The DOI matches its Crossref record; 123 of the 129 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 58 of the 158 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations
Open accessAbstract
In the European Union, more than 400 000 individuals are homeless on any one night and more than 600 000 are homeless in the USA. The causes of homelessness are an interaction between individual and structural factors. Individual factors include poverty, family problems, and mental health and substance misuse problems. The availability of low-cost housing is thought to be the most important structural determinant for homelessness.
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Claims the paper makes
28 No full text of the sources · 20 Couldn’t confirm · 16 Partly supported · 10 No basis given · 9 Sources not found · 4 Not checked yet · 2 Supported so far · 2 Own result · 1 Mixed support · 1 Not supported · 1 Own method · 1 Own interpretation · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Evidence suggests that drug and alcohol misuse have strong associations with both the initiation and persistence of homelessness.13”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Causes of homelessness
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [13] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (§3.2) report higher alcohol and illegal-drug use among LGB youths with a history of homelessness. But use generally began after the first homeless episode, and the Discussion (§4.1) suggests it may be a consequence rather than a cause of homelessness. The paper does not establish an association with the persistence of homelessness. (LLM, conf=0.84)
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Roma gypsies and other minorities are over-represented.26”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Rates of homelessness
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [26] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Recruitment and Eligibility section describes a sample from Toronto, Canada, not the EU. The Results compare racial-minority proportions between two groups of homeless women, but do not compare homeless people with the general population or mention Roma people. Searches for Roma, EU homelessness, and minority over-representation found no supporting passage. (LLM, conf=0.76)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Could not verify
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“In the whole of the EU, an estimated 4·1 million people have a homeless episode in a year (panel 2).26”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Rates of homelessness
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [26] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction discusses homelessness in Canada and gives Toronto shelter figures, while Recruitment and Eligibility describes a Toronto sample. Searches for the 4.1 million figure and an annual EU homelessness estimate found no passage addressing that claim in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Could not verify
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Homeless individuals have worse physical and emotional health status than the general population, including those from deprived neighbourhoods.32,49-51”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Physical and psychiatric health conditions
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [32]
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [49] source
- Could not verifycites [50] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Table 1 reports serious emotional problems among the homeless adults studied, and the Covariates section describes a measure of general health status. The Discussion compares food insufficiency and health-service use with the US general population, but our copy does not compare physical and emotional health status with either the general population or people from deprived neighbourhoods. (LLM, conf=0.73)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [51] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Crisis or transitional homelessness is often caused by a discrete event: either an act of nature or political crisis that displaces individuals, an economic disruption (severe recession, foreclosure crisis), or a personal crisis (job loss, illness).28”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Patterns of homelessness
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [28] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Subject Characteristics and Data Collection sections describe when and how long participants had been homeless, but not what caused their homelessness. Searches for crisis or transitional homelessness and for the proposed triggers—displacement, economic disruption, job loss, and illness—found no passage addressing the claim. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.75)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Could not verify
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“This suggests a cohort effect: individuals born between 1954 and 1965 have experienced homelessness at a higher rate throughout their lives.31”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Ageing of the homeless population
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [31] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Methods describe a sample of Copenhagen hostel residents identified in 1991, and the Predictors of death section examines age in relation to mortality. Searches for a cohort effect, birth years 1954–1965, and higher lifetime rates of homelessness found no passage addressing those claims in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.75)
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Could not verify
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The homeless population in EU states is changing from single, middle-aged men to migrants from other EU and non-EU countries, younger people, women, and families.”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Rates of homelessness
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [26] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (page unavailable) says that women, including women with dependent children, are a growing segment of the homeless population in Canada. It does not establish a shift in EU states from single middle-aged men toward migrants, younger people, women, and families. The Recruitment and Eligibility section identifies the study population as homeless people in Toronto, Canada. (LLM, conf=0.86)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“The relative risk compared with age-matched comparisons is higher for younger homeless people than it is for older people in two North American reports.39,47”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Mortality
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [39] source
The paper’s Results report much higher mortality rate ratios for younger homeless women than for older homeless women relative to women in the general population. Its introductory review also gives age-stratified figures from Boston and Toronto showing the same pattern among homeless men. (LLM, conf=0.91)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [47] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“In all studies, however, hypertension and diabetes in homeless people are more likely to be poorly controlled than in the general population.80,82”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Chronic diseases and homelessness > Cardiovascular and metabolic diseases
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [80] source
- Could not verifycites [82] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Background discusses poor access to care among homeless adults, and the Results report unmet health care needs, but neither assesses control of hypertension or diabetes against the general population. Searches for both conditions and poor disease control found no passage addressing that comparison; page numbers are not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.73)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“In Europe and Canada, compared with the general population, homeless people have higher rates of smoking, lower rates of obesity and hyperlipidaemia, and similar rates of diabetes and hypertension77-81 (table 3).”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Chronic diseases and homelessness > Cardiovascular and metabolic diseases
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [77] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results and Discussion compare diabetes prevalence in Paris shelter residents with the French general population, but do not compare smoking rates. Searches for smoking, smokers, and tobacco found no passage addressing the claimed Europe-and-Canada comparison. (LLM, conf=0.73)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [78] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [79] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [80] source
- Partly supportedcites [81] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The section “Impact of Homelessness Upon All Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality” (page unavailable) reports that smoking rates in a Toronto homeless sample were two to three times those of an age- and sex-matched Canadian general population. It does not provide a corresponding comparison for Europe, so the European part of the claim is unsupported by our copy. (LLM, conf=0.84)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Could not verify
- It may state two separate claims as one. 51
- Probably not a substantial claim. 4
Some cited sources support this claim and some don’t — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Since a 2012 systematic review,56 two new studies69,70 of tuberculosis that reported a prevalence of between 4% and 8%, and one study71 of HIV (from New York City) reporting rates of HIV of 1·8% have been published (appendix).”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Infectious diseases
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [56] source
Citation 56 identifies a 2012 systematic review, and the Abstract identifies this paper as a systematic review of traumatic brain injury and homelessness. The tuberculosis and HIV figures are attached to separate citations (69–71), not attributed to this source. (LLM, conf=0.93)
- Could not verifycites [69] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Study and Conclusions (page numbers unavailable) report hepatitis E findings among homeless persons in Marseille, not post-2012 tuberculosis studies or an HIV prevalence study in New York City. Searches for the tuberculosis prevalence range and the New York City HIV rate found no passage addressing either claim. (LLM, conf=0.78)
- Disputedcites [70] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Methods section (page unavailable) says this paper surveyed homeless adults in Pittsburgh and Philadelphia in 1997, not New York City. Published in 2005, it also cannot be one of the studies published since the 2012 review. The passages do not report an HIV prevalence of 1.8%. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [71] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
At least one cited source doesn’t support this claim or points to a different paper, and none confirmed it — see the verdicts below.
In the paper
“Findings from a study of 500 homeless people in three cities in British Columbia, Canada, showed that three-quarters of homeless people reported one form of abuse, with more than half reporting a history of sexual abuse.95”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Chronic diseases and homelessness > Psychiatric disorders, and drug and alcohol misuse
What the sources say
- Disputedcites [95] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Methods and Results describe a study in inner-Sydney with 105 participants, not 500 people in three British Columbia cities. The Results report that 49 of 102 respondents (48%) experienced violence in the previous year; the cited paper does not report the claimed abuse or sexual-abuse figures. (LLM, conf=0.89)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
plainn = 500- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Disputed
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Findings from several studies have shown that mortality is substantially increased in homeless people,35-45 with the excess risk most evident in younger people39,46 and, in some studies, women.”
- Also stated in: § Mortality · plain
“Findings from several studies have shown that mortality is substantially increased in homeless people,35-45 with the excess risk most evident in younger people39,46 and, in some studies, women.35,41,42”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [35] source
- Partly supportedcites [36] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract reports substantially higher mortality among homeless and marginally housed people, with the highest rate ratios at younger ages; the Results confirm that rate ratios were higher at younger ages for both sexes. The Discussion reports excess mortality among women, but does not show that the overall excess risk was more pronounced in women than in men. (LLM, conf=0.83)
- Supportedcites [37] source
The Discussion reports mortality 3.5 times higher among homeless people than in Rotterdam’s general population. It finds the greatest relative disadvantages in younger age groups and homeless women, and notes that other studies have also found higher excess mortality in women. (LLM, conf=0.94)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [38] source
- Supportedcites [39] source
The Results report substantially elevated mortality among younger homeless women compared with women in the general population, with much smaller excess mortality among older women. The paper also reports elevated mortality among homeless men, especially younger men, and notes that younger homeless women in several cities had mortality rates similar to younger homeless men (Interpretation, p. 1245). (LLM, conf=0.90)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [40] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [41] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [42] source
- Supportedcites [43] source
The Results section, “Mortality rate ratios by age and sex” (page not provided), reports substantially higher mortality among homeless adults than among Massachusetts adults, with the largest disparities at ages 25–44. In that age group, the reported all-cause mortality ratio was 9.6 for women and 8.6 for men, consistent with the claim’s qualified reference to women. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Partly supportedcites [44] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (Mortality; page not provided) show elevated mortality among homeless children and adults aged 25–49 compared with NYC residents. But overall adult mortality among family-shelter users was similar to the comparison populations, and the female mortality estimate was not statistically conclusive. The paper therefore supports excess risk in some younger groups, not a substantial increase across homeless people generally or a clear excess among women. (LLM, conf=0.87)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Mortality · plain
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Primary individual risk factors for homelessness in young people (unaccompanied individuals aged 12–25 years) are family conflict and victimisation,14 non-heterosexual sexual identity,15,16 and having been in the child welfare system.17-19”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Causes of homelessness
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [14] source
The citation range attached to this paper concerns prior child-welfare involvement, not the other risk factors in the sentence. The Abstract identifies youths aging out of foster care as at high risk of homelessness and reports substantially higher homelessness rates for them than for a general youth sample. (LLM, conf=0.91)
- Not matchedcites [15]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [16] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“In homeless families in New York, the overall mortality was not higher than that in residents of low-income neighbourhoods, although the excess was still present in homeless children.48”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Mortality
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [48] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract discusses adult homelessness and adverse childhood experiences, and the Discussion addresses adult mental and physical health outcomes. Searches for mortality in homeless families in New York and excess mortality in homeless children found no passage reporting the claimed comparison with low-income-neighbourhood residents. (LLM, conf=0.76)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“There are no consistent differences in mortality risks between homeless men and women, although most studies report that the proportionate excess of mortality in women is similar to men.40,45,47”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [40] source
- Could not verifycites [45] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The paper’s background passage says homeless people have high rates of premature mortality compared with the general population, but it does not compare mortality risks for homeless men and women. Searches for sex-specific mortality risk and proportionate excess mortality found no passage addressing either claim; the paper instead analyzes health status and health care use. (LLM, conf=0.76)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [47] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“In 2012–13, 53 540 UK households were eligible for homelessness assistance. Of these households, 65% were white, 15% black, 8% Asian, and 3% mixed race (indicating an over-representation of black and Asian people); 64% had dependent children.25”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Rates of homelessness
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [25] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 2 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Homelessness seems to have increased in the past 5 years; only Finland and the Netherlands have reported reductions.26”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Rates of homelessness
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [26] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction discusses a growing segment of the homeless population in Canada, while Recruitment and Eligibility describes a Toronto sample. Searches for Finland, the Netherlands, EU homelessness trends, and a five-year increase found no passage addressing the claim. (LLM, conf=0.78)
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The reasons for this are multifactorial and include risk factors that increase individuals’ risk for homelessness and are associated with poor health outcomes, such as early life poverty52 and mental health and substance misuse disorders.49,53”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Physical and psychiatric health conditions
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [49] source
- Partly supportedcites [52] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction reports substantially increased morbidity among homeless people and higher prevalence of mental disorders. The Discussion also identifies injection drug use as a risk factor worth further study for infectious diseases. Neither section establishes that mental health or substance misuse disorders increase the risk of becoming homeless; a search for early-life poverty found no relevant passage, though that example has a separate citation in the citing sentence. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Partly supportedcites [53] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction reports elevated rates of mental illness and substance use disorders among homeless people and says psychiatric illness or substance abuse commonly precipitates hospital care. It does not establish that these disorders increase the risk of becoming homeless. Early-life poverty is attached to citation 52, not to this source. (LLM, conf=0.84)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“In Europe and Canada, compared with the general population, homeless people have higher rates of smoking, lower rates of obesity and hyperlipidaemia, and similar rates of diabetes and hypertension77-81 (table 3).”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Chronic diseases and homelessness > Cardiovascular and metabolic diseases
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [77] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results compare obesity among shelter attendees with and without diabetes, not with the general population. The paper’s general-population comparison concerns diabetes prevalence; the passages found for obesity, cholesterol and hyperlipidaemia do not establish lower rates of obesity or hyperlipidaemia among homeless people in Europe or Canada. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.77)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [78] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [79] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [80] source
- Partly supportedcites [81] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In the section on homelessness and cardiovascular mortality (page unavailable), a Toronto study found that elevated body mass index was not more prevalent among homeless adults than in a matched Canadian population. That does not establish a lower obesity rate. The section provides no Europe-wide comparison or evidence of lower hyperlipidaemia rates; it says the direction of differences in most traditional risk factors remains unclear. (LLM, conf=0.76)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The increased risk of morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular disease is probably a result of high rates of behavioural risk factors (illicit drug use, tobacco use); poor control of hypertension, diabetes, and hyperlipidaemia; and poor access to care for early cardiac disease.80,85”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Chronic diseases and homelessness > Cardiovascular and metabolic diseases
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [80] source
- Partly supportedcites [85] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (Drug Dependence; page unavailable) report a high prevalence of drug dependence among homeless people, supporting one behavioural-risk component. The Introduction reports elevated overall mortality, but neither passage links cardiovascular morbidity or mortality to drug or tobacco use, control of hypertension, diabetes or hyperlipidaemia, or access to early cardiac care. (LLM, conf=0.78)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Results from these studies showed that homeless individuals (compared with low-income non-homeless individuals) are more likely to seek medical care for falls, cold-related injury (hypothermia, frostbite), burns, poisonings (from medication and illicit substances), assaults, traumatic brain injuries, and self-harm and are less likely to seek care for transport-related injuries.32,57,58,60,96”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Unintentional injuries
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [32]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [57] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [58] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [60] source
- Partly supportedcites [96] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 1 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Heterogeneity between individual tuberculosis studies is partly explained by different diagnostic methods (higher rates when chest radiography was used vs sputum analysis) and differences in the underlying rate in the general population.56”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Infectious diseases
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [56] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract and Limitations of the evidence base discuss traumatic brain injury among people who are homeless, including variation in how TBI was assessed. Searches for tuberculosis, chest radiography, sputum analysis, and underlying population rates found no passage addressing the claimed explanation for heterogeneity between tuberculosis studies. (LLM, conf=0.78)
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Data from the USA are similar, with the exception that rates of hypertension in homeless people are higher than in the general population, but similar to the non-homeless, low-income population.82”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Chronic diseases and homelessness > Cardiovascular and metabolic diseases
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [82] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Background compares U.S. homeless, low-income, and general populations on emergency-department use, not hypertension rates. A search for “hypertension” found no passage in our copy addressing the claimed comparison. (LLM, conf=0.76)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Few studies of hepatitis B have been published, but they report high rates that are typically around 20–30%,68,72 and 3% have recent or ongoing hepatitis E.73”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Infectious diseases
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [68] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [72] source
- Could not verifycites [73] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Citation 73 is attached to the claim that 3% of homeless people have recent or ongoing hepatitis E; the hepatitis B figures have separate citations. Our copy’s Results report diabetes, pre-diabetes and metabolic syndrome in a homeless population, but no passage addresses hepatitis E (searched for hepatitis E and viral infection). (LLM, conf=0.77)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Other risk factors are secondary to the conditions of homelessness itself, such as poor nutrition,54,55 exposure to communicable diseases,56 harsh living environments,57,58 high rates of victimisation59 and unintentional injuries,57,60 and increased rates of tobacco use.61,62”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Physical and psychiatric health conditions
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [54] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [55] source
- Partly supportedcites [56] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion reports high rates of traumatic brain injury among people who are homeless, supporting the injury-related part of the citation. It does not establish that these injuries were unintentional or caused by the conditions of homelessness; it says the first brain injury preceded homelessness for most participants in the studies that examined timing. (LLM, conf=0.86)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Poor health status is exacerbated by poor access to health care63-65 and challenges in adherence to medication.66,67”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Physical and psychiatric health conditions
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [63] source
The citation is attached to the medication-adherence clause, not the separate claim about access to health care. The Discussion (page not provided) reports suboptimal ART adherence linked to homelessness and describes barriers homeless individuals face in storing medication and prioritizing adherence. (LLM, conf=0.91)
- Supportedcites [64] source
The Abstract (page not provided) states that homeless people face barriers to accessing healthcare and that these barriers contribute to the spread of infections. This supports the poor-access portion of the citing sentence; medication adherence has a separate citation group and is not attributed to this source here. (LLM, conf=0.90)
- Could not verifycites [65] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion reports a much higher incidence of TB among homeless people, but does not attribute poor health to limited health-care access or difficulty adhering to medication. The Methods describe free TB treatment for participants; they do not assess access barriers or adherence. Searches for both mechanisms found no passage addressing them. (LLM, conf=0.74)
- Could not verifycites [66] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Background describes elevated TB risk and poor outcomes among homeless people, but attributes risk to factors such as nutrition and housing, not poor access to health care. Searches of our full-text copy for health-care access and medication adherence found no passage addressing either proposed explanation for poor health status. (LLM, conf=0.74)
- Could not verifycites [67] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The citation placement attributes the poor-access-to-health-care point to this source; medication adherence has separate citations. The Introduction reports higher morbidity and mortality among homeless people, and the Discussion recommends offering HIV/STI services, but neither passage says that poor access exacerbates health status. Searches for poor access to health care and medication adherence found no passage establishing those links (pages unavailable in our copy). (LLM, conf=0.74)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Homeless people have difficulty accessing medical care and adhering to medications because of an absence of medical insurance, transportation barriers, and the need to attend to competing priorities.63,86-88”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Chronic diseases and homelessness > Cardiovascular and metabolic diseases
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [63] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion (page unavailable) links homelessness to poorer ART adherence and suggests that immediate survival needs can take priority over medication. It also discusses financial barriers to treatment in settings without universal access, but does not identify lack of insurance or transportation as reasons homeless people have difficulty accessing care and taking medications. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [86] source
- Could not verifycites [87] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Implications and Avenues for future research sections discuss mental-health treatment and treatment adherence among prisoners, not barriers faced by homeless people. Searches for homelessness, insurance, transportation, competing priorities, and medication adherence found no passage addressing the attributed claim; the available passages have no page numbers. (LLM, conf=0.76)
- Partly supportedcites [88] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion says homeless people avoid outpatient contacts and have difficulty managing prescribed medications. It does not attribute those difficulties to lack of insurance, transportation barriers, or competing priorities. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“but compared with the general population, rates of tuberculosis infection were at least 20 times higher, and for USA studies, they were more than 40 times higher—a proportionate excess compared with the general population and more than other infectious diseases studied.”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Infectious diseases
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [56] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results and Discussion passages address traumatic brain injury among people who are homeless, not tuberculosis. Searches for tuberculosis infection rates, the 20- and 40-fold comparisons, and other infectious diseases found no passage in our copy addressing the claim. (LLM, conf=0.78)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Tobacco use is common in homeless populations; in the USA, 68–80% of homeless people are current smokers,61 which is four times the rate of the overall US population and 2·5 times that of the low-income population.105”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Tobacco use
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [61] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion addresses alcohol and drug problems among homeless people, but does not report smoking prevalence. Searches of the full-text copy for tobacco, smoking, the 68–80% figure, and the US population comparisons found no passage supporting the claim. (LLM, conf=0.77)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [105] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Several factors impede smoking cessation, including high rates of environmental exposure in shelters and other congregant living facilities, reduced access to health care,111 and competing health needs, which decrease health-care providers’”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Tobacco use
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [111] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The paper’s introductory discussion identifies pervasive tobacco use in homeless settings and assumptions about higher-priority needs, but it does not address reduced access to health care—the factor immediately preceding this citation. Searches for health-care access and medical-care availability found no passage supporting that factor. (LLM, conf=0.73)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Individual factors include poverty,9 early childhood adverse experiences,10 mental health and substance misuse problems,9,11 personal history of violence,11 and criminal justice system association.12”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Causes of homelessness
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Findings from ecological studies show that when structural support is not available, individuals with fewer individual vulnerabilities become homeless and rates of homelessness rise.7”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Causes of homelessness
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [7] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Structural factors that promote homelessness include the absence of low-cost housing, employment opportunities for low-skilled workers, and income support.7”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Causes of homelessness
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [7] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the USA, black Americans and Native Americans are overrepresented in the homeless population.”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Rates of homelessness
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Point-in-time counts overestimate chronic homelessness and underestimate short periods of homelessness.”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Rates of homelessness
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Reasons for late-life homelessness include housing problems secondary to changes in the housing market,33 loss through death or divorce of an important relationship, or health crises.33,34”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Ageing of the homeless population
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [33] source
- Not matchedcites [34]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Causes of excessive mortality include infections (HIV, tuberculosis), ischaemic heart disease, substance misuse, and external factors including unintentional injuries,40 suicides, homicides,46 and poisoning (from medication and illicit substances).”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Mortality
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Income inequality itself might be a structural factor that promotes homelessness: countries with greater levels of income inequality have higher rates of homelessness.20”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Causes of homelessness
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [20]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the early 1980s, the increase in homelessness was attributed to the closing of state psychiatric facilities, without a concomitant increase in community mental health services, a decrease in affordable housing, stagnating wages, changes in welfare policies, and the crack cocaine epidemic.”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Rates of homelessness
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Risk factors for a person becoming chronically homeless include having mental health problems, substance misuse, or physical health problems, a history of criminal justice system association, and older age (44 years and older).21,29”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Patterns of homelessness
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [21]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [29] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In 2012, in one night-time count, there were 2309 rough sleepers in England, 24% of whom lived in London (panel 2).”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Rates of homelessness
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although black Americans make up only 12% of the US population, they make up 39% of shelter populations.”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Rates of homelessness
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The homeless population is ageing. In the USA, the median age of the homeless population now approaches 50 years.”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Ageing of the homeless population
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In the USA, a bimodal pattern of mortality is described: younger people die disproportionately from external causes of death (suicide, accidental overdoses, and homicide) and infectious diseases, and there is also a spike in older homeless people.”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [47] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“There is evidence that, despite expansion of services, the excess mortality has remained similar during the past two decades, although shifts in the cause of death have occurred with fewer deaths from HIV infection and more from drug overdose and substance misuse disorders.47”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [47] source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“during one night-time count of homeless people in 2013, 23% of homeless individuals were children living in families (238 110 people in families were homeless).”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Rates of homelessness
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [23]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainn = 238,110- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although homelessness negatively affects health outcomes irrespective of duration, chronically homeless individuals have worse clinical outcomes than individuals who experience either intermittent or crisis homelessness.”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Patterns of homelessness
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The 2010 US Interagency Council on Homelessness Federal Strategic Plan to Prevent and End Homelessness reported an increase during the preceding 30 years in the number of people who were homeless, with a substantial increase in the number of children and families who were homeless.21”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Rates of homelessness
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [21]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Suicide rates have increased, with a Danish study reporting a standardised mortality ratio of 7 from 1999–2009,42 which may be even higher in younger homeless people.46”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Mortality
What the sources say
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Denmark is the only country that reports higher relative risk of mortality for women, although the absolute death rate is higher in men than women.42”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [42] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Mental health and substance misuse disorders both increase the risk of and are exacerbated by homelessness.”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Physical and psychiatric health conditions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although crisis homelessness has severe negative effects on health, in general, those who experience crisis homelessness have better clinical outcomes than individuals who experience chronic or intermittent homelessness.”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Patterns of homelessness
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Family homelessness (defined as adults with minor children) is often episodic, and is more prevalent in the USA than in EU countries.20”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Patterns of homelessness
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [20]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“In a study90 based in three Canadian cities, 58% of homeless people had dual diagnosis, with some patterns of comorbidity being prominent (including depression co-occurring with alcohol, and post-traumatic stress disorder with crack cocaine).”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Chronic diseases and homelessness > Psychiatric disorders, and drug and alcohol misuse
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [90] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Unintentional injuries are a major cause of morbidity and emergency department use in homeless people57 and represent around 9% of all admissions to hospital for this population; rates are higher than the general or housed poor population, although the discrepancy is greatest in elderly people.58”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Unintentional injuries
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This review also identified that the prevalence of psychosis was typically as high as that of depression, which contrasts with results from surveys in community and other high-risk populations such as prisoners in which depression is at least twice as common.91”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Chronic diseases and homelessness > Psychiatric disorders, and drug and alcohol misuse
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [91] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In relation to substance misuse and dependence, this review focused on dependence, which for alcohol varied between 8% and 58%, and for drug dependence ranged from 5% to 54%, with very little information about women.”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Chronic diseases and homelessness > Psychiatric disorders, and drug and alcohol misuse
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [89] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Homeless individuals not only have higher rates of hospital admission but also have longer stays once admitted—at least 2 days longer for acute admissions to hospital in one study.126”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Health service use
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [126]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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In the paper
“Rates of traumatic brain injury are increased in homeless people, compared with non-homeless poverty populations, with rates typically ranging from 38% to 53%.60”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Unintentional injuries
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [60] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“However, homelessness is an independent risk factor for hospital admission and emergency department attendance after accounting for these predisposing factors because of lower hospital admission thresholds caused by the complexities of management of acute medical crises in homeless people, barriers to timely care that might allow health problems to deteriorate beyond what can be managed safely as”
§ The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations > Health service use
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
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The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Living in marginal housing in impoverished environments may be more prevalent than homelessness and may create comparably severe consequences. 4-6”
From The Hotel Study—Clinical and Health Service Effectiveness in a Cohort of Homeless or Marginally Housed Persons (2017) · cites this paper as [5]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Citations
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Jail Incarceration, Homelessness, and Mental Health: A National Study
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–300 of 1,561
Jail Health Care in the Southeastern United States From Entry to Release
Carda-Auten, J., DiRosa, E. A., Grodensky, C. A., Nowotny, K. M., Brinkley‐Rubinstein, L., Travers, D. A., Brown, M. E., Bradley-Bull, S., Blue, C. M., & Rosen, D. L. (2022) · Milbank Quarterly · doi:10.1111/1468-0009.12569 · Cited by 33
Minding the gap: access to palliative care and the homeless
Huynh, L., Henry, B., & Dosani, N. (2015) · BMC Palliative Care · doi:10.1186/s12904-015-0059-2 · Cited by 32
“According to Statistics Canada, approximately 13 % of the Canadian population earns a ‘low income’ and it is estimated that annually, 150 000–300 000 individuals in Canada experience homelessness per year [12, 13].”
BackgroundGowda, G. S., Gopika, G. B., Kumar, C. N., Manjunatha, N., Yadav, R., Srinivas, D., Bharath, R. D., & Math, S. B. (2017) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2017.07.001 · Cited by 32
Unconditional cash transfers reduce homelessness
Dwyer, R., Palepu, A., Williams, C., Daly‐Grafstein, D., & Zhao, J. (2023) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2222103120 · Cited by 51
Miller, J., Hutton, J., Doherty, C., Vallesi, S., Currie, J., Rushworth, K., Larkin, M., Scott, M. P., Morrow, J. R., & Wood, L. J. (2024) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-024-10971-8 · Cited by 31
“Homelessness is associated with large disparities in health, including a much higher prevalence of both chronic conditions and acute illness and injury [1–3].”
BackgroundThe Opioid Epidemic In Veterans Who Were Homeless Or Unstably Housed
Midboe, A. M., Byrne, T. H., Smelson, D. A., Jasuja, G. K., McInnes, D. K., & Troszak, L. K. (2019) · Health Affairs · doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2019.00281 · Cited by 30
Mosites, E. M., Morris, S. B., Self, J. L., et al. (2021) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwab051 · Cited by 31
Loneliness among Homeless Individuals during the First Wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic
Bertram, F., Heinrich, F., Fröb, D., Wulff, B., Ondruschka, B., Püschel, K., König, H., & Hajek, A. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18063035 · Cited by 31
“Individual reasons for homelessness are diverse but frequently include poverty, family problems, substance misuse and the availability of low-cost housing [11].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialTrick, W. E., Rachman, F. D., Hinami, K., Hill, J. C., Conover, C. S., Diep, L., Gordon, H. S., Kho, A., Meltzer, D. O., Shah, R. C., et al. (2021) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-021-10958-8 · Cited by 31
“Integrating cross-sector data systems inclusive of behavioral health, care coordination, and tenancy support can fully capitalize healthcare organizations’ capacity to meaningfully address homelessness, a critically important determinant of health [28, 29].”
BackgroundHospitalizations for COVID-19 Among US People Experiencing Incarceration or Homelessness
Montgomery, M. P., Hong, K., Clarke, K. E. N., Williams, S. P., Fukunaga, R., Fields, V. L., Park, J., Schieber, L. Z., Kompaniyets, L., Ray, C. M., et al. (2022) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.43407 · Cited by 31
Kerman, N., Aubry, T., Adair, C. E., Distasio, J., Latimer, E., Somers, J., & Stergiopoulos, V. (2020) · Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research · doi:10.1007/s10488-020-01008-3 · Cited by 30
McWilliams, L., Paisi, M., Middleton, S., Shawe, J., Thornton, A., Larkin, M., Taylor, J., & Currie, J. (2022) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/jan.15387 · Cited by 31
“…of all types can emerge or be exacerbated by risk factors associated with homelessness, such as poor nutrition, exposure to infectious disease (Fazel et al., 2014 ), violence, accidental injury (Seastres et al., 2020 ) and increased rates of smoking and substance use (Schanzer et al., 2007 ).”
BackgroundInfluentialUnnatural death: a major but largely preventable cause-of-death among homeless people?
Slockers, M. T., Nusselder, W. J., Rietjens, J. A. C., & van Beeck, E. F. (2018) · European Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/eurpub/cky002 · Cited by 29
West, K. J., Wrobel, B., Pallotta, S., & Coatsworth, A. (2018) · OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying · doi:10.1177/0030222818801150 · Cited by 30
Occupational experiences of homelessness: A systematic review and meta-aggregation
Marshall, C. A., Boland, L., Westover, L. A., Wickett, S., Roy, L., Mace, J., Gewurtz, R. E., Barbic, S. P., & Kirsh, B. H. (2019) · Scandinavian Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.1080/11038128.2019.1689292 · Cited by 30
“Some of the most prevalent health conditions experienced by homeless persons include a high rate of mental illness and substance use disorder, reported to be as high as 58%, and traumatic brain injury at up to 53% – rates that only reach only 16% and 1% in the general population respectively [19].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialConceptualizing the shelter and housing needs and solutions of homeless older adults
Humphries, J., & Canham, S. L. (2019) · Housing Studies · doi:10.1080/02673037.2019.1687854 · Cited by 30
Alexiou, A., Mason, K., Fahy, K., Taylor-Robinson, D. C., & Barr, B. (2021) · International Journal of Housing Policy · doi:10.1080/19491247.2021.2002660 · Cited by 35
“Homeless people have higher rates of premature mortality and increased risk of drug- and alcohol-related deaths (Aldridge et al., 2018; Fazel et al., 2014; Ivers et al., 2019; Morrison, 2009).”
Kerman, N., Ecker, J., Tiderington, E., Gaetz, S., & Kidd, S. A. (2022) · Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.1080/09638237.2021.2022629 · Cited by 35
“Support needs are diverse among the homeless population given the high rates of behavioural health problems, chronic medical conditions, and traumatic brain injuries, and other cognitive impairments (Fazel et al., 2014; Stone et al., 2019; Stubbs et al., 2020).”
BackgroundHospital care and costs for homeless people
McCormick, B., & White, J. (2016) · Clinical Medicine · doi:10.7861/clinmedicine.16-6-506 · Cited by 29
Changing Demographics and Prevalence of Body Lice among Homeless Persons, Marseille, France
Ly, T. D. A., Touré, Y., Calloix, C., et al. (2017) · Emerging infectious diseases · doi:10.3201/eid2311.170516 · Cited by 29
“H persons are predisposed to infections because of their poor physical state and lack of hygiene; therefore, outbreaks of contagious diseases are more prevalent among them (1,2).”
BackgroundVázquez, J. J., Berríos, A. E., Bonilla‐Algovia, E., et al. (2018) · American Journal of Orthopsychiatry · doi:10.1037/ort0000336 · Cited by 29
Field, H., Hudson, B. F., Hewett, N., & Khan, Z. (2019) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-019-4620-1 · Cited by 30
“Fazel concludes that substance misuse and mental health disorders are risk factors for high secondary care usage, an observation consistent with our analysis of biand tri-morbidity [21].”
BackgroundResultArmstrong, M., Shulman, C. E., Hudson, B. F., Brophy, N., Daley, J., Hewett, N., & Stone, P. C. (2021) · Palliative Medicine · doi:10.1177/02692163211006318 · Cited by 32
Lachaud, J., Mejía-Lancheros, C., Durbin, A., Nisenbaum, R. A., Wang, R., O'Campo, P. J., Stergiopoulos, V., & Hwang, S. W. (2021) · Journal of Urban Health · doi:10.1007/s11524-021-00550-1 · Cited by 31
Nilsson, S. F., Laursen, T. M., Osler, M., Hjorthøj, C. R., Benros, M. E., Ethelberg, S., Mølbak, K., & Nordentoft, M. (2022) · The Lancet Regional Health - Europe · doi:10.1016/j.lanepe.2022.100355 · Cited by 28
“9,36,37 Such factors might contribute to the lower vaccine uptake.”
Marshall, C. A., Gewurtz, R. E., Ross, C., Becker, A., Cooke, A., Roy, L., Barbic, S. P., Lysaght, R. M., & Kirsh, B. H. (2022) · Journal of Social Distress and the Homeless · doi:10.1080/10530789.2022.2070098 · Cited by 29
“Previous research indicates that persons experiencing homelessness in high-income countries experience high rates of mortality (Fazel et al., 2014).”
BackgroundStergiopoulos, V., Schuler, A., Nisenbaum, R. A., deRuiter, W. K., Guimond, T. H., WASYLENKI, D. A., Hoch, J. S., Hwang, S. W., Rouleau, K. D., & Dewa, C. S. (2015) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-015-1014-x · Cited by 29
“In addition, individuals facing homelessness also experience chronic medical conditions [7, 8], neurocognitive impairment [9, 10], and have higher mortality rates than people who are housed [11–13].”
BackgroundThe bidirectional association between psychiatric disorders and sheltered homelessness
Nilsson, S. F., Wimberley, T., Speyer, H., Hjorthøj, C. R., Fazel, S., Nordentoft, M., & Laursen, T. M. (2023) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291723002428 · Cited by 28
“Such factors could be adverse childhood experiences and parental factors (Fazel et al., 2014; Hodgson et al., 2013; Nilsson, Laursen, Hjorthoj, Thorup, & Nordentoft, 2017; Nilsson et al., 2019a, 2019b).”
BackgroundSelf-citationKerman, N., & Sylvestre, J. C. (2019) · Health & Social Care in the Community · doi:10.1111/hsc.12873 · Cited by 28
Kiernan, S., Cheallaigh, C. N., Murphy, N., Dowds, J., & Broderick, J. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-88590-0 · Cited by 24
Carrillo Beck, R., Szlapinski, J., Pacheco, N., Sabri Laghaei, S., Isard, R., Oudshoorn, A., & Marshall, C. A. (2022) · Health & Social Care in the Community · doi:10.1111/hsc.13716 · Cited by 28
Nilsson, S. F., Laursen, T. M., Hjorthøj, C. R., Thorup, A. A. E., & Nordentoft, M. (2017) · The Lancet Public Health · doi:10.1016/s2468-2667(17)30210-4 · Cited by 28
Morbidity and Length of Stay After Injury Among People Experiencing Homelessness in North America
Silver, C. M., Thomas, A., Reddy, S., Kirkendoll, S. D., Nathens, A. B., Issa, N., Patel, P. P., Plevin, R. E., Kanzaria, H. K., & Stey, A. M. (2024) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.0795 · Cited by 26
Hines, J. Z., Jagger, M. A., Jeanne, T. L., West, N., Winquist, A. G., Robinson, B. F., Leman, R. F., & Hedberg, K. (2017) · Journal of Infection · doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2017.11.010 · Cited by 29
Determinants of Implementation of a Clinical Practice Guideline for Homeless Health
Magwood, O., Hanemaayer, A., Saad, A., Salvalaggio, G., Bloch, G. C., Moledina, A., Pinto, N., Ziha, L., Geurguis, M., Aliferis, A., et al. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17217938 · Cited by 23
“People experiencing homelessness face health inequities including high rates of preventable all-cause mortality [1], and treatable morbidities such as infectious diseases and chronic health conditions [2].”
BackgroundEmergency department interventions for homelessness: a systematic review
Formosa, E. A., Kishimoto, V., Orchanian‐Cheff, A., & Hayman, K. (2020) · Canadian Journal of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1007/s43678-020-00008-4 · Cited by 27
“Introduction Access to stable housing is a major social determinant of health that, if not attained, contributes to an individual’s morbidity and mortality [1].”
BackgroundKouimtsidis, C., Pauly, B., Parkes, T., Stockwell, T. R., & Baldacchino, A. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.623649 · Cited by 28
Zemmour, K., Tinland, A., Boucékine, M., Girard, V., Loubière, S., Resseguier, N., Fond, G. B., Auquier, P., Boyer, L., French Housing First Study Group, et al. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep31598 · Cited by 28
Gowda, G. S., Gopika, G. B., Manjunatha, N., Kumar, C. N., Yadav, R., Srinivas, D., Bharath, R. D., & Math, S. B. (2017) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0020764017714494 · Cited by 29
Baker, J., Travers, J. L., Buschman, P., & Merrill, J. A. (2018) · Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association · doi:10.1177/1078390317704044 · Cited by 26
Stergiopoulos, V., Gozdzik, A., Nisenbaum, R. A., Durbin, J., Hwang, S. W., O'Campo, P. J., Tepper, J. D., & Wasylenki, D. (2018) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0706743718772539 · Cited by 30
Bring, C. N., Kruse, M., Ankarfeldt, M. Z., Brünés, N., Pedersen, M., Petersen, J., & Andersen, O. (2020) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-020-05358-4 · Cited by 26
Nelson, R. E., Byrne, T. H., Suo, Y., Cook, J. R., Pettey, W. B. P., Gundlapalli, A. V., Greene, T., Gelberg, L., Kertesz, S. G., Tsai, J., et al. (2021) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.37047 · Cited by 28
Factors Associated With Hospital Readmission Among Patients Experiencing Homelessness
Subedi, K., Acharya, B., & Ghimire, S. (2022) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2022.02.004 · Cited by 28
Eriksen, A. R. R., Fogh, K., Hasselbalch, R. B., Bundgaard, H., Nielsen, S. D., Jørgensen, C. S., Scharff, B. F. S. S., Erikstrup, C., Sækmose, S. G., Holm, D. K., et al. (2022) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-022-13642-7 · Cited by 24
“PEH have more physical and mental health issues than the background population [9, 10] and often engage in substance abuse [7], which could increase their risk of infection and of a serious course of disease by SARSCoV-2 [11, 12].”
BackgroundRichard, L., Liu, M., Jenkinson, J., et al. (2022) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines10081245 · Cited by 26
Rieke, K., Smolsky, A., Bock, E., Erkes, L. P., Porterfield, E., & Watanabe‐Galloway, S. (2015) · Social Work in Public Health · doi:10.1080/19371918.2015.1063100 · Cited by 25
Thomas, F., Hansford, L., Ford, J. B., Wyatt, K. M., McCabe, R., & Byng, R. (2018) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-018-0091-y · Cited by 33
“…is associated with depression (Rai et al., 2013); that people with mental illness are disproportionately represented amongst homeless populations (Fazel et al., 2014); and that children and adolescents with low socio-economic status are at higher risk of mental health problems than those in…”
Characterizing Discrimination Experiences by Race among Homeless Adults
Wrighting, Q., Reitzel, L. R., Chen, T., Kendzor, D. E., Hernandez, D. C., Obasi, E. M., Shree, S., & Businelle, M. S. (2019) · American Journal of Health Behavior · doi:10.5993/ajhb.43.3.8 · Cited by 28
Homelessness and self-rated health: evidence from a national survey of homeless people in Spain
Bullón, F. F., Esnaola, I., Anderson, I., & Benjaminsen, L. (2019) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-019-7380-2 · Cited by 28
“Much of the excess mortality is explained by risk factors, like alcohol consumption, drug use [7] and physical health problems [8].”
BackgroundPauly, B., King, V., Smith, A. R., Tranquilli-Doherty, S., Wishart, M., Vallance, K., Stockwell, T. R., & Sutherland, C. (2020) · Drugs Education Prevention and Policy · doi:10.1080/09687637.2020.1764500 · Cited by 27
Information and communication technologies, e-Health and homelessness: A bibliometric review
Calvo, F., Carbonell, X., & Johnsen, S. (2019) · Cogent Psychology · doi:10.1080/23311908.2019.1631583 · Cited by 25
Jones, A. L., Gordon, A. J., Gabrielian, S. E., Montgomery, A. E., Blosnich, J. R., Varley, A. L., DeRussy, A. J., Austin, E. L., Hoge, A. E., Kim, Y. I., et al. (2021) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/mlr.0000000000001547 · Cited by 26
“the Veterans Choice Program) rated from strongly disagree (1) to strongly agree (4).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialMontgomery, M. P., Carry, M., Garcia‐Williams, A. G., Marshall, B. N., Besrat, B. N., Bejarano, F., Carlson, J., Rutledge, T., & Mosites, E. M. (2021) · Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcop.22583 · Cited by 26
“…al., 2019), have competing priorities of need (e.g., food, clothing, shelter) (Murray, 1996), and disproportionately experience substance use disorder and mental illness (Fazel et al., 2014; Leibler et al., 2017), all of which can interfere with adherence to COVID‐19 hand hygiene recommendations.”
BackgroundSmartphone Technology to Empower People Experiencing Homelessness: Secondary Analysis
Thurman, W., Semwal, M., Moczygemba, L. R., & Hilbelink, M. (2021) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/27787 · Cited by 25
“Homelessness is associated with poor health, and people experiencing homelessness are often burdened with high rates of chronic and mental health conditions, functional limitations, and cognitive impairment [3-5].”
Willison, C. E. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197548325.001.0001 · Cited by 25
The Impact of Pet Ownership on Healthcare-Seeking Behavior in Individuals Experiencing Homelessness
Ramirez, V., Frisbie, L. A., Robinson, J. A., et al. (2022) · Anthrozoös · doi:10.1080/08927936.2022.2042082 · Cited by 25
“municable diseases, chronic diseases, and age-related conditions, such as cognitive impairment and functional decline have also been described, with evidence of accelerated aging (Fazel et al., 2014).”
BackgroundLindner, A. K., Sarma, N., Rust, L. M., Hellmund, T., Krasovski-Nikiforovs, S., Wintel, M., Klaes, S. M., Hörig, M., Monert, S., Schwarzer, R., et al. (2021) · BMC Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1186/s12879-021-06945-4 · Cited by 25
“Due to poor linkage-to-healthcare as well as lack of fulfilment of basic needs, they have higher occurrence of chronic mental and physical conditions, and higher mortality rates [1-3].”
BackgroundBartonella quintana Infection in People Experiencing Homelessness in the Denver Metropolitan Area
Shepard, Z., Barahona, L. V., Montalbano, G. E., Rowan, S. E., Franco‐Paredes, C., & Madinger, N. E. (2022) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/jiac238 · Cited by 25
Abel, M. K., Schwartz, H. E. M., Lin, J. A., Decker, H. C., Wu, C. L., Grant, M. C., Kushel, M., & Wick, E. C. (2022) · Journal of the American College of Surgeons · doi:10.1097/xcs.0000000000000214 · Cited by 25
Self-citationEaston, C., Oudshoorn, A., Smith-Carrier, T. A., Forchuk, C., & Marshall, C. A. (2022) · Health & Social Care in the Community · doi:10.1111/hsc.13939 · Cited by 30
Colburn, G., Fyall, R., McHugh, C., Moraras, P., Ewing, V., Thompson, S., Dean, T., & Argodale, S. (2022) · Housing Policy Debate · doi:10.1080/10511482.2022.2075027 · Cited by 25
“, 2007), including greater prevalence of infectious diseases (Fazel et al., 2014), poor mental health (Bashir, 2002; Bentley et al.”
Roze, M., Vandentorren, S., Vuillermoz, C., Chauvin, P., & Melchior, M. (2016) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.05.001 · Cited by 24
Needs, expectations and care production of people in street situation
de Oliveira, D. M., Expedito, A. C., Aleixo, M. T., et al. (2018) · Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem · doi:10.1590/0034-7167-2017-0612 · Cited by 25
Trajectories of functional impairment in homeless older adults: Results from the HOPE HOME study
Brown, R. T., Guzman, D., Kaplan, L. M., Ponath, C., Lee, C. T., & Kushel, M. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0221020 · Cited by 25
“However, homeless persons may experience differing risk factors across both the individual and environmental domains, including substance use disorders, limited access to health care, and longer duration of homelessness.[20] Understanding functional trajectories and risk factors for these trajectories among homeless o…”
BackgroundSelf-citationThe use of eHealth interventions among persons experiencing homelessness: A systematic review
Polillo, A., Gran-Ruaz, S., Sylvestre, J. C., & Kerman, N. (2021) · Digital Health · doi:10.1177/2055207620987066 · Cited by 25
“Introduction Persons experiencing homelessness have poorer physical and mental health than the general population.(1) Rates of chronic medical conditions, infectious diseases, mental illness, and substance use disorders are each high among the homeless population.”
Mogk, J., Shmigol, V., Futrell, M., Stover, B., & Hagopian, A. (2020) · Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/pubmed/fdz062 · Cited by 25
European public perceptions of homelessness: A knowledge, attitudes and practices survey
Petit, J. M., Loubière, S., Tinland, A., Vargas-Moniz, M., Spinnewijn, F., Manning, R. M., Santinello, M., Wolf, J., Bokszczanin, A., Bernad, R., et al. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0221896 · Cited by 25
The prevalence and geographic distribution of complex co-occurring disorders: a population study
Somers, J. M., Moniruzzaman, A., Rezansoff, S. N., Brink, J., & Russolillo, A. (2015) · Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences · doi:10.1017/s2045796015000347 · Cited by 23
“The co-occurrence of mental illness and substance use is associated with increased risk of criminal conviction (Baillargeon et al. 2009a; Ruiz et al. 2012; Rezansoff et al. 2013), unemployment (Visher et al. 2005), as well as poverty and homelessness (Fazel et al. 2014).”
BackgroundGarey, L., Reitzel, L. R., Kendzor, D. E., & Businelle, M. S. (2015) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/0145445515612396 · Cited by 23
Richardson, L., Dong, H., Kerr, T. H., Milloy, M., & Hayashi, K. (2020) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.15182 · Cited by 24
“PWUD also commonly undertake these activities outdoors, potentially increasing exposure to drug use scenes associated with health harms and service access barriers (64, 65).”
BackgroundThe COVID-19 Shadow Pandemic: Meeting Social Needs For A City In Lockdown
Clapp, J. E., Calvo–Friedman, A., Cameron, S., et al. (2020) · Health Affairs · doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2020.00928 · Cited by 23
Pinheiro, R. S., Carvalho, P. M. R. D. S., de Matos, M. A., Caetano, K. A. A., de Paula, A. C., Carneiro, M. A. D. S., Reis, M. N. D. G., Martins, R. M. B., Stefani, M. M. D. A., & Teles, S. A. (2020) · The Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.bjid.2020.11.001 · Cited by 23
“5 Schooling (in years)b Median (interquartile range) 7 (4, 9) ≤4 90 25.”
Kiran, T., Craig-Neil, A., Das, P., Lockwood, J., Wang, R., Nathanielsz, N., Rosenthal, E., Snider, C., & Hwang, S. W. (2021) · CMAJ Open · doi:10.9778/cmajo.20200253 · Cited by 23
Rivas‐Rivero, E., Panadero, S., & Vázquez, J. J. (2021) · Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcop.22619 · Cited by 23
“There are complex factors that contribute to the phenomenon of homelessness, both individually and socially (Busch‐Geertsema et al., 2010; Esen, 2017; Fazel et al., 2014; Vázquez et al., 2018) and these are the responses to a range of life experiences and processes (Matulic‐Domandzic et al., 2019).”
BackgroundPilla, D., & Park‐Taylor, J. (2021) · Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcop.22724 · Cited by 23
Sutherland, G., Bulsara, C., Robinson, S., & Codde, J. (2021) · Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1111/1753-6405.13156 · Cited by 23
Huggett, T. D., Tung, E. L., Cunningham, M. L., Ghinai, I., Duncan, H. L., McCauley, M., & Detmer, W. M. (2021) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.38464 · Cited by 22
Chan, V., Estrella, M. J., Baddeliyanage, R., Shah, R., Babineau, J., & Colantonio, A. (2022) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2022.916602 · Cited by 23
Jensen, S. G., Olsen, N. W., Seersholm, N. J., Lillebæk, T., Wilcke, T., Pedersen, M. K., & Kok‐Jensen, A. (2015) · Thorax · doi:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2015-207162 · Cited by 23
Barrett, P., Griffin, E., Corcoran, P. E., O’Mahony, M. T., & Arensman, E. (2017) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2017.12.040 · Cited by 23
“In high-income countries, standardised mortality ratios are commonly two to five times higher among the homeless compared to the domiciled population (Fazel et al., 2014).”
Lachaud, J., Mejía-Lancheros, C., Wang, R., Wiens, K., Nisenbaum, R. A., Stergiopoulos, V., Hwang, S. W., & O'Campo, P. J. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0232001 · Cited by 23
“A recent study conducted in high-income countries found alcohol dependence and drug dependence are among the most common disorders among the homeless population, with a prevalence ranging from 8–58% and 5–54%, respectively [1].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSerchen, J., Hilden, D. R., & Beachy, M. W. (2024) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/m23-2795 · Cited by 22
“In addition to these individual-level risk factors, structural factors include insuf fi cient affordable housing, a lack of living wage employment, poverty, income inequality, and criminal justice system interactions (51).”
BackgroundZuccaro, L., Champion, C., Bennett, S., & Ying, Y. (2018) · Canadian Journal of Surgery · doi:10.1503/cjs.001317 · Cited by 22
Psychiatric Crisis Care and the More is Less Paradox
Drake, R. E., & Bond, G. R. (2021) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10597-021-00829-2 · Cited by 24
“has very high rates of suicide (OECD, 2020), homelessness (Fazel et al., 2014) and imprisonment (Duffin, 2020)—all of which are symptoms of an inadequate systemic response to behavioral health problems.”
BackgroundHousing Insecurity Among Latinxs
Chinchilla, M., Yue, D., & Ponce, N. A. (2021) · Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health · doi:10.1007/s10903-021-01258-9 · Cited by 22
Gazzola, M. G., Carmichael, I. D., Madden, L. M., Dasgupta, N., Beitel, M., Zheng, X., Eggert, K. F., Farnum, S. O., & Barry, D. T. (2022) · Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2022.108753 · Cited by 23
Unstable Housing and Kidney Disease: A Primer
Novick, T. K., Kushel, M., & Crews, D. C. (2022) · Kidney Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.xkme.2022.100443 · Cited by 22
“nighttime residence, live in a nighttime residence that is not designed for human habitation, live in temporary living arrangements, will imminently lose their housing within 14 days, or if they are attempting to flee a physically violent or life-threatening housing situation.(1,11) Over”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationLowrie, R., McPherson, A., Mair, F. S., Stock, K., Jones, C. E., Maguire, D., Paudyal, V., Duncan, C., Blair, B., Lombard, C., et al. (2023) · Harm Reduction Journal · doi:10.1186/s12954-023-00771-4 · Cited by 20
Emergency Care for Homeless Patients: A French Multicenter Cohort Study
Féral‐Pierssens, A., Aubry, A., Truchot, J., Raynal, P.-A., Boiffier, M., Hutin, A., Leleu, A., Debruyne, G., Joly, L., Juvin, P., et al. (2016) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2015.303038 · Cited by 22
Alhusen, J. L., Norris-Shortle, C., Cosgrove, K., & Marks, L. (2017) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/imhj.21641 · Cited by 21
Christian, N. J., Havlik, J., & Tsai, J. (2024) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-024-08731-9 · Cited by 21
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“HIV infection remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality among homeless persons [1,2].”
BackgroundManzano-Núñez, R., Zogg, C. K., Bhulani, N., McCarty, J. C., Herrera‐Escobar, J. P., Lu, K., Andriotti, T., Uribe‐Leitz, T., de Jager, E. C., Jarman, M. P., et al. (2019) · World Journal of Surgery · doi:10.1007/s00268-019-04932-0 · Cited by 21
Spaces of Exclusion: Safety, Stigma, and Surveillance of Mothers Experiencing Homelessness
Benbow, S., Forchuk, C., Berman, H., Gorlick, C., & Ward‐Griffin, C. (2019) · Canadian Journal of Nursing Research · doi:10.1177/0844562119859138 · Cited by 21
Moss, C., Sutton, M., Cheraghi‐Sohi, S., Sanders, C., & Allen, T. (2021) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-049811 · Cited by 20
Access to self-care interventions can improve health outcomes for people experiencing homelessness
Hopkins, J., & Narasimhan, M. (2022) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj-2021-068700 · Cited by 21
Nilsson, S. F., Nordentoft, M., Fazel, S., & Laursen, T. M. (2023) · The Lancet Public Health · doi:10.1016/s2468-2667(23)00152-4 · Cited by 21
“1 We were not able to compare the absolute rates of homelessness with other countries because comparative data on the incidence of post-release homelessness were scarce.”
Self-citationFine, D. R., Dickins, K. A., Adams, L. D., Horick, N., Critchley, N., Hart, K., Gaeta, J. M., Lewis, E., Looby, S. E. D., & Baggett, T. P. (2023) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.31004 · Cited by 23
The Role of Recovery Housing: Prioritizing Choice in Homeless Services
Paquette, K. L., & Winn, L. A. P. (2016) · Journal of Dual Diagnosis · doi:10.1080/15504263.2016.1175262 · Cited by 23
Metadata
- Authors
- Fazel, S., Geddes, J. R., & Kushel, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Oxford (GB)
- San Francisco General Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Fazel, Seena
- Venue
- The Lancet
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-10
- Volume
- 384
- Issue
- 9953
- Pages
- 1529-1540
- ISSN
- 0099-5355 (ISSN-L)
- 0140-6736
- PMC
- PMC4520328
- OpenAlex
- W2105368594
- Cited by
- 1,568
- References
- 129
- Citations by year
- 2026: 100 · 2025: 129 · 2024: 203 · 2023: 176 · 2022: 186 · 2021: 266 · 2020: 155 · 2019: 124 · 2018: 88 · 2017: 72 · 2016: 35 · 2015: 32 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 7.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- The Lancet (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (095806)
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NF-SI-0611-10150)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Homelessness and Social Issues
- Social Sciences › Urban Studies › Urban and Rural Development Challenges
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › HIV, Drug Use, Sexual Risk
- Keywords
- homelessness, health of homeless people, premature mortality, suicide, unintentional injuries, infectious diseases, mental illness, substance abuse, non-communicable diseases, accelerated aging, housing affordability, poverty, healthcare engagement, emergency department visits, health surveillance, health policy, child welfare system, psychiatric hospitals
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Australia, Mental Disorders, Canada, Chronic Disease, Delivery of Health Care, Europe, Health Policy, Health Services, Health Status, Ill-Housed Persons, Humans, Infections, Middle Aged, Smoking, United States, Self-Injurious Behavior, Age Distribution, Developed Countries
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-09-28, under version 3 of the claim definition (prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-09-28 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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