Cambridge Prisms Global Mental Health · doi:10.1017/gmh.2020.4 · Cited by 20
“Homicide caused the death of 0.5 million people in 2012 (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, 2014), with 13.5% of homicides committed by intimate partners, mostly male perpetrators and female victims (Stockl et al., 2013).”
BackgroundInfluential
Efeitos temporais das estimativas de mortalidade corrigidas de homicídios femininos na Região Nordeste do Brasil
Meira, K. C., Jomar, R. T., dos Santos, J., Silva, G. W. D. S., Dantas, E. S. O., Resende, E. B., Rodrigues, W. T. D. S., da Silva, C. M. F. P., & Simões, T. C. (2021) · Cadernos de Saúde Pública · doi:10.1590/0102-311x00238319 · Cited by 18
First Surveillance of Violence against Women during COVID-19 Lockdown: Experience from “Niguarda” Hospital in Milan, Italy
Nittari, G., Sagaro, G. G., Feola, A., Scipioni, M., Ricci, G., & Sirignano, A. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18073801 · Cited by 19
“3%, respectively, of women and men killed by their intimate partner [11,12].”
Background
Adverse Childhood Experiences and Intimate Partner Violence Among Youth in Cambodia: A Latent Class Analysis
Miedema, S. S., Le, V. D., Chiang, L. F., Ngann, T., & Shortt, J. W. (2022) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605221090573 · Cited by 18
“%) compared to less than 1% for male homicides (Stöckl et al., 2013).”
Background
'He said he was going to kill me'
Evans, D. P., Williams, N. S., Wilkins, J. D., Chiang, E. D. D. O., Manders, O. C., & Vertamatti, M. A. F. (2018) · Journal of Comparative Social Work · doi:10.31265/jcsw.v13i1.159 · Cited by 19
“Intimate femicide - femicide committed by a current or former intimate partner - is the most extreme form of IPV (Garcia-Moreno, Guedes, & Knerr, 2012; Laurent, Platzer, & Idomir, 2013; Russell, 2008; Stockl et al., 2013).”
Background
Long-Term Drug Misuse Increases the Risk of Cognitive Dysfunctions in Intimate Partner Violence Perpetrators: Key Intervention Targets for Reducing Dropout and Reoffending
Romero‐Martínez, Á., Lila, M., & Moya‐Albiol, L. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16203792 · Cited by 18
Parental intimate partner homicide and its consequences for children: protocol for a population-based study
Alisic, E., Groot, A., Snetselaar, H., Stroeken, T. J. A., & van de Putte, E. M. (2015) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-015-0565-z · Cited by 20
“At least one in seven homicides is perpetrated by an intimate partner [1].”
Background
Modifiers of Neighbors' Bystander Intervention in Intimate Partner Violence: A Concept Mapping Study
Wee, S., Todd, M., Oshiro, M., Greene, E., & Frye, V. (2016) · Violence and Gender · doi:10.1089/vio.2015.0012 · Cited by 18
Studying partner violence to understand gender motivations - or vice-versa?
Winstok, Z., Weinberg, M., & Smadar‐Dror, R. (2017) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2017.01.022 · Cited by 18
Service Contacts Proximate to Intimate Partner Homicides in Victoria
Murphy, B., Liddell, M., & Bugeja, L. C. (2015) · Journal of Family Violence · doi:10.1007/s10896-015-9738-2 · Cited by 18
“Public health Intimate partner homicide (IPH) is the most severe form of family violence and has been increasingly recognised as a global public health problem (Krug et al. 2002; Stöckl et al. 2013).”
Background
Intergenerational transmission of intimate partner violence among women: Evidence from the 2017 Philippines National Demographic and Health Survey
Puno, A., Kim, R., Jeong, J., Kim, J., & Kim, R. (2023) · SSM - Population Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmph.2023.101392 · Cited by 20
Shattered Voices: Daughters’ Meaning Reconstruction in Loss of a Mother to Intimate Partner Homicide
Pitcho‐Prelorentzos, S., Leshem, E., & Mahat-Shamir, A. M. (2021) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605211021981 · Cited by 19
Intimate Partner Homicides in Norway 1990–2020: An Analysis of Incidence and Characteristics
Vatnar, S. K. B., Friestad, C., & Bjørkly, S. K. (2022) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605211063508 · Cited by 17
Re-imagining the measurement of femicide: From ‘thin’ counts to ‘thick’ counts
Walklate, S., & Fitz‐Gibbon, K. (2022) · Current Sociology · doi:10.1177/00113921221082698 · Cited by 17
“It is a problem which permeates a wide range of counting practices (see inter alia Stockl et al., 2013).”
Background
Are Emergency Department Admissions in the Past Two Years Predictors of Femicide? Results from a Case–control Study in Italy
Mamo, C., Bianco, S., Dalmasso, M., Girotto, M., Mondo, L., & Penasso, M. (2015) · Journal of Family Violence · doi:10.1007/s10896-015-9726-6 · Cited by 17
“The effectiveness of screening for DV within healthcare settings has already been discussed (Taft et al. 2013; Wathen et al. 2007; Anglin and Sachs 2003), and it is believed that such screening is likely to increase identification rates.”
Background
Intimate Partner Relationships and Gender Norms in Mali: The Scope of Cash Transfers Targeted to Men to Reduce Intimate Partner Violence
Lees, S. S., Kyegombe, N., Diatta, A. D., Zogrone, A., Roy, S., & Hidrobo, M. (2020) · Violence Against Women · doi:10.1177/1077801219897853 · Cited by 17
“Owing to its effect on women’s physical, mental, and emotional health, IPV is also a serious public health concern (Devries, Mak, Bachus et al., 2013; Dunkle et al., 2006; Jewkes et al., 2010; Maman et al., 2000; Stöckl et al., 2013).”
Background
Intimate Partner Homicide in Portugal: What Are the (As)Symmetries Between Men and Women?
Matias, A., Gonçalves, M., Soeiro, C., & Matos, M. (2020) · European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10610-020-09469-w · Cited by 15
“Concerning homicides, one in seven was committed by (ex-)intimate partners (Stockl et al. 2013).”
Background
Ideal Victims and Familiar Strangers: Non-Intimate Femicide in South African News Media
Brodie, N. R. (2021) · African Journalism Studies · doi:10.1080/23743670.2021.1933559 · Cited by 17

Authors: Stöckl, H., Devries, K., Rotstein, A., Abrahams, N., Campbell, J., Watts, C., & Moreno, C. G.
Affiliations: London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (GB)
McMaster University (CA)
South African Medical Research Council (ZA)
Johns Hopkins University (US)
World Health Organization (CH)
Corresponding author: Stöckl, Heidi
ORCID: Stöckl, Heidi
Devries, Karen
Rotstein, Alexandra
Abrahams, Naeemah
Campbell, Jacquelyn
Watts, Charlotte
Moreno, Claudia Garcia
Venue: The Lancet
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2013-09
Volume: 382
Issue: 9895
Pages: 859-865
ISSN: 0099-5355 (ISSN-L)
0140-6736
DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(13)61030-2
OpenAlex: W2124952808
Cited by: 955
References: 34
Citations by year: 2026: 44 · 2025: 64 · 2024: 95 · 2023: 76 · 2022: 113 · 2021: 99 · 2020: 95 · 2019: 77 · 2018: 71 · 2017: 73 · 2016: 61 · 2015: 39 · 2014: 35 · 2013: 12
FWCI: 8.79
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
Locations: The Lancet (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
LSHTM Research Online (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine) (acceptedVersion)
Funders: Economic and Social Research Council (ES/I003045/1)
Topics: Social Sciences › Health › Intimate Partner and Family Violence
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Homicide, Infanticide, and Child Abuse
Social Sciences › Health › Gun Ownership and Violence Research
Keywords: intimate partner homicide, intimate partner violence, victim-offender relationship, high-income countries, Southeast Asia, gun control, intimate partner violence prevention
MeSH terms: Cause of Death, Cross-Sectional Studies, Cross-Cultural Comparison, Data Collection, Female, Homicide, Humans, Male, Risk, Sex Factors, Socioeconomic Factors, Spouse Abuse

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The global prevalence of intimate partner homicide: a systematic review

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