Cited by 955Intimate Partner and Family ViolenceHomicide, Infanticide, and Child AbuseGun Ownership and Violence Research

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 34 of the 34 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

The global prevalence of intimate partner homicide: a systematic review

Open access

Stöckl, Heidi, Devries, Karen, Rotstein, Alexandra, Abrahams, Naeemah, Campbell, Jacquelyn, Watts, Charlotte, Moreno, Claudia Garcia·2013·The Lancet

DOI 10.1016/s0140-6736(13)61030-2

Open this paper in CoChat — free account Open PDF

Abstract

Background Homicide is an important cause of premature mortality globally, but evidence for the magnitude of homicides by intimate partners is scarce and hampered by the large amount of missing information about the victim-offender relationship. The objective of the study was to estimate global and regional prevalence of intimate partner homicide.Methods A systematic search of five databases (Medline, Global Health, Embase, Social Policy, and Web of Science) yielded 2167 abstracts, and resulted in the inclusion of 118 full-text articles with 1122 estimates of the prevalence of intimate partner homicide after double-blind screening. All studies were included that reported the number or proportion of women or men who were murdered by an intimate partner in a country, province, or town, using an inclusive definition of an intimate partner. Additionally, a survey of official sources of 169 countries provided a further 53 estimates. We selected one estimate per country-year using a quality assessment decision algorithm. The median prevalence of intimate partner homicide was calculated by country and region overall, and for women and men separately.Findings Data were obtained for 66 countries. Overall 13·5% (IQR 9·2-18·2) of homicides were committed by an intimate partner, and this proportion was six times higher for female homicides than for male homicides (38·6%, 30·8-45·3, vs 6·3%, 3·1-6·3). Median percentages for all (male and female) and female intimate partner homicide were highest in high-income countries (all, 14·9%, 9·2-18·2; female homicide, 41·2%, 30·8-44·5) and in southeast Asia (18·8%, 11·3-18·8; 58·8%, 58·8-58·8). Adjustments to account for unknown victim-offender relationships generally increased the prevalence, suggesting that results presented are conservative.Interpretation At least one in seven homicides globally and more than a third of female homicides are perpetrated by an intimate partner. Such violence commonly represents the culmination of a long history of abuse. Strategies to reduce homicide risk include increased investment in intimate partner violence prevention, risk assessments at different points of care, support for women experiencing intimate partner violence, and control of gun ownership for people with a history of violence. Improvements in country-level data collection and monitoring systems are also essential, because data availability and quality varied strongly across regions.Funding WHO, Sigrid Rausing Trust, and the UK Economic and Social Research Council.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/s0140-6736(13)61030-2

Cites

34 of 34 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: the PRISMA statement
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., & for the PRISMA Group (2009) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.b2535 · Cited by 83,823
Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., & The PRISMA Group (2009) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097 · Cited by 64,042
Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA Statement.
(2009) · PubMed Central · Cited by 44,859
Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., & Altman, D. G. (2009) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2009.06.005 · Cited by 19,575
A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010
Lim, S. S., Vos, T., Flaxman, A. D., Danaei, G., Shibuya, K., Adair-Rohani, H., AlMazroa, M. A., Amann, M., Anderson, H. R., Andrews, K. G., et al. (2012) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)61766-8 · Cited by 11,805 · cited 1×
“…of the global health burden of exposure to intimate partner violence for the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factor 2010 study, 15 in this Article we present the ﬁ ndings from a systematic review of published evidence and a survey of 169 national statistical oﬃ ces,…”
BackgroundSelf-citation
The world report on violence and health
Krug, E. G., Mercy, J. A., Dahlberg, L. L., & Zwi, A. B. (2002) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(02)11133-0 · Cited by 9,110
Intimate Partner Homicide: Review and Implications of Research and Policy
Campbell, J. C., Glass, N., Sharps, P. W., Laughon, K., & Bloom, T. (2007) · Trauma, Violence, & Abuse · doi:10.1177/1524838007303505 · Cited by 698
Self-citation
Homicide trends in the United States
Farley, R. (1980) · Demography · doi:10.2307/2061058 · Cited by 616
Spousal Homicide Risk and Estrangement
Wilson, M., & Daly, M. (1993) · Violence and Victims · doi:10.1891/0886-6708.8.1.3 · Cited by 470 · cited 1×
“23,24 This study also draws attention to the scarcity of information about intimate partner homicide in many regions of the world, and the large amount of missing information about the victim–oﬀ ender relationship, even in countries with advanced homicide monitoring data systems.”
Background
Homicide: A Sourcebook of Social Research
Block, R., Smith, M. D., & Zahn, M. A. (2000) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2654595 · Cited by 384

Show all 34 references

Research works printed but not linked: 1

Browne, 1999, Homicide between intimate partners: a 20 year review, 149

Sorted by citations

Items 501–600 of 953

The Correlates of Violence against Women and Surveillance of Novel Coronavirus (COVID -19) Pandemic Outbreak Globally: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Bayu, E. K. (2020) · Research on humanities and social sciences · doi:10.7176/rhss/10-21-01 · Cited by 6
“It affects women throughout the world, and crosses cultural and economic boundaries [27; 28; 29].”
Background
We need to use words that we’d use in Brazil, right? A Community-Based Content Validation of a Translated Femicide Risk Assessment Instrument
Manders, O. C., Hall, C. D. X., Vertamatti, M., Evans, D., & Campbell, J. (2021) · Violence against Women · doi:10.1177/10778012211051397 · Cited by 5
“Considering that intimate partner violence (IPV) is the primary known risk factor for intimate femicide (Stöckl et al., 2013; World Health Organization & Pan American Health Organization, 2012), the ability to identify women at risk of intimate femicide and provide them with timely protective…”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citation
Mortality and years of life lost to death or disability by interpersonal violence against women in Brazil: Global Burden of Disease Study, 1990 and 2019
Pinto, I. V., de Vasconcelos, N. M., Corassa, R. B., Naghavi, M., de Souza, M. D. F. M., & Malta, D. C. (2022) · Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical · doi:10.1590/0037-8682-0287-2021 · Cited by 6
“Isabella Vitral Pinto: 0000-0002-3535-7208 Nádia Machado de Vasconcelos: 0000-0002-2323-3064 Rafael Bello Corassa: 0000-0001-9413-7400 Mohsen Naghavi: 0000-0002-6209-1513 Fatima Marinho: 0000-0003-3287-9163 Deborah Carvalho Malta: 0000-0002-8214-5734”
Background
Gendered Entitlement or Generally Violent? Sociodemographic, Developmental, and Gender-Based Attitudinal Characteristics of Men Who Commit Homicide
Eriksson, L., McPhedran, S., Mazerolle, P., & Wortley, R. (2022) · Homicide Studies · doi:10.1177/10887679221079801 · Cited by 6
“Email: l.eriksson@griffith.edu.au Eriksson et al. 385 One in seven homicides globally are perpetrated by intimate partners, with the likelihood of intimate partner homicide victimization higher for women than for men (Stöckl et al., 2013).”
Background
La Violencia de Género y el Feminicidio. Comparación del Perfil de los Agresores
Pineda, D., Galán, M., Martínez-Martínez, A., Antonio, P. J., & González-Álvarez, J. L. (2024) · Anuario de Psicología Jurídica · doi:10.5093/apj2024a3 · Cited by 6
Citations and Convictions: One Community’s Coordinated Response to Intimate Partner Violence & Efforts toward Offender Accountability
Beldin, K. L., Lauritsen, A., D’Souza, H. J., & Moyer, B. (2015) · Social Sciences · doi:10.3390/socsci4020421 · Cited by 6
“Indeed, a recent meta-analysis examining intimate partner homicide internationally indicates that women are six times more likely than men to be killed by their partner [48].”
Background
Exploring the Feasibility of Text Messaging Intervention in Intimate Partner Violence
Constantino, R. E., Wu, L., de la Cruz, D., Burroughs, J., Hwang, J. G., Henderson, A. J., & Braxter, B. (2014) · Open Journal of Nursing · doi:10.4236/ojn.2014.47056 · Cited by 6
Global Homicide Mortality Trends by Gender 1950–2010
Lappi‐Seppälä, T., & Lehti, M. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-08398-8_17 · Cited by 6
The Danger Assessment: An Instrument for the Prevention of Intimate Partner Homicide
Graham, L. M., Messing, J., & Campbell, J. (2021) · Handbook of Interpersonal Violence and Abuse Across the Lifespan · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-62122-7_145-1 · Cited by 6
Self-citation
The Murder Epidemic: A Global Comparative StudyPreprint
Asongu, S. A., & Acha-Anyi, P. N. (2017) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3109974 · Cited by 6
Fatores associados ao homicídio de mulheres no Brasil, segundo raça/cor, 2016-2020
de Oliveira, M. G. D., Nery, F. S., Pereira, S. R. D. S., Cavalcante, L. A., Gomes, B. M., Teles, A. C. O., Luiz, O. D. C., & de Araújo, E. M. (2024) · Ciência & Saúde Coletiva · doi:10.1590/1413-81232024293.10202023 · Cited by 5
“That weird kid without parents”: a qualitative analysis of identity following bereavement due to parental intimate partner homicide in Australia
Eastwood, O., Conroy, R., Chavez, K. M., Joy, K., Devaney, J., Kurdi, Z., Frederick, J., & Alisic, E. (2024) · Australian Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00050067.2024.2378144 · Cited by 8
Epigenetic modifications and transgenerational inheritance in women victims of violence (EWVV)
Gemmati, D., Villanova, M., Scarpellini, F., Milani, D., Cecchi, R., Singh, A. V., Gaudio, R. M., & Tisato, V. (2025) · Current Zoology · doi:10.1093/eep/dvaf025 · Cited by 8
“The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) estimates that women killed constitute approximately 50% of all victims in their homes, and over 65% of all victims are IPV [ 9–11 ].”
Assessing risk indicators of intimate partner femicide considering victim's coping strategies to violence: A dynamic multilevel linear mixed model based on genetic algorithms
Garcia-Vergara, E., Fernández-Navarro, F., Becerra-Alonso, D., & Almeda, N. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e37827 · Cited by 6
“The proportion of women murdered by their intimate partners is six times higher than that of men [9].”
Background
Parenting-related abuse among women survivors of attempted intimate partner homicide
Avieli, H. (2024) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2024.107119 · Cited by 6
Service Providers’ Attitudes Toward Mandatory Reporting of Intimate Partner Violence: The Impact of Professional Experience
Nordby, C., Douglas, K. S., & Vatnar, S. K. B. (2024) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605241305145 · Cited by 5
“Intimate partner violence (IPV) has been established as a serious world health issue (World Health Organization [WHO], 2012) and particularly a serious threat to women’s safety and lives (e.g., Stöckl et al., 2013; United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, 2022).”
Awareness of Mandatory Reporting of Intimate-Partner Violence: A Thematic Analysis of the Perspectives of Help-Seeking Victims and Perpetrators and Service Providers in Norway
Linge, A. D., Leer‐Salvesen, K., Dahl, S. L., Kristiansen, S. T. T., & Vatnar, S. K. B. (2025) · Journal of Family Violence · doi:10.1007/s10896-025-00916-y · Cited by 5
Why place and space matter for intimate partner violence survivors’ mental wellbeing and communities in Northeastern Uganda
Mootz, J. J., Stabb, S. D., Carlson, C., Helpman, L., Mangen, P. O., & Wainberg, M. L. (2020) · Women & Health · doi:10.1080/03630242.2020.1784366 · Cited by 7
The Perpetrator-Victim Relationship: An Important Clue in Understanding Intimate Partner Homicide in China
Zhao, S. (2021) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605211005141 · Cited by 5
Association Between Intimate Partner Violence and Depressive Symptoms among Women Aged 15 to 45 Years in Peru: A Three-Year Analysis of the Demographic and Health Survey
Burga, A. S., Al‐kassab‐Córdova, A., & Maguiña, J. L. (2021) · Violence Against Women · doi:10.1177/10778012211045714 · Cited by 5
“In addition, Peru has one of the highest rates of intimate partner homicide worldwide (Stöckl et al., 2013), reaching a rate of 0.9 deaths for every 100,000 women (INEI, 2019).”
BackgroundInfluential
A double taboo? Children bereaved by domestic homicide
Alisic, E., Vaughan, C., Morrice, H. R., Joy, K., & Chavez, K. M. (2022) · The Lancet Public Health · doi:10.1016/s2468-2667(22)00228-6 · Cited by 5
Australia's Divergent Legal Responses to Women Who Kill Their Abusive Partners
Nash, C., & Dioso‐Villa, R. (2022) · Violence Against Women · doi:10.1177/10778012231156154 · Cited by 5
Intimate Partner Violence and Women’s Mental Health Across the Life Course: A Clinical Review
Rowther, A. A., Berry, O. O., & Fitelson, E. M. (2023) · Advances in Psychiatry and Behavioral Health · doi:10.1016/j.ypsc.2023.03.004 · Cited by 6
Intimate partner homicides in Denmark 1992–2016
Thomsen, A. H., Leth, P. M., Hougen, H. P., & Villesen, P. (2023) · Forensic Science International Synergy · doi:10.1016/j.fsisyn.2023.100337 · Cited by 5
Community perceptions of causes of violence against young women in Botswana: fuzzy cognitive mapping
Sarmiento, I., Field, M., Kgakole, L., Molatlhwa, P., Girish, I., Andersson, N., & Cockcroft, A. (2024) · Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies · doi:10.1080/17450128.2023.2262413 · Cited by 5
Child Welfare Workers' Perceptions of Intimate Partner Violence and Mandatory Reporting in Norway
Dahl, S. L., Leer‐Salvesen, K., Bigset, M. Ø., & Vatnar, S. K. B. (2024) · Child & Family Social Work · doi:10.1111/cfs.13162 · Cited by 5
Craniofacial fractures sustained under the influence of alcohol: what are the differences between the sexes?
Thorén, H., Virtanen, K., Oksanen, E., Toivari, M., Suominen, A., Puolakkainen, T., & Snäll, J. (2024) · Acta Odontologica Scandinavica · doi:10.2340/aos.v83.41381 · Cited by 5
“Moreover, it has been estimated that 39% of homicides among women have been committed by intimate partners, with such violence being commonly the end result of a long history of abuse [20].”
Background
Domestic Homicide Risk Factors: Rural and Urban Considerations
Banman, V. (2015) · Scholarship@Western (Western University) · Cited by 5
Policing and Domestic Abuse: Challenges and Ways to Go
Baldry, A. C., & Sebire, J. (2016) · Policing A Journal of Policy and Practice · doi:10.1093/police/paw038 · Cited by 5
Translation and Cross-Cultural Adaptation Protocol of Abuse Questionnaires: The Brazilian Portuguese Version of the Composite Abuse Scale (CAS)
da Rocha, R. W. G., de Oliveira, D. C., Liebel, V. A., Pallu, P. H. R., Hegarty, K. L., & Signorelli, M. C. (2021) · Violence Against Women · doi:10.1177/10778012211013901 · Cited by 5
“IPA is a global health problem (Bott et al., 2019; Stöckl et al., 2013; WHO, 2013, 2014), and having sensitive measures readily available in each language and culture is paramount to support abuse identification and prevention.”
Background
Factors associated with intimate partner violence and barriers to reporting it, among female who use drugs in Malaysia
Singh, D., Anandan, A., Narayanan, S., Daud, N. A. A., Azman, A., & Vicknasingam, B. K. (2021) · Drugs Education Prevention and Policy · doi:10.1080/09687637.2021.1941777 · Cited by 5
“However, the IPV prevalence rate can vary significantly between countries because of its sensitive context and unavailability of proper reporting systems (Stockl et al., 2013).”
Background
Homicídio de meninas e mulheres no Brasil de 2015 a 2019: território, gênero e raça em pauta
Wanzinack, C., & Mélo, T. R. (2021) · Revista Latino-americana de Geografia e Genero · doi:10.5212/rlagg.v.12.i1.0007 · Cited by 5
COVID-19-induced surge in the severity of gender-based violence might increase the risk for acquired brain injuries
Saleem, G. T., Fitzpatrick, J. M., Haider, M. N., & Valera, E. M. (2021) · SAGE Open Medicine · doi:10.1177/20503121211050197 · Cited by 5
Researchers or practitioners’ opinion of the possibilities for creating virtual safe social spaces for violence prevention interventions for young people
Ndungu, J., Ngcobo-Sithole, M. B., & Gibbs, A. (2022) · Health Education Research · doi:10.1093/her/cyac008 · Cited by 5
Jealous Men but Evil Women: The Double Standard in Cases of Domestic Homicide
Gavin, H. (2015) · BRILL eBooks · doi:10.1163/9781848880054_017 · Cited by 5
Death Reviews in the Context of Domestic Homicide in Low- to Middle-Income Countries: South Africa as a Case Study
Dawson, M., Mathews, S., Abrahams, N., & Campbell, J. C. (2017) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1057/978-1-137-56276-0_12 · Cited by 5
Self-citation
From Posttrauma to Gender and Back: A Gender Motivation Theory-Explanation of Gender Differences in Trauma Exposure, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Implications
Winstok, Z., & Weinberg, M. (2018) · Journal of Aggression Maltreatment & Trauma · doi:10.1080/10926771.2017.1420719 · Cited by 7
“The notion that intimate relationships pose no particular physical risk to women may be erroneously rejected in view of the research findings that women’s odds of being injured and even murdered in intimate relationships are quite high (Hester, 2009; Jose & O’Leary, 2008; Stöckl et al., 2013).”
Background
Towards Equal? Women in Central America
World Bank Group (2018) · World Bank, Washington, DC eBooks · doi:10.1596/30398 · Cited by 5
Análise espacial dos homicídios intencionais de mulheres
de Barros, S. C., de Oliveira, C. M., Silva, A. P. D. S. C., Melo, M. F. D. O., Pimentel, D. D. R., & do Bonfim, C. V. (2021) · Revista da Escola de Enfermagem da USP · doi:10.1590/s1980-220x2020037303770 · Cited by 5
Cross-National Crime
Stamatel, J. P. (2011) · doi:10.1093/obo/9780195396607-0082 · Cited by 5
Intimate partner violence and help-seeking: The role of femicide newsPreprint
Colagrossi, M., Deiana, C., Dragone, D., Geraci, A., Giua, L., & Iori, E. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4005008 · Cited by 5
“It includes information on the date and the place in which the murder occurred, the motivation, the type of weapon used, the relationship between the survivor and the offender, and personal characteristics such as age, job occupation, history of violence, illness and use of substances.”
Background
Children co-victims of intimate partner homicide: the first 72 decisive hours
Prieto, N., Zurcher, K., Guyot, L., Galia, P., Robinson, P., Fernandez, A., Askenazy-Gittard, F., Chauliac, N., & Vignaud, P. (2025) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1494289 · Cited by 4
Intimate partner violence against women
Spencer, C. M. (2025) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2025.102222 · Cited by 6
Femicide in a small Nordic welfare society
Freysteinsdóttir, F. J. (2018) · Journal of Comparative Social Work · doi:10.31265/jcsw.v13i1.158 · Cited by 4
Mental health outcomes of offspring exposed to parental intimate partner violence in Rwanda
Bahati, C., Nyiranteziryayo, A., Izabayo, J., Atete, P. J., Sezibera, V., & Mutesa, L. (2024) · BMC Pediatrics · doi:10.1186/s12887-024-04884-y · Cited by 4
“…(i.e., spouse, boyfriend/girlfriend, dating partner, or ongoing sexual partner) [2], is associated with adverse health outcomes including poor physical health [3], max-illofacial injuries [4, 5], mental difficulties [3, 6–12]; poor reproductive health [13, 14], and intimate partner homicide [15].”
Background
Assessing risk for severe domestic violence and related homicides perpetrated by partners and in-laws: adapted danger assessments for women in abusive relationships in India
Sabri, B., Campbell, J. C., Khan, N. A., Tahir, M. A., Khan, M. A., & Khan, M. N. (2024) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-024-19364-2 · Cited by 5
“Homicides are the most severe outcome of domestic violence, with homicide perpetrated by an intimate partner globally constituting more than a third of female homicides [9].”
BackgroundSelf-citation
The Impact of Turkey’s Withdrawal From the Istanbul Convention on Suspicious Female Deaths and Femicides
Önal, F. G., & Marangoz, B. (2024) · OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying · doi:10.1177/00302228241271702 · Cited by 4
Risk of mortality by aggression: A retrospective cohort study in women with notification of interpersonal violence in Brazil
Pinto, I. V., Marinho, F., & Malta, D. C. (2025) · Public Health · doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2024.12.024 · Cited by 4
Conflating the map with the territory: Challenges for evidence syntheses on homicide in a global context
Cook, E. A. (2025) · International Sociology · doi:10.1177/02685809251336694 · Cited by 6
“We employed a decision algorithm in this systematic review in keeping with Stöckl et al.’s (2013) original review, prioritising data that was first, demographically representative, second, with more complete information on the selected outcome, third, using more inclusive definitions, and finally,…”
Influential
Influence of right-wing authoritarianism and the values proposed by Schwartz on the perception of psychological abuse as gender violence: an exploratory study / Influencia del autoritarismo de derechas y de los valores propuestos por Schwartz en la percepción del abuso psicológico como violencia de género: un estudio exploratorio
Canto, J. M., Estramiana, J. L. Á., Silva, K. D. C., Albuquerque, I. M., & Torres, A. R. R. (2019) · International Journal of Social Psychology Revista de Psicología Social · doi:10.1080/02134748.2019.1682294 · Cited by 4
Domestic homicide in Maputo Province, Mozambique
Macucha, C. M., & Taunde, S. (2020) · Forensic Science International Synergy · doi:10.1016/j.fsisyn.2020.03.006 · Cited by 4
Status mismatch and self-reported intimate partner violence in the European Union: does the country’s context matter?
van Vugt, L., & Pop, I. A. (2022) · European Societies · doi:10.1080/14616696.2022.2068184 · Cited by 4
“Other studies also report that abused women experience short- and long-term physical, mental, sexual and reproductive health problems, and IPV can even lead to a fatal outcome, involving homicide or suicide (Dillon et al. 2013; Stöckl et al. 2013; Vilariño et al. 2018; World Health Organization 2014, 2021).”
Background
Violence and Homicide Following Partner Infidelity
Arnocky, S. A., Davis, A. C., Locke, A., McKelvie, L., & Vaillancourt, T. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197502891.013.26 · Cited by 4
Motives for Committing Criminal Offenses Related to Domestic Violence
Komarynska, Y. (2022) · Ûridična psihologìâ · doi:10.33270/03223001.94 · Cited by 4
Intimate partner homicide in New Zealand, 2004–2019. Risk markers, demographic patterns, and prevalence
Daly, M., Perry, G., & Gath, M. E. (2023) · Journal of Criminology · doi:10.1177/26338076231219271 · Cited by 4
“Stöckl et al. (2013) have asserted that IPH constitutes a much larger percentage of the world ’ s homicides than this UN estimate, implying still higher IPH rates.”
Missing the Mark? A Typology of Lethal and Non-Lethal Firearm Violence in the Netherlands
Krüsselmann, K., Aarten, P. G. M., & Liem, M. C. A. (2024) · Crime & Delinquency · doi:10.1177/00111287241242483 · Cited by 4
“In addition, shootings included align with studies on domestic homicide, which usually include a high share of female victims (Chopra et al.,2022; Stöckl et al., 2013), take place in private spaces (Cussen & Bryant, 2015), and are strongly associated with (attempted) suicide by the perpetrator…”
Rejection and Serious Aggression
Kowalski, R. M., & Leary, M. R. (2024) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009408165.012 · Cited by 4
Homicidal Strangulation: An Integrative Review of Perpetrator Characteristics
Petreca, V. G., & Patch, M. (2024) · Victims & Offenders · doi:10.1080/15564886.2024.2396616 · Cited by 4
“Globally, it is estimated that women are six times more likely to be killed by a romantic partner (Stöckl et al., 2013), and in the United States specifically, approximately half of all femicide is attributed to IPV (Campbell et al., 2004; Petrosky et al., 2017).”
Ongoing Abuse Following Survival of Attempted Intimate Partner Homicide
Avieli, H. (2025) · Journal of Family Violence · doi:10.1007/s10896-025-00821-4 · Cited by 4
Cultural and Socioeconomic Influences on Intimate Partner Violence in East Asia: A Comparative Analysis of China, Mongolia, Japan, and South Korea
Erdenebaatar, O., Lee, S., Whiting, J. B., & Johnson, L. N. (2025) · Contemporary Family Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10591-025-09741-3 · Cited by 5
“Since IPV became a critical global issue, many studies have focused on different areas (Román-Gálvez et al., 2021; Stöckl et al., 2013) and regions around the world, such as the United States (Bott et al., 2019), Middle East (Moshtagh et al., 2021), Malaysia (Kadir Shahar et al., 2020), Arab…”
Implementing a Domestic Violence Screening Program
Day, S., Fox, J. B., Majercik, S. D., Redmond, F. K., Pugh, M., & Bledsoe, J. R. (2015) · Journal of Trauma Nursing · doi:10.1097/jtn.0000000000000128 · Cited by 4
Prospective evaluation of intimate partner violence in fracture clinics (PRAISE-2): protocol for a multicentre pilot prospective cohort study
PRAISE-2 Investigators, & Madden, K. (2018) · Pilot and Feasibility Studies · doi:10.1186/s40814-018-0301-9 · Cited by 4
“globally are perpetrated by an intimate partner [18] and 45% of women who are killed by their intimate partner”
Background
Validación de la Escala de Aceptabilidad de la Violencia de Pareja Contra la Mujer (A-IPVAW) en Población Ecuatoriana
Villagrán, A. M., Martín-Fernández, M., Gracia, E., & Lila, M. (2022) · Revista Iberoamericana de Diagnóstico y Evaluación - e Avaliação Psicológica · doi:10.21865/ridep62.1.06 · Cited by 6
The Danger Assessment: An Instrument for the Prevention of Intimate Partner Homicide
Graham, L. M., Messing, J. T., & Campbell, J. C. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-89999-2_145 · Cited by 4
Self-citation
Homicídios femininos no Maranhão, Brasil, 2000-2019: estudo ecológico
Coelho, S. F., da Conceição, H. N., Rufino, A. C., & Madeiro, A. P. (2022) · Epidemiologia e Serviços de Saúde · doi:10.1590/s2237-96222022000200007 · Cited by 4
Death Threats and Attempted Femicide in the Context of Domestic Violence in Portugal
Neves, S., Silva, E., Topa, J., Borges, J. S., Pereira, A. A. D. F., & Silva, E. (2022) · Social Sciences · doi:10.3390/socsci11080347 · Cited by 4
Perspective Chapter: Social Aspects of Violence – Cultural Dowry Practices and Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) in Pakistan
Bhamani, S. S., Merchant, A., Jetha, Z., & Ali, T. S. (2023) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.109403 · Cited by 4
Men’s Perceptions of Domestic Violence Against Women: A Qualitative Study
Magrin, J. C., & de Oliveira, W. A. (2023) · Paidéia (Ribeirão Preto) · doi:10.1590/1982-4327e3302 · Cited by 4
“According to Stöckl et al. (2013), globally, one out of three women at reproductive age has experienced physical or sexual violence perpetrated by their intimate partner.”
Method
Factors associated with homicides of women in Brazil, by race or colour, 2016-2020
de Oliveira, M. G. D., Nery, F. S., Pereira, S. R. D. S., Cavalcante, L. A., Gomes, B. M., Teles, A. C. O., Luiz, O. D. C., & de Araújo, E. M. (2024) · Ciência & Saúde Coletiva · doi:10.1590/1413-81232024293.10202023en · Cited by 4
Intimate Partner Abuse and Homicide During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Situational Action Theory Analysis
Treiber, K. (2024) · Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice · doi:10.1177/10439862241245882 · Cited by 4
“…IPH where sex differences are much starker; females are at much greater risk of being killed by an intimate partner than males: around 80% of IPH victims are female, and an intimate partner is implicated in 40% of female and only 5% of male homicides (Spencer & Stith, 2020; Stöckl et al., 2013).”
Background
Determinants of nonphysical intimate partner violence: a cross-sectional study with nationally representative data from Canada
Shields, M. E., Tonmyr, L., Pollock, N. J., González, A., Hovdestad, W., Tanaka, M., & MacMillan, H. L. (2024) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwae305 · Cited by 3
Issues in measuring and comparing the incidence of intimate partner homicide and femicide - A focus on Europe
Stöckl, H., Balica, E., Corradi, C., Baldry, A. C., Schröttle, M., Sanz‐Barbero, B., & Vives‐Cases, C. (2020) · RIVISTA SPERIMENTALE DI FRENIATRIA · doi:10.3280/rsf2020-001005 · Cited by 4
Self-citation
Palermo et al. Respond to "Disclosure of Gender-Based Violence"
Palermo, T., Bleck, J. R., & Peterman, A. (2013) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwt297 · Cited by 4
A move beyond screening is required to ensure adequate healthcare response for women who experience intimate partner violence
Stöckl, H. (2014) · BMJ Evidence-Based Medicine · doi:10.1136/ebmed-2014-110049 · Cited by 4
Self-citation
Impact of violence against women on severe acute maternal morbidity in the intensive care unit, including neonatal outcomes: a case–control study protocol in a tertiary healthcare facility in Lima, Peru
Quintanilla, B. P. A., Pollock, W., McDonald, S., & Taft, A. (2018) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2017-020147 · Cited by 4
Beyond Civil War
Fearon, J. D., & Hoeffler, A. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108233767.006 · Cited by 4
Global estimates of homicide risk related to intimate partner violence
Pilger, D., & Watts, C. H. (2013) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(13)62357-0 · Cited by 4
Self-citation
Men’s Violence Against Female Partners: The Role of Culture
Krahé, B. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-19650-3_893 · Cited by 4
The Judicial Interpretation of Intimate Partner Homicide in China: An Empirical Analysis of Sentencing Practice Between 2016 and 2021
Han, X., Yao, Z., & Mu, Y. (2024) · Violence Against Women · doi:10.1177/10778012241283494 · Cited by 3
“An extreme form of interpersonal violence in the private sphere, intimate partner homicide (IPH) is among the most prevalent types of homicide, and accounts for approximately 15% of total homicides worldwide (Stöckl et al., 2013).”
Survival and risk of death among women with reports of intimate partner violence during pregnancy: a national cohort study in Brazil
Soares, M. Q., de Melo, C. M., Silva, E. F. E., Pinto, I. V., & Bevilacqua, P. D. (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-23035-1 · Cited by 3
“Among the female homicides recorded globally, 38.6% are attributed to IPV [36].”
Influential
Post-traumatic growth following the death of a parent from homicide: A reflective perspective from adulthood
Wilson, R. A., Balfour, R., Alisic, E., Molyneaux, R., & Kiemle, G. (2025) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2025.2556108 · Cited by 4
Impacto da violência durante a gravidez na mortalidade materna: desafios e oportunidades para a vigilância no Brasil
Soares, M. Q., de Melo, C. M., Pinto, I. V., Malta, D. C., & Bevilacqua, P. D. (2025) · Physis Revista de Saúde Coletiva · doi:10.1590/s0103-73312025350329pt · Cited by 3
Disseminating the Community Advocacy Project in Mexico: A Feasibility Study
Sullivan, C. M., Aguilar, E., López‐Zerón, G., & Parra‐Cardona, J. R. (2016) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260516663901 · Cited by 3
“…globally (Black et al., 2011; Fleming et al., 2015; Garcia-Moreno & Watts, 2011), often resulting in long-term health problems (Bonomi et al., 2006), psychological distress (Coker, Weston, Creson, Justice, & Blakeney, 2005; Dutton et al., 2006), and sometimes even death (Stockl et al., 2013).”
Background
Causas externas de mortalidade em mulheres grávidas e puérperas
do Nascimento, S. G., da Silva, R. S., Cavalcante, L. D. M., de Carvalho, A. P. R., & do Bonfim, C. V. (2018) · Acta Paulista de Enfermagem · doi:10.1590/1982-0194201800026 · Cited by 3
“No Reino Unido, essa proporção é de 54% e na África do Sul, de 50%.(13)”
Background
La interseccionalidad en el acceso a la justicia para mujeres víctimas de violencias
Oviedo, C. (2022) · Revista Llapanchikpaq Justicia · doi:10.51197/lj.v4i4.594 · Cited by 3
Sex and gender differences in the Italian forensic psychiatric population: a residences for the execution of security measures study
Buongiorno, L., Carabellese, F., Margari, A., Parente, L., Mandarelli, G., Catanesi, R., & Carabellese, F. (2024) · International Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/09540261.2024.2378070 · Cited by 4
Psychopathy, psychological distress, and treatment history among perpetrators of intimate partner femicide, homicide, and other violent crimes in Buenos Aires, Argentina
Marco, M. H. D., Baranyi, G., & Evans, D. P. (2024) · PLOS mental health. · doi:10.1371/journal.pmen.0000064 · Cited by 3
Epigenetic changes produced in women victims of intimate partner violence: A systematic review
González‐Martínez, C., Haarkötter, C., Carnero‐Montoro, E., Lorente, J. A., & Acosta, M. L. (2024) · Women s Health · doi:10.1177/17455057241290335 · Cited by 6
What research evidence is required on violence against women to inform future pandemic preparedness? A scoping review of the research evidence and gaps
Brennan‐Wilson, A., Ain, Q. U., Özkaya, C., Amin, A., García‐Moreno, C., Thurston, A., MacKenzie, A., Lagdon, S., Stark, P., & Lohan, M. (2024) · BMJ Global Health · doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2024-015877 · Cited by 4
“64 Prior to the pandemic, systematic reviews also tended to focus on IPV and DV or physical/sexual violence, 56–64 neglecting other forms of violence and were more likely to include studies conducted in HICs.”
Femizide als extreme Form geschlechtsbezogener Gewalt gegen Frauen
Hellmann, D. F. (2025) · Forensische Psychiatrie Psychologie Kriminologie · doi:10.1007/s11757-024-00864-1 · Cited by 3
Intimate partner homicide: hindsight bias, outcome bias and perspective-taking influences on perceptions of police responses
Haynes, C., & Kebbell, M. R. (2025) · Journal of Criminal Psychology · doi:10.1108/jcp-08-2024-0083 · Cited by 4
Health status among women and men in Canada who reported experiences of non-physical intimate partner violence
Shields, M. E., Tonmyr, L., Pollock, N. J., González, A., McKinnon, B., Joshi, D., Crompton, L., & MacMillan, H. L. (2025) · Preventive Medicine Reports · doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2025.103011 · Cited by 3
“Furthermore, women are more likely than men to experience severe physical/sexual IPV (Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics, 2016; Stockl et al., 2013; Yakubovich et al., 2019), which is associated with the most adverse outcomes including severe injury and mortality (Caldwell et al., 2012).”
Exploring the Intersection of Cancer, Domestic Homicide, and Domestic Abuse-Related Suicides Using Domestic Homicide Reviews
Dheensa, S., Bracewell, K., Boughton, G., Hepworth, E., Myall, M., & Rowlands, J. (2025) · Journal of Family Violence · doi:10.1007/s10896-025-00839-8 · Cited by 4
“In England and Wales, there were 353 domestic homicides between March 2021 and 2023, mostly ( n = 224) females killed by males (ONS, 2024), 2 a gendered disparity reflected in global prevalence statistics (Stöckl et al., 2013).”
Beyond the individual: global socioeconomic, cultural, and religious contexts of male-perpetrated intimate partner violence
Messner, W. (2025) · World Development · doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107121 · Cited by 3
Domestic violence and abuse prevention programmes in the early years classroom: a pastoral, academic and financial priority?
McKee, B. E., & Mason, S. (2015) · Pastoral Care in Education · doi:10.1080/02643944.2015.1074267 · Cited by 3
“Funded by the WHO and the UK Economic and Social Research Council, Stöckl et al. (2013) examined domestic violence-related murders internationally and found that at least one in seven homicides and over one-third of female homicides are perpetrated by the victims partner.”
Method
Narrativas mediáticas sobre o femicídio na intimidade: análise de um jornal popular português
Instituto Universitário da Maia, P., Neves, S., Gomes, S., Instituto Universitário da Maia, P., Martins, D., & Instituto Universitário da Maia, P. (2016) · ex aequo - Revista da Associação Portuguesa de Estudos sobre as Mulheres · doi:10.22355/exaequo.2016.34.06 · Cited by 3
Doctors and Uxoricide: What Can We Learn From Tragedy?
Levy, R. M. (2017) · Neuromodulation Technology at the Neural Interface · doi:10.1111/ner.12596 · Cited by 3
An introduction to domestic homicide: understanding the diverse nature of the problem
Jaffe, P. G., SCOTT, K. L., & Straatman, A. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-819463-8.00001-0 · Cited by 3
The Influence of Organised Diffusion on Social Norms Change: Addressing Intimate Partner Violence in Nepal
Francis, S., Shrestha, P. N., Shrestha, B., Ferguson, G., Batayeh, B., Hennink, M. M., & Clark, C. J. (2020) · Global Public Health · doi:10.1080/17441692.2020.1845767 · Cited by 3
“It remains the leading cause and top risk of homicide for women (Abramsky et al., 2014; Breiding et al., 2015; NCDVTMH, 2014; Silverman & Raj, 2014; Stöckl et al., 2013; UNODC, 2018).”
Background
Sexual and Psychological Violence Among Pregnant Women in Tigray, Ethiopia
Adhena, G., & Oljira, L. (2020) · American Journal of Health Research · doi:10.11648/j.ajhr.20200806.11 · Cited by 3
“Violence during pregnancy can have serious health consequences for women and their children [4].”
Background

Authors: Stöckl, H., Devries, K., Rotstein, A., Abrahams, N., Campbell, J., Watts, C., & Moreno, C. G.
Affiliations: London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (GB)
McMaster University (CA)
South African Medical Research Council (ZA)
Johns Hopkins University (US)
World Health Organization (CH)
Corresponding author: Stöckl, Heidi
ORCID: Stöckl, Heidi
Devries, Karen
Rotstein, Alexandra
Abrahams, Naeemah
Campbell, Jacquelyn
Watts, Charlotte
Moreno, Claudia Garcia
Venue: The Lancet
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2013-09
Volume: 382
Issue: 9895
Pages: 859-865
ISSN: 0099-5355 (ISSN-L)
0140-6736
DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(13)61030-2
OpenAlex: W2124952808
Cited by: 955
References: 34
Citations by year: 2026: 44 · 2025: 64 · 2024: 95 · 2023: 76 · 2022: 113 · 2021: 99 · 2020: 95 · 2019: 77 · 2018: 71 · 2017: 73 · 2016: 61 · 2015: 39 · 2014: 35 · 2013: 12
FWCI: 8.79
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
Locations: The Lancet (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
LSHTM Research Online (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine) (acceptedVersion)
Funders: Economic and Social Research Council (ES/I003045/1)
Topics: Social Sciences › Health › Intimate Partner and Family Violence
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Homicide, Infanticide, and Child Abuse
Social Sciences › Health › Gun Ownership and Violence Research
Keywords: intimate partner homicide, intimate partner violence, victim-offender relationship, high-income countries, Southeast Asia, gun control, intimate partner violence prevention
MeSH terms: Cause of Death, Cross-Sectional Studies, Cross-Cultural Comparison, Data Collection, Female, Homicide, Humans, Male, Risk, Sex Factors, Socioeconomic Factors, Spouse Abuse

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

The global prevalence of intimate partner homicide: a systematic review

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks