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Global, regional, and national under-5 mortality, adult mortality, age-specific mortality, and life expectancy, 1970–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

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Wang, Haidong, Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbas, Kaja M, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Abraha, Haftom Niguse +775 more·2017·The Lancet
DOI 10.1016/s0140-6736(17)31833-0PMC PMC5605514
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Abstract

BACKGROUND: Detailed assessments of mortality patterns, particularly age-specific mortality, represent a crucial input that enables health systems to target interventions to specific populations. Understanding how all-cause mortality has changed with respect to development status can identify exemplars for best practice. To accomplish this, the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016) estimated age-specific and sex-specific all-cause mortality between 1970 and 2016 for 195 countries and territories and at the subnational level for the five countries with a population greater than 200 million in 2016. METHODS: We have evaluated how well civil registration systems captured deaths using a set of demographic methods called death distribution methods for adults and from consideration of survey and census data for children younger than 5 years. We generated an overall assessment of completeness of registration of deaths by dividing registered deaths in each location-year by our estimate of all-age deaths generated from our overall estimation process. For 163 locations, including subnational units in countries with a population greater than 200 million with complete vital registration (VR) systems, our estimates were largely driven by the observed data, with corrections for small fluctuations in numbers and estimation for recent years where there were lags in data reporting (lags were variable by location, generally between 1 year and 6 years). For other locations, we took advantage of different data sources available to measure under-5 mortality rates (U5MR) using complete birth histories, summary birth histories, and incomplete VR with adjustments; we measured adult mortality rate (the probability of death in individuals aged 15-60 years) using adjusted incomplete VR, sibling histories, and household death recall. We used the U5MR and adult mortality rate, together with crude death rate due to HIV in the GBD model life table system, to estimate age-specific and sex-specific death rates for each location-year. Using various international databases, we identified fatal discontinuities, which we defined as increases in the death rate of more than one death per million, resulting from conflict and terrorism, natural disasters, major transport or technological accidents, and a subset of epidemic infectious diseases; these were added to estimates in the relevant years. In 47 countries with an identified peak adult prevalence for HIV/AIDS of more than 0·5% and where VR systems were less than 65% complete, we informed our estimates of age-sex-specific mortality using the Estimation and Projection Package (EPP)-Spectrum model fitted to national HIV/AIDS prevalence surveys and antenatal clinic serosurveillance systems. We estimated stillbirths, early neonatal, late neonatal, and childhood mortality using both survey and VR data in spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression models. We estimated abridged life tables for all location-years using age-specific death rates. We grouped locations into development quintiles based on the Socio-demographic Index (SDI) and analysed mortality trends by quintile. Using spline regression, we estimated the expected mortality rate for each age-sex group as a function of SDI. We identified countries with higher life expectancy than expected by comparing observed life expectancy to anticipated life expectancy on the basis of development status alone. FINDINGS: Completeness in the registration of deaths increased from 28% in 1970 to a peak of 45% in 2013; completeness was lower after 2013 because of lags in reporting. Total deaths in children younger than 5 years decreased from 1970 to 2016, and slower decreases occurred at ages 5-24 years. By contrast, numbers of adult deaths increased in each 5-year age bracket above the age of 25 years. The distribution of annualised rates of change in age-specific mortality rate differed over the period 2000 to 2016 compared with earlier decades: increasing annualised rates of change were less frequent, although rising annualised rates of change still occurred in some locations, particularly for adolescent and younger adult age groups. Rates of stillbirths and under-5 mortality both decreased globally from 1970. Evidence for global convergence of death rates was mixed; although the absolute difference between age-standardised death rates narrowed between countries at the lowest and highest levels of SDI, the ratio of these death rates-a measure of relative inequality-increased slightly. There was a strong shift between 1970 and 2016 toward higher life expectancy, most noticeably at higher levels of SDI. Among countries with populations greater than 1 million in 2016, life expectancy at birth was highest for women in Japan, at 86·9 years (95% UI 86·7-87·2), and for men in Singapore, at 81·3 years (78·8-83·7) in 2016. Male life expectancy was generally lower than female life expectancy between 1970 and 2016, and the gap b

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Wang, H., Abajobir, A. A., Abate, K. H., Abbafati, C., Abbas, K. M., Abd-Allah, F., Abera, S. F., Abraha, H. N., Abu-Raddad, L. J., Abu-Rmeileh, N. M. E., Adedeji, I. A., Adedoyin, R. A., Adetifa, I. M. O., Adetokunboh, O., Afshin, A., Aggarwal, R., Agrawal, A., Agrawal, S., Ahmad Kiadaliri, A., Ahmed, M. B., Aichour, M. T. E., Aichour, A. N., Aichour, I., Aiyar, S., Akanda, A. S., Akinyemiju, T. F., Akseer, N., Al Lami, F. H., Alabed, S., Alahdab, F., Al-Aly, Z., Alam, K., Alam, N., Alasfoor, D., Aldridge, R. W., Alene, K. A., Al-Eyadhy, A., Alhabib, S., Ali, R., Alizadeh-Navaei, R., Aljunid, S. M., Alkaabi, J. M., Alkerwi, A., Alla, F., Allam, S. D., Allebeck, P., Al-Raddadi, R., Alsharif, U., Altirkawi, K. A., Alvis-Guzman, N., Amare, A. T., Ameh, E. A., Amini, E., Ammar, W., Amoako, Y. A., Anber, N., Andrei, C. L., Androudi, S., Ansari, H., Ansha, M. G., Antonio, C. A. T., Anwari, P., Ärnlöv, J., Arora, M., Artaman, A., Aryal, K. K., Asayesh, H., Asgedom, S. W., Asghar, R. J., Assadi, R., Assaye, A. M., Atey, T. M., Atre, S. R., Avila-Burgos, L., Avokpaho, E. F. G. A., Awasthi, A., Babalola, T. K., Bacha, U., Badawi, A., Balakrishnan, K., Balalla, S., Barac, A., Barber, R. M., Barboza, M. A., Barker-Collo, S. L., Bärnighausen, T., Barquera, S., Barregard, L., Barrero, L. H., Baune, B. T., Bazargan-Hejazi, S., Bedi, N., Beghi, E., Béjot, Y., Bekele, B. B., Bell, M. L., Bello, A. K., Bennett, D. A., Bennett, J. R., Bensenor, I. M., Benson, J., Berhane, A., Berhe, D. F., Bernabé, E., Beuran, M., Beyene, A. S., Bhala, N., Bhansali, A., Bhaumik, S., Bhutta, Z. A., Bicer, B. K., Bidgoli, H. H., Bikbov, B., Birungi, C., Biryukov, S., Bisanzio, D., Bizuayehu, H. M., Bjerregaard, P., Blosser, C. D., Boneya, D. J., Boufous, S., Bourne, R. R. A., Brazinova, A., Breitborde, N. J. K., Brenner, H., Brugha, T. S., Bukhman, G., Bulto, L. N. B., Bumgarner, B. R., Burch, M., Butt, Z. A., Cahill, L. E., Cahuana-Hurtado, L., Campos-Nonato, I. R., Car, J., Car, M., Cárdenas, R., Carpenter, D. O., Carrero, J. J., Carter, A., Castañeda-Orjuela, C. A., Castro, F. F., Castro, R. E., Catalá-López, F., Chen, H., Chiang, P. P.-C., Chibalabala, M., Chisumpa, V. H., Chitheer, A. A., Choi, J.-Y. J., Christensen, H., Christopher, D. J., Ciobanu, L. G., Cirillo, M., Cohen, A. J., Colquhoun, S. M., Coresh, J., Criqui, M. H., Cromwell, E. A., Crump, J. A., Dandona, L., Dandona, R., Dargan, P. I., das Neves, J., Davey, G., Davitoiu, D. V., Davletov, K., de Courten, B., De Leo, D., Degenhardt, L., Deiparine, S., Dellavalle, R. P., Deribe, K., Deribew, A., Des Jarlais, D. C., Dey, S., Dharmaratne, S. D., Dherani, M. K., Diaz-Torné, C., Ding, E. L., Dixit, P., Djalalinia, S., Do, H. P., Doku, D. T., Donnelly, C. A., dos Santos, K. P. B., Douwes-Schultz, D., Driscoll, T. R., Duan, L., Dubey, M., Duncan, B. B., Dwivedi, L. K., Ebrahimi, H., El Bcheraoui, C., Ellingsen, C. L., Enayati, A., Endries, A. Y., Ermakov, S. 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M., Perez-Padilla, R., Perez-Ruiz, F., Perico, N., Pervaiz, A., Pesudovs, K., Peterson, C. B., Petri, W. A., Petzold, M., Phillips, M. R., Piel, F. B., Pigott, D. M., Pishgar, F., Plass, D., Polinder, S., Popova, S., Postma, M. J., Poulton, R. G., Pourmalek, F., Prasad, N., Purwar, M., Qorbani, M., Quintanilla, B. P. A., Rabiee, R. H. S., Radfar, A., Rafay, A., Rahimi-Movaghar, A., Rahimi-Movaghar, V., Rahman, M. H. U., Rahman, S. U., Rahman, M., Rai, R. K., Rajsic, S., Ram, U., Rana, S. M., Ranabhat, C. L., Rao, P. V., Rawaf, S., Ray, S. E., Rego, M. A. S., Rehm, J., Reiner, R. C., Remuzzi, G., Renzaho, A. M. N., Resnikoff, S., Rezaei, S., Rezai, M. S., Ribeiro, A. L., Rivas, J. C., Rokni, M. B., Ronfani, L., Roshandel, G., Roth, G. A., Rothenbacher, D., Roy, A., Rubagotti, E., Ruhago, G. M., Saadat, S., Sabde, Y. D., Sachdev, P. S., Sadat, N., Safdarian, M., Safi, S., Safiri, S., Sagar, R., Sahathevan, R., Sahebkar, A., Sahraian, M. A., Salama, J., Salamati, P., Salomon, J. 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Corresponding author
Murray, Christopher J L
ORCID
Venue
The Lancet
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2017-09
Volume
390
Issue
10100
Pages
1084-1150
ISSN
  • 0099-5355 (ISSN-L)
  • 0140-6736
DOI
10.1016/s0140-6736(17)31833-0
PMC
PMC5605514
OpenAlex
W2743318307
Cited by
801
References
90
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2026: 16 · 2025: 60 · 2024: 73 · 2023: 67 · 2022: 84 · 2021: 115 · 2020: 115 · 2019: 119 · 2018: 137 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 1
FWCI
272.09
Type
journal article
Language
en
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  • Archivio istituzionale della ricerca (Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna) (submittedVersion)
  • edoc (University of Basel) (submittedVersion)
  • Lancaster EPrints (Lancaster University) (submittedVersion)
  • ePrints Soton (University of Southampton) (submittedVersion)
  • UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
  • eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
  • eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • Työväentutkimus Vuosikirja (submittedVersion)
  • HZI (Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
  • University of Thessaly Institutional Repository (University of Thessaly) (submittedVersion)
  • IRIS Research product catalog (Sapienza University of Rome) (submittedVersion)
  • Socio-Environmental Systems Modeling (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • Lund University Publications (Lund University) (submittedVersion)
  • Hacettepe University Institutional Repository (hacettepe.edu.tr) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • Opin vísindi (Opin vísindi) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • Open Repository and Bibliography (University of Liège) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • PUB – Publications at Bielefeld University (Bielefeld University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • Scopus (Elsevier) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • CEU Repositorio Institucional (Fundación Universitaria San Pablo CEU) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • Seoul National University Open Repository (Seoul National University) (submittedVersion)
  • Spiral (Imperial College London) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • Tampere University Institutional Repository (Tampere University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • UNSWorks (University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • UniSA Research Outputs Repository (University of South Australia) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • Apollo (University of Cambridge) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • Apollo (cc-by)
Funders
  • U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (R01MH110163, R01HD084233, R01-AI124389)
  • National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NNX15AF71G)
  • United States Agency for International Development
  • U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs
  • Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (PI15/00862, R01 AI043596, CP13/00150)
  • Alzheimer's Association
  • Amgen
  • Pfizer
  • AstraZeneca
  • Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung
  • Massachusetts General Hospital
  • Viropharma
  • Kaiser Permanente
  • George Mason University
  • Brown University
  • Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
  • Simmons College
  • United Nations Population Fund
  • Wayne State University
  • University of Pennsylvania
  • Ohio State University
  • Emory University
  • Tufts Medical Center
  • Jackson State University
  • Northwestern University
  • Oklahoma State University
  • Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
  • Harvard University
  • School of Medicine, Wayne State University
  • Cleveland Clinic
  • Universitetet i Tromsø
  • Arkansas State University
  • Baylor University
  • Nationwide Children's Hospital
  • Aarhus Universitet
  • American University of Beirut
  • National Center for Child Health and Development
  • Helsingin Yliopisto
  • University of Washington (9-040-3-008)
  • Brandeis University
  • Johns Hopkins University
  • University of Central Florida
  • University of Pittsburgh
  • Case Western Reserve University
  • Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand
  • University of Otago
  • Dartmouth College
  • Universität Basel
  • University of Ottawa
  • McGill University
  • University of North Texas
  • Université de Lorraine
  • Uniwersytet Jagielloński Collegium Medicum
  • National Institute for Social Care and Health Research
  • Ottawa Hospital Research Institute
  • Arabian Gulf University
  • Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (15dk0310020h0003)
  • National University of Ireland
  • University of West Florida
  • International Society of Nephrology
  • Seattle Children's Research Institute
  • Northumbria University
  • Wellcome Trust (SCAF/15/02, 201-900/Z/16/Z, H3Africa, 201900, 096735)
  • Mount Sinai Health System
  • Public Health Agency of Canada (III45005)
  • London School of Economics and Political Science
  • Kletjian Foundation
  • University of Massachusetts Boston
  • Iran University of Medical Sciences
  • University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust
  • Università degli Studi di Milano (2015-17)
  • Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena
  • Horizon Pharmaceuticals
  • Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
  • Public Health Wales
  • Australian Government
  • GE Foundation
  • Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri - IRCCS
  • National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center
  • Ahmadu Bello University
  • Trường Đại học Duy Tân
  • Wollega University
  • Chest Research Foundation
  • Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology
  • Maragheh University of Medical Sciences
  • Universitas Negeri Semarang
  • Cancer Research UK
  • National Institute for Health and Care Research (ACF-2014-04-008, CDF-2011-04-048, 278433-PREDEMICS, CL-2015-18-011, SCAF/15/02)
  • British Heart Foundation
  • University of East Anglia
  • University of Warwick
  • Imperial College London
  • King's College London
  • University College London
  • University of Oxford
  • European Commission (201900, 278433, RD16/0009, 2015–2020, UID/Multi/50016/2013, 703226)
  • University of Glasgow (MC_UU_12017/, SPHSU13)
  • University of Aberdeen
  • La Trobe University
  • Swansea University
  • National Research Foundation (86003, 2015-2020)
  • South African Medical Research Council
  • National University of Singapore
  • Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India
  • Indian Council of Medical Research
  • Public Health Foundation of India
  • Public Health Agency
  • University of Galway
  • University College Cork
  • Universität Heidelberg
  • Danmarks Grundforskningsfond (APP1056929)
  • Deakin University (SCAF/15/02)
  • Monash University
  • RMIT University
  • Flinders University
  • University of South Australia
  • Griffith University
  • James Cook University
  • Queensland University of Technology
  • Curtin University of Technology
  • University of Canberra
  • Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam
  • Fonds National de la Recherche Luxembourg
  • Public Health England
  • Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
  • Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (01ER1511D, 01EA1411A)
  • Ain Shams University
  • Chinese Academy of Sciences (APP1056929)
  • Sun Yat-sen University
  • Kosin University
  • Seoul National University
  • Soonchunhyang University
  • Yonsei University
  • Kyung Hee University
  • Korea University
  • Aalborg Universitet
  • Central South University
  • Daiichi-Sankyo
  • Department for International Development (201900)
  • Eusko Jaurlaritza
  • Ministero della Salute (2015-2020)
  • Fudan University
  • Generalitat Valenciana (PROMETEOII/2015/021, PIE14/00031)
  • University of the Western Cape
  • Universitat de València
  • Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (UID/Multi/50016/2013)
  • Korea Health Industry Development Institute
  • Eisai
  • Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (CP13/00150, PI15/00862)
  • Ministry of Health and Medical Education
  • Jordan University of Science and Technology
  • Karolinska Institutet
  • Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences
  • Seoul National University Hospital
  • Stockholms Läns Landsting
  • Tampereen Yliopisto
  • Universiteit Gent
  • Kuwait University
  • Tehran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services
  • Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
  • Ministarstvo Prosvete, Nauke i Tehnološkog Razvoja (III 45005, 175014)
  • Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
  • Inyuvesi Yakwazulu-Natali
  • Hamadan University of Medical Sciences
  • Taipei Medical University
  • Mashhad University of Medical Sciences
  • Samfundet Folkhälsan
  • Zahedan University of Medical Sciences
  • Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul
  • Shanghai Jiao Tong University
  • Astellas Pharma
  • Universitetet i Bergen
  • Rigshospitalet
  • North-West University
  • Universidad de Costa Rica
  • Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences
  • Universitetet i Oslo
  • Hacettepe Üniversitesi
  • Foundation for Education and European Culture (CD15/00019)
  • Universidade de São Paulo
  • University of Haifa
  • Universität Bielefeld
  • Sahlgrenska Universitetssjukhuset
  • Göteborgs Universitet
  • Universidade de Lisboa
  • Universitat de Barcelona
  • Högskolan Dalarna
  • Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences
  • Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences
  • Bahir Dar University
  • Christian Medical College, Vellore
  • Università di Bologna
  • Ateneo de Manila University
  • United Arab Emirates University
  • Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
  • Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental
  • Universidade do Porto
  • Uppsala Universitet
  • University of Delhi
  • Università degli Studi di Salerno
  • Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina
  • University of Cape Town
  • Arak University of Medical Sciences
  • National Research University Higher School of Economics
  • Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais
  • Fundação Instituto de Pesquisas Econômicas
  • Sri Ramachandra University
  • University of the Philippines
  • King Khalid University
  • Tartu Ülikool
  • University of Gondar
  • Addis Ababa University
  • Nanjing University
  • Golestan University of Medical Sciences
  • Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina
  • Xiamen University
  • University of Peradeniya
  • Universität Ulm
  • The Wellcome Trust DBT India Alliance (2015-2020, 096735/B/11/Z)
  • International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh
  • Mansoura University
  • International Medical University
  • Pontificia Universidad Javeriana
  • Uniwersytet Medyczny im. Piastów Slaskich we Wroclawiu
  • Hawassa University
  • Regione Toscana
  • Ethiopian Public Health Association
  • Fakultet Medicinskih Nauka, Univerziteta U Kragujevcu (175014)
  • University of Thessaly
  • Umweltbundesamt
  • Alborz University of Medical Sciences
  • H. Lundbeck A/S
  • Háskólinn í Reykjavík
  • Samara University
  • Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit
  • Duke Kunshan University
  • Universidade Federal de Sergipe
  • Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation
  • Western Sydney University
  • Rede de Química e Tecnologia
  • Laboratório Associado para a Química Verde
  • Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg
  • Indian Institute of Technology Ropar
  • Alfaisal University
  • Children's Hospital of Michigan
  • Tata Institute of Social Sciences
  • Madda Walabu University
  • George Institute for Global Health
  • Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences
  • Dilla University
  • Aswan University
  • University of Health and Allied Sciences
  • National Institutes of Health (00031, 501c3, PIE14, 2015-2020, 201900)
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U01AI096299)
  • Weill Cornell Medical College
  • University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center
  • University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
  • University of California, San Diego
  • Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh
  • University of California, San Francisco
  • Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
  • University of California, Irvine
  • Qatar National Research Fund (NPRP 9‐040‐3‐008, 9‐040‐3‐008)
  • Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital
  • Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health
  • Plan Nacional sobre Drogas
  • College of Medicine, Seoul National University
  • Canadian Institutes of Health Research (175014)
  • Medical Research Council (MR/K013351/1, MC_UU_12017/13, MC_UU_12017/15, MC_UU_12017, SPHSU15, R01-HD084233, 2015-2020, SPHSU13, MC_PC_13043, SCAF/15/02)
  • Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council
  • Economic and Social Research Council
  • National Health and Medical Research Council (U01AI096299, 1042600, PROMETEOII/2015/021, 1056929, 100864)
  • Leibniz-Gemeinschaft (01ER1511D)
  • Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (/50016/2013, UID/Multi/50016/2013)
  • Russian Academy of Sciences
  • Warwick Medical School
  • Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CD15/00019, RD16/0009, CP13/00150, PI15/00862, PROMETEOII/2015/021, PIE 14/00031)
  • Wageningen University and Research
  • Queensland Brain Institute
  • Sahlgrenska Akademin
  • College of Medicine, Korea University
  • School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University
  • European Regional Development Fund (RD16/0009, CD15/00019, PIE14/00031, UID/Multi/50016/2013, 2015-2020)
  • Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
  • Norwegian Institute of Public Health
  • National Institute on Aging (P30AG047845, P01AG041710)
  • National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
  • National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH110163, SLN2014-3-170, award R01MH110163)
  • National Human Genome Research Institute (U54HG007479)
  • National Cancer Institute
  • National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (D43-TW009775, R01-AI124389 and R01-AI112339, AI 043596, PROMETEOII/2015/021, R01AI112339, 201900, R01AI124389, U01AI096299, R01AI043596)
  • Fogarty International Center (D43TW009775)
  • National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities
  • Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD084233, R01HD087993, P2CHD041020)
  • David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
  • Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University
  • Institute of Genetics
  • Sandia National Laboratories
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Demography › Insurance, Mortality, Demography, Risk Management
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Global Maternal and Child Health
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Global Cancer Incidence and Screening
Keywords
under-five mortality, adult mortality, age-specific mortality, sex differences in mortality, life expectancy, all-cause mortality, HIV mortality, natural disasters, mortality trends, global burden of disease, child mortality
MeSH terms
Global Burden of Disease, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Birth Rate, Cause of Death, Child, Child, Preschool, Educational Status, Female, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Life Expectancy, Male, Middle Aged, Socioeconomic Factors, Global Health, HIV Infections, Survival Rate, Age Distribution, Stillbirth, Young Adult

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

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