The DOI matches its Crossref record; 305 of the 307 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 2 of the 348 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health
Open accessAbstract
Graham Thornicroft*, Charlene Sunkel*, Akmal Alikhon Aliev, Sue Baker, Elaine Brohan, Rabih el Chammay, Kelly Davies, Mekdes Demissie, Joshua Duncan, Wubalem Fekadu, Petra C Gronholm, Zoe Guerrero, Dristy Gurung, Kassahun Habtamu, Charlotte Hanlon, Eva Heim, Claire Henderson, Zeinab Hijazi, Claire Hoffman, Nadine Hosny, Fiona-Xiaofei Huang, Sarah Kline, Brandon A Kohrt, Heidi Lempp, Jie Li, Elisha London, Ning Ma, Winnie W S Mak, Akerke Makhmud, Pallab K Maulik, Maria Milenova, Guadalupe Morales Cano, Uta Ouali, Sarah Parry, Thara Rangaswamy, Nicolas Rüsch, Taha Sabri, Norman Sartorius, Marianne Schulze, Heather Stuart, Tatiana Taylor Salisbury, Norha Vera San Juan, Nicole Votruba, Petr Winkler
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Claims the paper makes
260 Not checked yet · 62 Own result · 57 No basis given · 32 Own interpretation · 11 Own method · 1 Supported · 1 Partly supported · accuracy not yet measured
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“stigma and discrimination negatively affect most PWLE”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Abstract
plaindirectn = 391- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our umbrella review of 216 systematic reviews shows that interventions based on the principle of social contact (whether in person, virtual, or indirect) that have been appropriately adapted to different contexts and cultures are the most effective ways to reduce stigmatisation worldwide”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · boosted
“The clearly emerging core finding is that forms of social contact (direct or indirect) between people who do and do not have lived experience of mental health conditions is the most effective evidence-based way to reduce stigmatisation.”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Abstract
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Abstract · boosted
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the media could play a crucial part in reducing stigma and discrimination”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Abstract
hedgedn = 391- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“when target groups are consulted on programme content and delivery”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“stigma and discrimination can be worse than the impact of the mental health condition itself”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Abstract
plainn = 391- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the media are an important factor in worsening stigma and discrimination”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Abstract
plainn = 391- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most (≥70%) participants agreed that PWLE should be treated as equal to people with physical health conditions”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Abstract
plainn = 391- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Indeed, many people describe stigma as being worse than the condition itself.”
- Also stated in: § Aims and scope of the Commission · boosted
“Indeed, as this report will demonstrate, many people with such conditions describe stigma as being worse than the condition itself.”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Abstract
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Aims and scope of the Commission · boosted
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our evaluation of ten large-scale anti-stigma programmes around the world found that they are most effective when they involve people with lived experience of mental health conditions (PWLE) as co-producers in all aspects of development, when target groups are consulted on programme content and delivery, and when programmes are sustained over the long term”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“when programmes are sustained over the long term”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 155
- Probably not a substantial claim. 72
- The quote only partly states this claim. 2
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Therefore, people with mental health conditions often conceal their diagnosis, especially if they want to marry, as they might fear that their potential partner could think their children will inherit the mental health condition.81”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Person in Nigeria
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [81] Elkington, 2013, Perceived mental illness stigma, intimate relationships and sexual risk behavior in youth with mental illness, J Adolesc Res sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (‘Managing a stigmatized identity’; page unavailable) describe a youth who would not tell someone she liked about her mental illness, and the Discussion describes non-disclosure to partners to avoid rejection. The paper discusses youth rather than people with mental health conditions generally, and the cited passages do not connect concealment to marriage or fear that children will inherit the condition. (LLM, conf=0.88)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Psychoeducation was used most often (25 studies) followed by social contact-based interventions (ten studies).”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Access to work or employment
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [116] Waqas, 2020, Interventions to reduce stigma related to mental illnesses in educational institutes: a systematic review, Psychiatric Quarterly source
The Results section states that psychoeducation was employed in 25 studies and contact-based interventions were assessed in 10. Its Strategies & Elements of Interventions subsection also describes psychoeducation as a most common strategy. Page numbers are not provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In a global, multilanguage survey of PWLE, 391 people responded from 45 countries and territories.”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Abstract
plainn = 391- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“It is associated with increased self-stigma and reduced empowerment and quality of life.54”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Personal impacts
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [54] Rüsch, 2014, Emotional reactions to involuntary psychiatric hospitalization and stigma-related stress among people with mental illness, Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Among people who anticipated or experienced high levels of discrimination, psychological distress and shame were also increased, and empowerment and quality of life were reduced (personal communication, Petr Winkler).”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Personal impacts
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In terms of diagnoses, self-stigma was highest among people with schizophrenia and, on average, was higher in southeast Asian and Middle Eastern than in European and North American countries.53”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Personal impacts
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [53] Dubreucq, 2021, Self-stigma in serious mental illness: a systematic review of frequency, correlates, and consequences, Schizophr Bull source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“consulting closely with the identified target groups”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Self-stigma had particularly negative effects on symptoms and recovery, mediated particularly by reduced self-esteem and increased hopelessness and social isolation.53,68,69”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Health-care and social-care effects
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [53] Dubreucq, 2021, Self-stigma in serious mental illness: a systematic review of frequency, correlates, and consequences, Schizophr Bull source
- Not checked yetcites [68] Pellet, 2019, The relationship between self-stigma and depression among people with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders: a longitudinal study, Psychiatry Res source
- Not checked yetcites [69] Fox, 2018, How and when does mental illness stigma impact treatment seeking? Longitudinal examination of relationships between anticipated and internalized stigma, symptom severity, and mental health service use, Psychiatry Res source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Regarding legal provisions, striking examples of discriminatory legislation exist in many countries, including prohibitions on marriage, 60 violations against property rights, 61 and prohibition from voting in elections. 62”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Structural impacts
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [60] Bhugra, 2016, Legislative provisions related to marriage and divorce of persons with mental health problems: a global review, Int Rev Psychiatry source
- Not checked yetcites [61] Bhugra, 2016, Right to property, inheritance, and contract and persons with mental illness, Int Rev Psychiatry source
- Not checked yetcites [62] Bhugra, 2016, Mental illness and the right to vote: a review of legislation across the world, Int Rev Psychiatry source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“From the almost 300 respondents in 45 countries (mostly low-income and middle-income countries [LMICs])”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Abstract
plainn = 300- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“They also reported more self-stigma, more hopelessness, poorer recovery, and reduced quality of life.17,50”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Personal impacts
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“paying attention to the effects, outcomes, and sustainability of the programme”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“aws with provisions for involuntary admission to only for people with mental health conditions are argued to be intrinsically discriminatory.63”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Structural impacts
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [63] Szmukler, 2020, Involuntary detention and treatment: are we edging toward a “paradigm shift”?, Schizophr Bull source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“There is strong evidence that stigma is negatively related to help-seeking, especially among people in minority ethnic groups, young people with mental health conditions and those who live with parents with mental health conditions, members of the military, and health professionals, 57 although there is little evidence for people with substance use conditions.58”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Personal impacts
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [57] Clement, 2015, What is the impact of mental health-related stigma on help-seeking? A systematic review of quantitative and qualitative studies, Psychol Med source
- Not checked yetcites [58] Hammarlund, 2018, Review of the effects of self-stigma and perceived social stigma on the treatment-seeking decisions of individuals with drug- and alcohol-use disorders, Subst Abuse Rehabil source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Public stigma makes people wish to avoid being labelled.Self-stigma, shame, the 'why try' effect, demoralisation, and giving up of life goals also deter individuals from help-seeking.”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Personal impacts
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Stigma was associated with increases in the number of episodes of being unwell, the duration of condition, and psychiatric hospitalisation.”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Health-care and social-care effects
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“carefully creating and adapting the programme content based on context and culture”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“and stigma has an additional adverse impact on them and their relationships with family and peers, and can lead to social exclusion from schools, sports, and other community participation.84”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Person in Botswana
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [84] Ferrie, 2020, Psychosocial outcomes of mental illness stigma in children and adolescents: a mixed-methods systematic review, Child Youth Serv Rev source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Barriers to accessing mental health care include lower insurance benefits than for physical conditions, low rates of reimbursement by insurers to mental health service providers, and restricted insurance coverage for people with mental health conditions, especially in low-income settings.[71][72][73]”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Health-care and social-care effects
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [71] Bishop, 2014, Acceptance of insurance by psychiatrists and the implications for access to mental health care, JAMA Psychiatry source
- Not checked yetcites [72] Ghosh, 2021, Mental health insurance in India: lack of parity, Lancet Psychiatry source
- Not checked yetcites [73] Appelbaum, 2020, Holding insurers accountable for parity in coverage of mental health treatment, Psychiatr Serv source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Identified studies investigated the impact of various professional and public initiatives to reduce stigma and discrimination against people with depression in Slovenia, 92 and anti-stigma campaigns in several Asian countries.93”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Structural stigma Policies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [92] Valic, 2013, A review of the literature and media reports of patterns of mental health stigma and addressing stigma in Slovenia until 2010, Zdr Varst
- Not checked yetcites [93] Zhang, 2019, An integrative model of internalized stigma and recovery-related outcomes among people diagnosed with schizophrenia in rural China, Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The included reviews were published between 1994 and 2021, with 58 being published in 2021 and 30 in 2020.”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Impact of stigma and discrimination on work and employment
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“High levels of stigmatisation towards people with mental health conditions can lead to acts of neglect or abuse, such as shackling, verbal and physical humiliation or ridicule, sexual abuse, and violence, 9 which has been reported from south Asia, Africa, North America, and Europe.83”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Person in Botswana
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“There is some evidence that after the name change more people received a diagnosis than previously, 94 but none indicating positive effects on public attitudes or media reporting.95”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Structural stigma Policies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [94] Yamaguchi, 2017, Associations between renaming schizophrenia and stigma-related outcomes: a systematic review, Psychiatry Clin Neurosci source
- Not checked yetcites [95] Corrigan, 2018
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The search yielded 15 323 entries.After removing 7687 duplicates, 7636 titles or abstracts were screened.Irrelevant studies (n=7249) were excluded, and 387 full texts were assessed for eligibility.A total of 216 reviews were included.”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Impact of stigma and discrimination on work and employment
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Several national-level programmes against stigma and discrimination in Asia were effective in reducing experienced and anticipated stigma and facilitated help seeking and engagement with mental health care, although no data were available on whether access to mental health care had increased.”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Structural stigma Policies
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Young people discussed fears of their families not caring about their problems or not taking them seriously, which can invalidate their feelings and decrease their willingness to seek support.86”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Person in Botswana
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [86] 2021
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Benefits and positive outcomes related to reducing structural stigma through policies were reported, but the quality of the studies was generally low.”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Structural stigma Policies
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of those, nine addressed structural stigma, 181 interpersonal stigma, and 26 self-stigma.”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Impact of stigma and discrimination on work and employment
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Four focused on HICs [99][100][101][102] and three had no geographical limitations.[103][104][105]”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Access to care
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [99] Joshi, 2021, Women-centered drug treatment models for pregnant women with opioid use disorder: a scoping review, Drug Alcohol Depend source
- Not checked yetcites [100] Røsvik, 2020, Interventions to enhance access to and utilization of formal community care services for home dwelling persons with dementia and their informal carers. A scoping review, Aging Ment Health source
- Not checked yetcites [101] Arundell, 2020, Advancing mental health equality: a mapping review of interventions, economic evaluations and barriers and facilitators, Syst Rev source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A review focusing on children and adolescents, 103 identified 13 studies on universal school-based interventions and 21 studies to engage at-risk individuals.”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Access to care
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [103] Werlen, 2020, Interventions to improve children's access to mental health care: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A review by Szeto and Dobson 107 reported on training programmes for managers to support staff during episodes of mental ill health and in the provision of accommodations or adjustments to support people returning to work.However, at the time of their review none of the programmes included had undergone evaluation.”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Access to work or employment
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [107] Szeto, 2010, Reducing the stigma of mental disorders at work: a review of current workplace anti-stigma intervention programs, Appl Prev Psychol source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Data for the primary outcome were addressed through assessments of the following approaches: education via lectures, texts, or internet-based programmes; interactive elements, such as group discussions; or social contact with PWLE, either directly or indirectly, via videos or the internet.”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Access to work or employment
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Formal quality assessment of constituent studies was done in four reviews.[102][103][104][105] Two studies included meta-analyses.102,104”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Access to care
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [102] Choi, 2018, Intervention models for increasing access to behavioral health services among youth: a systematic review, J Dev Behav Pediatr source
- Not checked yetcites [103] Werlen, 2020, Interventions to improve children's access to mental health care: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci source
- Not checked yetcites [104] Greene, 2016, Interventions to increase retention in mental health services: a systematic review, Psychiatr Serv source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Descriptive studies have been done that have, for example, reviewed mental health parity with health policies in Commonwealth countries 96 or legislative mechanisms for social participation rights of people with depression in the Asia-Pacific region.97”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Structural stigma Policies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [96] Bhugra, 2018, A review of mental health policies from Commonwealth countries, Int J Soc Psychiatry source
- Not checked yetcites [97] Ricci, 2004, A review of the legislative mechanisms available to protect the social participation rights of people with depression in the Asia Pacific region, Australas Psychiatry source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“At the same time, help-seeking intentions improved in two of nine studies (effect size -0•15 to 0•30) as did accessing care in one of five studies.”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Access to care
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [103] Werlen, 2020, Interventions to improve children's access to mental health care: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“We found three reviews of ten studies synthesising evidence on interventions aimed at increasing access to work by reducing stigma at the structural level, but only one included an evaluation of data by meta-analysis.106”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Access to work or employment
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [106] Gayed, 2018, Effectiveness of training workplace managers to understand and support the mental health needs of employees: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Occup Environ Med source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Three reports focused on any mental health condition, 102,104,105 two on children and adolescents, 102,105 one on people with dementia or suspected dementia, 101 and one on pregnant women using opioids.99,104”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Access to care
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [102] Choi, 2018, Intervention models for increasing access to behavioral health services among youth: a systematic review, J Dev Behav Pediatr source
- Not checked yetcites [104] Greene, 2016, Interventions to increase retention in mental health services: a systematic review, Psychiatr Serv source
- Not checked yetcites [105] Xu, 2018, Effectiveness of interventions to promote help-seeking for mental health problems: systematic review and meta-analysis, Psychol Med source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“They found that employing the following strategies contributed to improved access to care: increasing inclusivity in programmes for individuals with various learning disabilities”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Access to care
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [101] Arundell, 2020, Advancing mental health equality: a mapping review of interventions, economic evaluations and barriers and facilitators, Syst Rev source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The interventions, most of which targeted children, adolescents, or youth, were aimed at reducing negative attitudes, social distance, or peer victimisation or enhancing social inclusion of peers affected by mental health conditions.”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Access to work or employment
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most studies targeted mental health conditions in general or suicide.A smaller number of studies exclusively covered autism (n=3), developmental or intellectual disabilities (n=4), or specific conditions, such as addiction (n=1) or schizophrenia (n=1).”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Access to work or employment
plainn = 4- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The review identified 97 original studies, of which three were in middle-income countries and none in low-income countries.”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Access to care
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [105] Xu, 2018, Effectiveness of interventions to promote help-seeking for mental health problems: systematic review and meta-analysis, Psychol Med source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Some of these studies applied psychoeducational or cognitive-behavioural strategies to enhance motivation to seek help.The results showed positive short-term effects on attitudes, intentions, and behaviours and positive longterm effects on help-seeking behaviour.”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Access to care
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [105] Xu, 2018, Effectiveness of interventions to promote help-seeking for mental health problems: systematic review and meta-analysis, Psychol Med source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Rosvik and colleagues 100 concluded that addressing lack of awareness about services improved the uptake of community-based and social welfare services among people with dementia and their caregivers, but that there was a gap in knowledge about which interventions had the greatest impact.”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Access to care
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [100] Røsvik, 2020, Interventions to enhance access to and utilization of formal community care services for home dwelling persons with dementia and their informal carers. A scoping review, Aging Ment Health source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, no studies measured structural stigma in the workplace, and all outcomes were measured at the individual level.”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Access to work or employment
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Altogether seven reviews were identified.”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Access to care
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“All the interventions in that review focused on how to respond to employees' mental health needs, and some also covered job stress and workplace promotion of mental health.”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Access to work or employment
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [106] Gayed, 2018, Effectiveness of training workplace managers to understand and support the mental health needs of employees: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Occup Environ Med source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“They concluded that, although there is evidence that discussions between older adolescents and nurses or counsellors can be effective in increasing their access to care, for younger children it was essential also to educate the parents.”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Access to care
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [102] Choi, 2018, Intervention models for increasing access to behavioral health services among youth: a systematic review, J Dev Behav Pediatr source
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The number of studies included in each systematic review varied from 11 to 128.”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Access to care
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Even though there are some promising results regarding behavioural outcomes, most original studies focused on knowledge and attitudes.”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Access to work or employment
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Stigma was directly targeted in 25 studies, of which 19 showed significant improvements.”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Access to work or employment
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [116] Waqas, 2020, Interventions to reduce stigma related to mental illnesses in educational institutes: a systematic review, Psychiatric Quarterly source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For teachers, Torok and colleagues 126 found that none of the included studies reported specific effects for measures of attitudes towards suicide, but one study found that parental attitudes improved between the first and the second assessment (d=0•21), although the effect was not maintained 2 months later.”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Access to work or employment
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [126] Torok, 2019, Preventing adolescent suicide: a systematic review of the effectiveness and change mechanisms of suicide prevention gatekeeping training programs for teachers and parents, J Adolesc source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Eight systematic reviews with stigma as the primary outcome focused on young people with developmental disabilities, such as intellectual disabilities or autism spectrum disorders, and one concluded that the original studies with the highest methodological quality were also more likely to show efficacy.118”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Access to work or employment
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [118] Morris, 2021, Classroom-based peer interventions targeting autism ignorance, prejudice and/or discrimination: a systematic PRISMA review, Int J Incl Educ
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“57 studies were identified (quantitative and qualitative), eight of which were randomised controlled trials.”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Access to work or employment
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [117] Gaiha, 2021, Effectiveness of arts interventions to reduce mental-health-related stigma among youth: a systematic review and meta-analysis, BMC Psychiatry source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The overall quality of these studies was quite low, with 35 (80%) showing a high risk of bias.”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Access to work or employment
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [116] Waqas, 2020, Interventions to reduce stigma related to mental illnesses in educational institutes: a systematic review, Psychiatric Quarterly source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The findings indicated that universal interventions were effective in changing attitudes, although the effect size was small (d=0•05-0•40) and changes were not sustained.”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Access to work or employment
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [124] Breet, 2021, Systematic review and narrative synthesis of suicide prevention in high-schools and universities: a research agenda for evidence-based practice, BMC Public Health source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Positive attitudes towards mental health conditions and confidence in providing support were identified as important outcomes.”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Access to work or employment
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Most of the included trials had been conducted in HICs, with only six studies having been done in MICs including China (n=2), Russia (n=2), Nigeria (n=1), and Brazil (n=1).”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Access to work or employment
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [116] Waqas, 2020, Interventions to reduce stigma related to mental illnesses in educational institutes: a systematic review, Psychiatric Quarterly source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The study quality ranged from low to moderate, with some studies reported as being methodologically strong.”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Access to work or employment
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [117] Gaiha, 2021, Effectiveness of arts interventions to reduce mental-health-related stigma among youth: a systematic review and meta-analysis, BMC Psychiatry source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“An electronic bridging mental health service, which included personalised feedback and online counselling, significantly decreased personal stigma scores with a large effect (d=-1•07) and reduced public stigma among high-risk college students with a medium effect (d=-0•59).”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Access to work or employment
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All 25 reviews had been published since 2012, and ten were published in 2021.”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Access to work or employment
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Two reviews concluded that findings for intended behaviour were variable and concluded how far children's actual behaviour can be predicted from selfreported behavioural intentions was unclear.118,123”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Access to work or employment
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [118] Morris, 2021, Classroom-based peer interventions targeting autism ignorance, prejudice and/or discrimination: a systematic PRISMA review, Int J Incl Educ
- Not checked yetcites [123] Cremin, 2020, Autism awareness interventions for children and adolescents: a scoping review, J Dev Phys Disabil source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Mellor 115 came to a similar conclusion and noted the lack of follow-up data in 17 studies, meaning that sustained effects of anti-stigma interventions could not be assessed.”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Access to work or employment
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [115] Mellor, 2014, School-based interventions targeting stigma of mental illness: systematic review, Psychiatr Bull (2014) source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Most of the studies on interpersonal stigma among children, adolescents, and youth were done in school settings, but one review identified several community interventions aimed at enhancing social inclusion, such as PhotoVoice, dog-walking, peer support, and participation in sports competitions.”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Access to work or employment
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For interventions that focused specifically on stigma, results showed that psychoeducation and interpersonal contact significantly reduced stigma, which was sustained at 1-month follow-up (d=0”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Access to work or employment
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [124] Breet, 2021, Systematic review and narrative synthesis of suicide prevention in high-schools and universities: a research agenda for evidence-based practice, BMC Public Health source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“They identified 44 studies, of which 36 (82%) had been published since 2009.”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Access to work or employment
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [116] Waqas, 2020, Interventions to reduce stigma related to mental illnesses in educational institutes: a systematic review, Psychiatric Quarterly source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Only two randomised controlled trials were considered appropriate for inclusion and neither reported significant effects.”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Access to work or employment
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [114] Schachter, 2008, Effects of school-based interventions on mental health stigmatization: a systematic review, Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A comprehensive systematic review of school-based interventions on mental health stigmatisation was carried out by Schachter and colleagues.114 They identified 43 original studies, but none was of sufficient quality to produce reliable and valid data.”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Access to work or employment
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [114] Schachter, 2008, Effects of school-based interventions on mental health stigmatization: a systematic review, Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Overall, the results indicated positive effects and a meta-analysis showed that arts interventions are generally effective when using multiple art forms, although the effects were small.”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Access to work or employment
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [117] Gaiha, 2021, Effectiveness of arts interventions to reduce mental-health-related stigma among youth: a systematic review and meta-analysis, BMC Psychiatry source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Three of these five involved university students and specifically measured attitudes, beliefs, norms, and stigma regarding mental health.”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Access to work or employment
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [129] Reis, 2022, The impact of mental health literacy training programs on the mental health literacy of university students: a systematic review, Prev Sci source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Among adolescents, three of four studies that measured stigmatising attitudes found a significant reduction after training, but results were inconsistent at the item level.”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Access to work or employment
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [128] Ng, 2021, A systematic review of youth and teen mental health first aid: improving adolescent mental health, J Adolesc Health source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The stigma reduction strategy most often applied was community education, followed by individual empowerment of PWLE and social contact within the community.”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Access to work or employment
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [133] Hartog, 2020, Stigma reduction interventions for children and adolescents in low- and middle-income countries: systematic review of intervention strategies, Soc Sci Med source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A metaanalysis of uncontrolled before-and-after evaluation studies in the Opening Minds programme in Canada found that interventions including social contact in the form of personal testimony were effective and that including multiple social contact components improved outcomes for health workers compared with interventions that had only one component of social contact”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Health-care professionals and students
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [152] Knaak, 2014, Key ingredients of anti-stigma programs for health care providers: a data synthesis of evaluative studies, Can J Psychiatry source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A gatekeeper training intervention for family and friends of people at risk of suicide led to positive effects on knowledge, self-efficacy, and gatekeeper-related skills, but the results for stigma and attitudes were inconsistent.134”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Family members
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [134] Morton, 2021, Gatekeeper training for friends and family of individuals at risk of suicide: a systematic review, J Community Psychol source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Two reviews focused on e-interventions for professionals, and both reported improved knowledge and attitudes, more humane treatment of service users, and reductions in the use of coercive methods.155,156”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Health-care professionals and students
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [155] Muirhead, 2021, Establishing the effectiveness of technology-enabled dementia education for health and social care practitioners: a systematic review, Syst Rev source
- Not checked yetcites [156] Zubala, 2019, Large-scale online education programmes and their potential to effect change in behaviour and practice of health and social care professionals: a rapid systematic review, Interact Learn Environ source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“29 addressed mental health conditions generally, ten exclusively involved people with dementia, seven assessed substance use disorders, five personality disorders, three borderline personality disorder, four suicidality and self-harm, one intellectual disabilities, one neurodevelopmental disorder, one psychosis, and one eating disorders”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Health-care professionals and students
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [29] Barber, 2019, Microaggressions towards people affected by mental health problems: a scoping review, Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A meta-analysis showed a small to medium effect size for learners' attitudes and a large effect size for clinical skills at immediate follow-up after simulation interventions that was sustained 3 months later.147”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Health-care professionals and students
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [147] Piot, 2020, Simulation in psychiatry for medical doctors: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Med Educ source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Two other reviews concluded that psychoeducation potentially enables caregivers to cope better with family members' mental health conditions and to reduce stigma.138,139”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Family members
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [138] Monnapula-Mazabane, 2021, Mental health stigma experiences among caregivers and service users in South Africa: a qualitative investigation, Curr Psychol
- Not checked yetcites [139] Soo, 2018, Randomized controlled trials of psychoeducation modalities in the management of bipolar disorder: a systematic review, J Clin Psychiatry source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Five meta-analyses reported small to medium effect sizes in improved attitudes and medium to large effect sizes in knowledge and clinical skills.[144][145][146][147][148]”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Health-care professionals and students
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [144][145][146][147][148]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The stigma-related outcomes reported included changes in knowledge, attitudes, and clinical skills as well as clinical confidence and self-efficacy.”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Health-care professionals and students
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“All three studies reported some positive impacts of mental health literacy training on these constructs, but the evidence was weak.”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Access to work or employment
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [129] Reis, 2022, The impact of mental health literacy training programs on the mental health literacy of university students: a systematic review, Prev Sci source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For youth, six studies measured stigmatising attitudes, four of which reported significant effects, again with inconsistent results at the item level.”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Access to work or employment
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [128] Ng, 2021, A systematic review of youth and teen mental health first aid: improving adolescent mental health, J Adolesc Health source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Riebschleger and colleagues 136 showed that psychoeducation led to decreased mental health stigma and improved family communication about parental mental health conditions.”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Family members
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [136] Riebschleger, 2017, Mental health literacy content for children of parents with a mental illness: thematic analysis of a literature review, Brain Sci source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Borschmann and colleagues 169 evaluated national antistigma campaigns in 21 European countries but found little evidence of a significant reduction in general stigma and showed variations across different sub-populations.”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > General population
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [169] Borschmann, 2014, Campaigns to reduce mental illness stigma in Europe: a scoping review, Die Psychiatrie Grundlagen & Perspektiven source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Their review, which included 43 studies, showed that public awareness and information programmes about suicide or depression improved knowledge and, with only two exceptions, attitudes.”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > General population
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [170] Dumesnil, 2009, Public awareness campaigns about depression and suicide: a review, Psychiatr Serv source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“One found evidence on reduced discrimination, but this finding was not replicated in two similar larger studies.”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > General population
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [171] Clement, 2013, Mass media interventions for reducing mental health-related stigma, Cochrane Database Syst Rev
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“They found that only 20% of studies had addressed cultural adaptation and concluded that a more careful cultural adaptation of anti-stigma interventions is required in future.”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > General population
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [178] Mascayano, 2020, Including culture in programs to reduce stigma toward people with mental disorders in low- and middle-income countries, Transcult Psychiatry source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Costeffectiveness is a research gap 150,164,167 and more metaanalyses are needed.”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Health-care professionals and students
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [150] Brunero, 2012, Mental health education programmes for generalist health professionals: an integrative review, Int J Ment Health Nurs source
- Not checked yetcites [164] Keynejad, 2021, WHO mental health gap action programme (mhGAP) intervention guide: updated systematic review on evidence and impact, Evid Based Ment Health source
- Not checked yetcites [167] Gkioka, 2020, Evaluation and effectiveness of dementia staff training programs in general hospital settings: a narrative synthesis with Holton's three-level model applied, J Alzheimers Dis source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“They could find no strong evidence that using biological attributions for the cause of mental health conditions improved mental health literacy or reduced prejudice.”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > General population
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [177] Xu, 2017, Challenging mental health related stigma in China: systematic review and meta-analysis. Interventions among the general public, Psychiatry Res source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For social contact, the respective effect sizes were d=0•4, d=-0•06 (nonsignificant), and d=0•19, respectively.”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > General population
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [168] Corrigan, 2012, Challenging the public stigma of mental illness: a meta-analysis of outcome studies, Psychiatr Serv source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The use of mainstream recreational facilities showed that activities that foster social connections (eg, physical or creative activities, such as theatre, choir, or arts) increased self-esteem and self-confidence in people with PWLE and gave them a sense of accomplishment.176”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > General population
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [176] Fenton, 2017, The benefits of recreation for the recovery and social inclusion of individuals with mental illness: an integrative review, Leis Sci source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“They showed a small and significant effect on the reduction of negative stereotypes and found that interventions which included social contact were more effective than those that did not.”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > General population
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [177] Xu, 2017, Challenging mental health related stigma in China: systematic review and meta-analysis. Interventions among the general public, Psychiatry Res source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Most studies focused on immediate outcomes, such as measures of attitudes assessed directly after the intervention, although only a few were considered to have low risk of bias.”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > General population
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [171] Clement, 2013, Mass media interventions for reducing mental health-related stigma, Cochrane Database Syst Rev
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The clearest pattern of evidence emerged for first-person narratives of PWLE, which were related to reduced prejudice.”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > General population
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [171] Clement, 2013, Mass media interventions for reducing mental health-related stigma, Cochrane Database Syst Rev
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Improvements were modest and most often only measured in the short term.”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > General population
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [170] Dumesnil, 2009, Public awareness campaigns about depression and suicide: a review, Psychiatr Serv source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Contact and education both improved attitudes and behavioural intentions towards stigma, but contact resulted in significantly greater positive changes among adults.”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > General population
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [168] Corrigan, 2012, Challenging the public stigma of mental illness: a meta-analysis of outcome studies, Psychiatr Serv source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The authors noted the feasibility of largescale projects based on partnership between non-profit organisations, churches, community mental health centres, and other organisations.”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > General population
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [172] Rivera, 2021, A narrative review of mental illness stigma reduction interventions among african americans in the United States, J Ment Health Clin Psychol source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“A different review that assessed undergraduate nursing students reported that empathy for people who misuse alcohol and drugs improved after exposure to narratives of students' personal experiences and PWLE and reflective sessions, but did not improve with simulations.158”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Health-care professionals and students
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [158] Smyth, 2021, Undergraduate nursing student knowledge and attitudes of healthcare consumers with problematic alcohol and other drug use: a scoping review, Int J Ment Health Nurs source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“They highlighted the importance of collaboration between mental health providers and faith-based institutions, as there is much mistrust of the medical sector.”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > General population
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [172] Rivera, 2021, A narrative review of mental illness stigma reduction interventions among african americans in the United States, J Ment Health Clin Psychol source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The importance of intergenerational social contact was echoed in a scoping review by Gerritzen and colleagues. 175”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > General population
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [175] Gerritzen, 2020, Successful elements of intergenerational dementia programs: a scoping review, J Intergenerational Relationships source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Few such studies were conducted in LMICs, but among those that were, China was the most frequently represented.145,147,[160][161][162][163][164][165]”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Health-care professionals and students
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [145] Lien, 2021, Challenging mental illness stigma in healthcare professionals and students: a systematic review and network meta-analysis, Psychol Health source
- Not checked yetcites [147] Piot, 2020, Simulation in psychiatry for medical doctors: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Med Educ source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For education, the meta-analysis effect sizes were d=0•3 for attitudes, d=0•14 for affect, and d=0•25 for behavioural intentions.”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > General population
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [168] Corrigan, 2012, Challenging the public stigma of mental illness: a meta-analysis of outcome studies, Psychiatr Serv source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Social contact was also associated with more social interaction, reduced fear, 98 and reduced experience of discrimination.206”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Social networking
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [98] Zhang, 2019, Overview of stigma against psychiatric illnesses and advancements of anti-stigma activities in six Asian societies, Int J Environ Res Public Health source
- Not checked yetcites [206] Schreiber, 2015, Stigma, American military personnel and mental health care: challenges from Iraq and Afghanistan, J Ment Health source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Most of these reviews found the activities efficacious across multiple formats, [182][183][184][185][186][187][188] but one review reported no difference between the intervention group and the comparison.189”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Awareness creation, education, and training interventions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [182][183][184][185][186][187][188]
- Not checked yetcites [189] Han, 2020, Interventions for attitudes and empathy toward people with dementia and positive aspects of caregiving: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Res Aging source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Although simulated hallucinations increased empathy for people with schizophrenia, the evidence for their effectiveness in causing attitude change is inconsistent, with some studies indicating that they may worsen rather than improve attitudes and desire for social distance.198”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Simulated symptoms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [198] Morgan, 2018, Interventions to reduce stigma towards people with severe mental illness: systematic review and meta-analysis, J Psychiatr Res source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Active interaction with PWLE who described their experiences was more effective than passive interaction in reducing stigma and led to greater reductions among health-care professionals than among non-professionals.201”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Social networking
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [201] Ren, 2020, Meta-analysis of the effect of mental health literacy intervention in Chinese people, Acta Psychol Sin source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Social contact through theatre or film improved knowledge and attitudes towards people with mental health conditions, addressed misconceptions, 178,[194][195][196][197] and led to some sustainable behavioural changes.194,195”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Social networking
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [178] Mascayano, 2020, Including culture in programs to reduce stigma toward people with mental disorders in low- and middle-income countries, Transcult Psychiatry source
- Not checked yetcites [194][195][196][197]
- Not checked yetcites [194] Dalky, 2012, Mental illness stigma reduction interventions: review of intervention trials, West J Nurs Res source
- Not checked yetcites [195] Doley, 2017, Interventions to reduce the stigma of eating disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Int J Eat Disord source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“At the population level, reasonably consistent benefits were seen with social contact interventions in relation to attitude change and weaker evidence suggested knowledge improvement, although most studies only assessed short-term outcomes, including in specific target groups.210”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Social networking
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [210] Thornicroft, 2016, Evidence for effective interventions to reduce mental-health-related stigma and discrimination, Lancet source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Video-based contact combined with education was effective in reducing stigma among students in general and among health professionals, 198,199,[209][210][211] and led to a more balanced portrayal of people with mental health problems by media professionals.212”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Social networking
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [198] Morgan, 2018, Interventions to reduce stigma towards people with severe mental illness: systematic review and meta-analysis, J Psychiatr Res source
- Not checked yetcites [199] Morgan, 2021, Review of Australian initiatives to reduce stigma towards people with complex mental illness: what exists and what works?, Int J Ment Health Syst source
- Not checked yetcites [209][210][211]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Gatekeeper training improved knowledge about suicide and suicide prevention and reduced belief in myths about suicide immediately after the training intervention in a range of groups, such as students, teachers, social workers, pharmacists, managers, and carers, but these effects were not sustained.193”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Social networking
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [193] Holmes, 2021, The long-term efficacy of suicide prevention gatekeeper training: a systematic review, Arch Suicide Res source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, one review found that although internet-based interventions led to improved literacy and to reduced stigma in adults, stigma among high school students was not affected.191”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Awareness creation, education, and training interventions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [191] Griffiths, 2007, Internet-based mental health programs: a powerful tool in the rural medical kit, Aust J Rural Health source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“One review reported that promoting continuum beliefs about mental health-that is, a continuum between mental health and mental health conditions (rather than a dichotomous approach)-gave mixed results for stigma and even found increased stigma in some studies.216”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Person in Trinidad and Tobago
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [216] Peter, 2021, Continuum beliefs and mental illness stigma: a systematic review and meta-analysis of correlation and intervention studies, Psychol Med source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Findings were mixed for specific stigma outcomes, with some studies showing reduced stigma toward mental health treatments, beliefs about dangerousness, and social distance, whereas others reported no reduction in stigma towards people who take antidepressants.215”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Person in Trinidad and Tobago
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [215] Pérez-Flores, 2021, Effectiveness of mental health literacy and stigma interventions for Latino/a adults in the United States: a systematic review, Stigma Health source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There is considerable debate on how far educational interventions lead to behaviour change.”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Social networking
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“13 reviews assessed interventions related to advocacy, campaigns, and protest, including from seven to 123 original studies.”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Simulated symptoms
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The potential for a wide range of recoveryoriented interventions to reduce self-stigma was also made by Winsper and colleagues, 226 but they found that recovery is rarely measured.”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Collaborative community-based care and social networking
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [226] Winsper, 2020, How do recovery-oriented interventions contribute to personal mental health recovery? A systematic review and logic model, Clin Psychol Rev source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“A review on selfstigma in relation to people with a diagnosis of schizophrenia, 221 reported that the most methodologically robust study they included showed the largest effect for internalised stigma reduction.225”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Collaborative community-based care and social networking
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [221] Wood, 2016, Psychosocial interventions for internalised stigma in people with a schizophrenia-spectrum diagnosis: a systematic narrative synthesis and meta-analysis, Schizophr Res source
- Not checked yetcites [225] Morrison, 2016, Cognitive therapy for internalised stigma in people experiencing psychosis: a pilot randomised controlled trial, Psychiatry Res source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The number of studies assessed in each review ranged from five to 123, and these studies were conducted in HICs and LMICs, and conditions of interest were severe mental health conditions, 179 suicide, 217 or mental health conditions in general.98,140”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Collaborative community-based care and social networking
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [179] Nguyen, 2019, Informal mental health interventions for people with severe mental illness in low and lower middle-income countries: a systematic review of effectiveness, Int J Soc Psychiatry source
- Not checked yetcites [217] Takada, 2010, Characteristics and effects of suicide prevention programs: comparison between workplace and other settings, Ind Health source
- Not checked yetcites [98] Zhang, 2019, Overview of stigma against psychiatric illnesses and advancements of anti-stigma activities in six Asian societies, Int J Environ Res Public Health source
- Not checked yetcites [140] Adu, 2021, Policies and interventions to reduce familial mental illness stigma: a scoping review of empirical literature, Issues Mental Health Nurs source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In meta-analyses short-term follow-up showed sustained moderate improvements, 218 but two reviews found that the improvements became non-significant over time.221,224”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Collaborative community-based care and social networking
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [218] Rüsch, 2021, Honest, Open, Proud to support disclosure decisions and to decrease stigma's impact among people with mental illness: conceptual review and meta-analysis of program efficacy, Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol source
- Not checked yetcites [221] Wood, 2016, Psychosocial interventions for internalised stigma in people with a schizophrenia-spectrum diagnosis: a systematic narrative synthesis and meta-analysis, Schizophr Res source
- Not checked yetcites [224] Büchter, 2017, Interventions for reducing self-stigma in people with mental illnesses: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials, Ger Med Sci
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ten assessed interventions specifically designed to address self-stigma and 16 considered interventions targeting other primary outcomes but included self-stigma or other closely related measures.”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Collaborative community-based care and social networking
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“26 reviews were included on interventions for self-stigma and, notably, all were published between 2012 and 2021 (appendix 3 pp 107-108).”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Collaborative community-based care and social networking
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Both reviews found positive effects of psychoeducation on reduced self-stigma and selfprejudice, and improved coping with stigma.”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Collaborative community-based care and social networking
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [236] Xu, 2017, Challenging mental health related stigma in China: systematic review and meta-analysis. I. Interventions among people with mental illness, Psychiatry Res source
- Not checked yetcites [227] Demissie, 2018, Psychological interventions for bipolar disorder in low- and middle-income countries: systematic review, BJPsych Open source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Aguirre Velasco and colleagues 230 summarised largely school-based interventions for adolescents, and found some improvements in help-seeking intentions, stigma related to help-seeking, or both, although study quality was low.”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Collaborative community-based care and social networking
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [230] Aguirre Velasco, 2020, What are the barriers, facilitators and interventions targeting help-seeking behaviours for common mental health problems in adolescents? A systematic review, BMC Psychiatry source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These reviews questioned whether the outcome measures used in studies were sufficiently responsive to change 224 and addressed traditional characteristics such as validity and reliability.221”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Collaborative community-based care and social networking
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [224] Büchter, 2017, Interventions for reducing self-stigma in people with mental illnesses: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials, Ger Med Sci
- Not checked yetcites [221] Wood, 2016, Psychosocial interventions for internalised stigma in people with a schizophrenia-spectrum diagnosis: a systematic narrative synthesis and meta-analysis, Schizophr Res source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Another review by Ashton and colleagues 214 found that protest interventions reduced stigma in the short term, but the long-term effects were unclear.”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Person in Trinidad and Tobago
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [214] Ashton, 2018, Key ingredients-target groups, methods and messages, and evaluation-of local-level, public interventions to counter stigma and discrimination: a lived experience informed selective narrative literature review, Community Ment Health J source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Protest interventions might reduce stigma in the short term but the long-term impact is unclear.214”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Person in Trinidad and Tobago
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [214] Ashton, 2018, Key ingredients-target groups, methods and messages, and evaluation-of local-level, public interventions to counter stigma and discrimination: a lived experience informed selective narrative literature review, Community Ment Health J source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Disclosure about family members' mental health conditions increased, which was associated with improvements in knowledge of schizophrenia and social inclusion.179”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Collaborative community-based care and social networking
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [179] Nguyen, 2019, Informal mental health interventions for people with severe mental illness in low and lower middle-income countries: a systematic review of effectiveness, Int J Soc Psychiatry source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“placed on the need for PWLE to be involved at every stage of anti-stigma programmes and not just to provide testimonies.”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Involving PWLE in all levels of anti-stigma programmes
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most research has focused on the traditional media, but evidence is growing on the influences of newer media platforms.”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Stigma and the media
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The importance of training, feedback, peer support, and remuneration were all emphasised.”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Involving PWLE in all levels of anti-stigma programmes
plainn = 391- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The RESHAPE programme in Nepal, TTC-Global, and other programmes had training packages prepared by PWLE for advocacy and social contact interventions and incorporated specific measures to facilitate peer-to-peer support.”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Lessons learned
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Some of the most powerful ways that the media perpetuate stigma worldwide are by using stigmatising language and by simplistically or inaccurately linking mental health conditions with violence.266,267”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Results
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [266] Niederkrotenthaler, 2014, Increasing help-seeking and referrals for individuals at risk for suicide by decreasing stigma: the role of mass media, Am J Prev Med source
- Not checked yetcites [267] Brandt Sørensen, 2021, A qualitative analysis of self-harm and suicide in Sri Lankan printed newspapers, Crisis source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The quantity of mental-health-related content on social media has increased markedly in the past decade, leading to a mixed picture.”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Person in Georgia
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For example, terms such as psychosis are often used negatively or as an insult but medical information about the mental health conditions, including sources of help, that is often factually correct is also present and can help to increase public knowledge.277”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Person in Georgia
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [277] Alvarez-Mon, 2019, Areas of interest and stigmatic attitudes of the general public in five relevant medical conditions: thematic and quantitative analysis using Twitter, J Med Internet Res source
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Negative reports that focused on danger or which irresponsibly reported on suicide led to more stigmatising attitudes 273,274 and a reduction in willingness to disclose one's own mental health difficulties.199,275”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Person in Georgia
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [273] Corrigan, 2013, The effects of news stories on the stigma of mental illness, J Nerv Ment Dis source
- Not checked yetcites [274] Reavley, 2016, Beliefs about dangerousness of people with mental health problems: the role of media reports and personal exposure to threat or harm, Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol source
- Not checked yetcites [199] Morgan, 2021, Review of Australian initiatives to reduce stigma towards people with complex mental illness: what exists and what works?, Int J Ment Health Syst source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To ensure relevance and relatability, the case studies and PWLE experience survey emphasised the importance of including members of the target groups in the programme design and delivery to maximise precise selection of stakeholders.”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Lessons learned
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: The selected case studies are representative of different types of anti-stigma interventions across a wide variety of geographical and cultural locations and with diverse target groups.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nonetheless, the emotional labour of social contact was thought to increase turnover of staff in one of the programmes assessed.”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Involving PWLE in all levels of anti-stigma programmes
hedgedconditionalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Others have included scales more specific to the target groups, such as the Mental Illness: Clinicians' Attitudes Scale.252,253”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Policy Programmes target policy change, securing funding, and sustainment through policy integration
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [252] Gabbidon, 2013, Mental Illness: Clinicians' Attitudes (MICA) scale-psychometric properties of a version for healthcare students and professionals, Psychiatry Res source
- Not checked yetcites [253] Li, 2014, Levels of stigma among community mental health staff in Guangzhou, China, BMC Psychiatry source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Respondents to our survey indicated that involvement in anti-stigma programmes could not only reduce self-stigma but also be an important contribution to an individual's recovery journey.”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Involving PWLE in all levels of anti-stigma programmes
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most of these studies measured attitudes but mentalhealth-related knowledge was not well assessed and very few measured changes in behaviour.”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Person in Georgia
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In relation to suicide, the media play a major role in influencing stigmatising knowledge (ignorance) and attitudes (prejudice), and can perpetuate stigma through irresponsible portrayals of individuals who have self-harmed or died by suicide or reduce stigma through by disseminating helpful information or mobilising campaigns to improve public opinion and attitudes.303,304”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Person in Georgia
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [303] Oquendo, 2020, Barriers for the research, prevention, and treatment of suicidal behavior, Curr Top Behav Neurosci source
- Not checked yetcites [304] Côté, 2021, Suicide-related Twitter content in response to a national mental health awareness campaign and the association between the campaign and suicide rates in Ontario, Can J Psychiatry source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“he media can also be used as channels for interventions to reduce stigma among the general public, and media messaging is most effective when using social-contact methods.[290][291][292][293][294]”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Person in Georgia
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [290] Yuen, 2021, The effects of immersive virtual reality in reducing public stigma of mental illness in the university population of Hong Kong: randomized controlled trial, J Med Internet Res source
- Not checked yetcites [291] Brown, 2020, The effectiveness of two potential mass media interventions on stigma: video-recorded social contact and audio/visual simulations, Community Ment Health J source
- Not checked yetcites [292] Yamaguchi, 2019, Long-term effects of filmed social contact or internet-based self-study on mental health-related stigma: a 2-year follow-up of a randomised controlled trial, Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Social contact interventions were applied in several studies using video content with service users, 291,292 virtual reality simulation, or social media profiles, 294 and helped to engage and inform the public and to reduce stigma.”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Person in Georgia
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [291] Brown, 2020, The effectiveness of two potential mass media interventions on stigma: video-recorded social contact and audio/visual simulations, Community Ment Health J source
- Not checked yetcites [292] Yamaguchi, 2019, Long-term effects of filmed social contact or internet-based self-study on mental health-related stigma: a 2-year follow-up of a randomised controlled trial, Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol source
- Not checked yetcites [294] Neubaum, 2020, Digital destigmatization: how exposure to networking profiles can reduce social stereotypes, Comput Human Behav source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A multimedia selfstigma reduction campaign showed that campaign exposure was associated with positive recovery beliefs, and greater use of mental health care.282”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Person in Georgia
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [282] Collins, 2019, Social marketing of mental health treatment: California's mental illness stigma reduction campaign, Am J Public Health source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Poorly considered media reports that portray suicide in this way can result in a contagion effect and have been associated with the Werther effect, in which suicide attempts may mimic other such attempts, such as following high-profile celebrity suicides or popular fictional portrayals of suicide.”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Poem 6
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The series received both praise and critique, as it powerfully reduced stigma, especially among those with no personal experience relating to suicide but also led to contagion of suicidality when media guidelines on suicide reporting and portrayal were not followed.[307][308][309][310]”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Poem 6
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [307] Rosa, 2019, Thirteen Reasons Why: the impact of suicide portrayal on adolescents' mental health, J Psychiatr Res source
- Not checked yetcites [308] Mueller, 2019, Why Thirteen Reasons Why may elicit suicidal ideation in some viewers, but help others, Soc Sci Med source
- Not checked yetcites [309] D'Agati, 2021, Thirteen Reasons Why revisited: a monograph for teens, parents, and mental health professionals, J Med Humanit source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“To prevent such copycat suicides, the South Korean Government enacted a suicide prevention law in 2012 and revised their media guidelines for suicide reporting.A study found that these regulatory measures were associated with a substantial reduction in deaths by suicide.306”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Poem 6
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [306] Chesin, 2020, Knowledge of suicide risk factors, but not suicide ideation severity, is greater among college students who viewed 13 Reasons Why, J Am Coll Health source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Stereotypical (negative) portrayals of people with mental health conditions increased stigma, 297,298 whereas positive portrayals improved knowledge and attitudes.299,300”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Person in Georgia
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [297] Quintero Johnson, 2018, “He acted like a crazy person”: exploring the influence of college students' recall of stereotypic media representations of mental illness, Psychol Pop Media Cult source
- Not checked yetcites [298] Scarf, 2020, Association of viewing the films Joker or Terminator: Dark Fate with prejudice toward individuals with mental illness, JAMA Netw Open source
- Not checked yetcites [299] Stern, 2019, Brief report: does watching the good doctor affect knowledge of and attitudes toward autism?, J Autism Dev Disord source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The media is a major factor in making stigma and discrimination worse 7 (2%) 41 (11%) 66 (17%) 136 (35%) 140 (36%) 2•93 (1•05) 71%”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Statistical analyses
plaindirectn = 391- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“254 (65%) respondents come from upper-middle -income countries and territories.”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Survey results
plainn = 391- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall stigma and discrimination in my country have been reducing over the last decade 29 (8%) 66 (17%) 114 (29%) 134 (34%) 46 (12%) 2•26 (1•10) 46%”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Statistical analyses
plainn = 391- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“PWLE must lead anti-stigma efforts 18 (5%) 76 (20%) 112 (29%) 128 (33%) 56 (14%) 2•33 (1•09) 47%”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Statistical analyses
plainn = 391- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“391 participants responded to the survey from 45 countries and territories:”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Survey results
plainn = 391- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The invitations to participate were extended only to PWLE, yet 69 (18%) did not disclose that they that they had a mental health condition experience, although respondents could reply that they were mental health activists without such experience.”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Survey results
plainn = 391- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Stigma and discrimination contravene basic human rights and have severe, toxic effects on people with mental health conditions that exacerbate marginalisation and social exclusion, for example by reducing access to mental and physical health care and diminishing educational and employment opportunities”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“need to be strongly supported to lead or co-lead interventions that use social contact”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Abstract
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“loss of property, inheritance, or rights to vote”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“social exclusion in relation to education, the workplace, and the community”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These pernicious barriers to full citizenship and social participation all share one fundamental characteristic: they contravene basic human rights that are intended to apply equally to all of us (appendix 3 p 16).”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Aims and scope of the Commission
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Stigma and discrimination have many manifestations, ranging from damage to marital prospects; social exclusion in relation to education, the workplace, and the community; loss of property, inheritance, or rights to vote; and poorer health care than for physical conditions.”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Aims and scope of the Commission
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The stigmatisation of people with mental health conditions is very common and is seen worldwide.12”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Concepts and terms used to describe reactions to people with mental health conditions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12] Thornicroft, 2006
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The umbrella review was registered with Prospero, registration number CRD42022299682.”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Impact of stigma and discrimination on work and employment
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“This is especially important given that one in every seven adolescents aged 10-19 years experiences a mental health condition, 85”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Person in Botswana
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [85] Salazar de Pablo, 2020, Universal and selective interventions to promote good mental health in young people: systematic review and meta-analysis, Eur Neuropsychopharmacol source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Difficulties in finding or retaining employment due to unsympathetic employers or co-workers can limit the availability of skilled employees on the labour market and reduce the potential for economic growth.”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Person in Botswana
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This weighting towards recent years reflects increasing research interest in the topic.”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Impact of stigma and discrimination on work and employment
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nevertheless, there is the potential for vocational workers to collaborate with employers and elicit change at the structural level.”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Access to work or employment
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Waqas and colleagues 116 conducted a systematic review of anti-stigma interventions in educational institutions.”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Access to work or employment
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [116] Waqas, 2020, Interventions to reduce stigma related to mental illnesses in educational institutes: a systematic review, Psychiatric Quarterly source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Improving the social skills of children with mental health conditions can improve social inclusion, although possibly because the children behave in a more socially accepted manner.121,123”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Access to work or employment
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [121] Louw, 2020, Enhancing social inclusion of young adults with intellectual disabilities: a systematic review of original empirical studies, J Appl Res Intellect Disabil source
- Not checked yetcites [123] Cremin, 2020, Autism awareness interventions for children and adolescents: a scoping review, J Dev Phys Disabil source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However there was a limited number of such interventions and, therefore, results must be interpreted with caution.”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Access to work or employment
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In their review of stigma-reduction programmes among African Americans, Rivera and colleagues 172 concluded that such programmes need to be culturally informed and tailored.”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > General population
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [172] Rivera, 2021, A narrative review of mental illness stigma reduction interventions among african americans in the United States, J Ment Health Clin Psychol source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Nevertheless, the authors concluded that it was important to ensure positive encounters, which seemed to reduce social distance, whereas negative encounters can have the opposite effect.”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > General population
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [173] Scior, 2011, Public awareness, attitudes and beliefs regarding intellectual disability: a systematic review, Res Dev Disabil source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, interventions that included communication strategies might facilitate self-confidence in caregivers, leading to improved understanding of the needs of the person with a mental health condition.152,182”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Social networking
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most self-stigma interventions involve groups, which can create barriers for people who are not willing to disclose a mental health condition to others.”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Collaborative community-based care and social networking
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While clearer evidence is needed, the findings so far suggest that anti-stigma interventions could be costeffective at the programme and population levels.”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Cost-effectiveness
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Integration of antistigma interventions into larger governmental priorities, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, might also support longevity.”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Policy Programmes target policy change, securing funding, and sustainment through policy integration
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: The selected case studies are representative of different types of anti-stigma interventions across a wide variety of geographical and cultural locations and with diverse target groups.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Stigma reduction can also be an intended or unintended consequence of policies delivered in the field of mental health.”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Key characteristics of anti-stigma programmes
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Despite the positive aspects, the largely unregulated nature of these media means that they also present serious challenges, such as credibility and trustworthiness of information 264 and, while not being inherently harmful, might be sources of risk for stigma.”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Person in Indonesia
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [264] O'Reilly, 2019, Potential of social media in promoting mental health in adolescents, Health Promot Int source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“For example, there is increasing concern that substantial social media use is associated with low self-esteem, anxiety, and depression, especially among young women.255,256”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Stigma and the media
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [255] Andreassen, 2017, The relationship between addictive use of social media, narcissism, and self-esteem: findings from a large national survey, Addict Behav source
- Not checked yetcites [256] Woods, 2016, #Sleepyteens: social media use in adolescence is associated with poor sleep quality, anxiety, depression and low self-esteem, J Adolesc source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Diverse funding, variation of programmes for multiple target groups, crowd-funding activities (such as those employed by Batyr, Australia), and revenuegenerating programmes (eg, as used in Working Minds, Canada) can all complement governmental funding and help programmes to continue in the long-term.”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Policy Programmes target policy change, securing funding, and sustainment through policy integration
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The selected case studies are representative of different types of anti-stigma interventions across a wide variety of geographical and cultural locations and with diverse target groups.
In the paper
“For instance, public stigma may be exacerbated by the structure of mental health services in a given country, and deinstitutionalisation can facilitate stigma reduction.241”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Key characteristics of anti-stigma programmes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [241] Winkler, 2021, Development of public stigma toward people with mental health problems in Czechia 2013–2019, Eur Psychiatry source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A review of Spanish news coverage reported that a quarter of the analysed news stories included stigmatising contents, often using stereotypes of danger and unpredictability.268”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Results
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [268] Muñoz, 2011, La enfermedad mental en los medios de comunicación: un estudio empírico en prensa escrita, radio y televisión, Clin Salud
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although mental health care is scarce in low-resource settings, the services that do exist are often institutionalising and may reinforce stigma or exclusion.”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Policy Programmes target policy change, securing funding, and sustainment through policy integration
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Mental health care is scarce in low-resource settings.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The search yielded 1826 results.After screening the titles and abstracts and removing duplicates, 102 papers were chosen for full-text review, and of these 24 publications were included in the final analysis.”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Review of evidence on media impact on mental health stigma and discrimination Methods
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Using digital communication methods can be very effective, and they have been suggested to be important components in delivering anti-stigma campaigns.131”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Policy Programmes target policy change, securing funding, and sustainment through policy integration
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [131] Ito-Jaeger, 2021, Digital video interventions and mental health literacy among young people: a scoping review, J Ment Health
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The selected case studies are representative of different types of anti-stigma interventions across a wide variety of geographical and cultural locations and with diverse target groups.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Four researchers (HL, NVSJ, AM, and PCG) did the qualitative data analysis.”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Statistical analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Larger sample sizes ensure the survey dataset provides richness and depth of data when viewed in its entirety.”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Statistical analyses
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Given the evidence of the power of the media to affect public attitudes and policy, it is probable that media reporting can also increase or reduce structural discrimination, through their influences on voters and policy makers, but there is a lack of empirical evidence to support this view at present.”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Person in Georgia
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Regarding media and suicide prevention, in 2017, WHO released updated guidelines for media professionals.283”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Person in Georgia
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [283] 2017
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall these data suggest that media guidelines on suicide reporting may be important for stigma reduction, but that they are often incompletely implemented.”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Person in Georgia
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“WHO reports that more than 700 000 people die every year due to suicide, and it is the fourth leading cause of death among young people worldwide.302”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Person in Georgia
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [302] 2014
plainn = 700,000- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ethics approval for this work was granted by the Health Faculties Research Ethics Subcommittee at King's College London, UK (RESCM-21/22-25892).”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Lived experience survey methods
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The questions used in this survey were specifically developed for this report by the Lancet Commissioners, including PWLE.Before launching the survey, the questions were piloted with PWLE to ensure question content, timing, and comprehension were appropriate.”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Survey procedure and data collection
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Conversely, the Papageno effect occurs when media show how people can positively overcome a suicidal crisis and turn towards recovery.305”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Poem 6
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [305] Domaradzki, 2021, The Werther effect, the Papageno effect or no effect? A literature review, Int J Environ Res Public Health source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The term committed suicide, for example, might suggest that suicide is a criminal act, even where it has been decriminalised whereas died by suicide is non-judgemental.”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Person in Georgia
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To increase the inclusiveness and reach of the survey, it was made available for completion online in Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, and Spanish, reflecting the six official WHO languages.”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Survey procedure and data collection
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“WHO's Comprehensive Action Plan 2013-30 clearly states, “The vision of the action plan is a world in which mental health is valued, promoted and protected, mental health conditions are prevented and persons affected by these conditions are able to exercise the full range of human rights and to access high quality, culturally-appropriate health care and social care in a timely way to promote recove”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Conclusions: Commission guiding principles, goals, recommendations, and call to action
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [315] 2021
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Participants' responses to each question were synthesised through a combination of digital text network analysis using InfraNodus (version Pro 2022) and thematic content analysis.314”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Statistical analyses
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [314] Braun, 2006, Using thematic analysis in psychology, Qual Res Psychol source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, responses to each question were translated to English using Google Scholar, and selected quotes were crosschecked by native speakers of each language.”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Statistical analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
The global survey respondents are representative of people with lived experience of mental health conditions worldwide.
“In a global, multilanguage survey of PWLE, 391 people responded from 45 countries and territories.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The findings of the umbrella review of 216 systematic reviews are generalisable to all countries and cultures worldwide.
“Our umbrella review of 216 systematic reviews shows that interventions based on the principle of social contact (whether in person, virtual, or indirect) that have been appropriately adapted to different contexts and cultures are the most effective ways to reduce stigmatisation worldwide”
The paper relies on this without support.
The lessons from the ten large-scale anti-stigma programmes are applicable to other programmes and contexts.
“Our evaluation of ten large-scale anti-stigma programmes around the world found that they are most effective when they involve people with lived experience of mental health conditions (PWLE) as co-producers in all aspects of development, when target groups are consulted on programme content and delivery, and when programmes are sustained over the long term”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Diagnoses are necessary for communication among health workers, people with lived experience, family members, and policy makers, and for planning and financing treatment and care.
“Throughout this report, however, we assume that diagnoses are necessary for reasons of communication for health workers, PWLE, family members, and policy makers, and for planning and financing treatments and care.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Culture strongly influences stigma by determining what behaviour is socially acceptable and by shaping beliefs about the causes and treatment of mental health conditions.
“Culture has a strong influence on stigma because of the role that culture plays in determining what is considered”
The paper relies on this without support.
The selected case studies are representative of different types of anti-stigma interventions across a wide variety of geographical and cultural locations and with diverse target groups.
“We selected case studies purposively that were representative of different types of anti-stigma interventions in a wide variety of geographical and cultural locations and with diverse target groups (panel 3, table 1).”
The paper relies on this without support.
Mental health care is scarce in low-resource settings.
“Although mental health care is scarce in low-resource settings, the services that do exist are often institutionalising and may reinforce stigma or exclusion.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The media have great power over citizens and shape perceptions of reality and interpretation of the world.
“The media wield great power over citizens and influence perceptions of reality and interpretation of the world.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Media messaging affects all elements of stigma, including knowledge, attitudes, and behaviours.
“Media messaging affects all elements of stigma, including knowledge, attitudes, behaviours.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Media can be beneficial or harmful for stigma.
“Media can be beneficial (actively reducing stigma) or harmful (perpetuating stereotypes or negative attitudes or behaviours).”
The paper relies on this without support.
For many young people, social media are among their most vital tools for community, self-expression, and challenging stigma.
“For many young people social media are among their most vital tools for community, self-expression, and for challenging stigma.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Until about 20 years ago, traditional media were the main source of mass information and professional journalists were almost exclusively the disseminators of news and information.
“Until only about 20 years ago, these media were the main source of mass information and professional journalists were almost exclusively the ones who served as disseminators of news and information.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Several anti-stigma programmes have identified the media as a target group for interventions.
“For this reason several anti-stigma programmes have identified the media as a target group for interventions.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Adherence to suicide reporting guidelines is especially low in LMICs, where suicides are often sensationalised, stigmatised, and even criminalised in media portrayals.
“Adherence to suicide reporting guidelines is especially low in LMICs, where suicides are often sensationalised, stigmatised, and even criminalised in their portrayals in the media.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The Hindu newspaper follows suicide reporting guidelines, accompanies every suicide report with helpline contact details, and has been recognised by Sneha for excellence in reporting and prevention of suicides.
“A notable exception in India is the national newspaper The Hindu, which does follow guidelines.Every report of a suicide is accompanied by helpline contact details for people who need support.The Hindu has been recognised by the support hotline Sneha for its excellence in the reporting and prevention of suicides.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The neglect of youth mental health can be partly ascribed to the stigma-based neglect of mental health worldwide.”
From The Lancet Psychiatry Commission on youth mental health (2024) · cites this paper as [53]
In the citing paper
“No real progress of psychiatry is likely to occur without a strong collaboration among professionals, PWLE, family/informal supporters, and policy makers 13 .”
From Ethical challenges in contemporary psychiatry: an overview and an appraisal of possible strategies and research needs (2024) · cites this paper as [13]
In the citing paper
“These barriers can be even stronger for individuals among minority and disadvantaged backgrounds that may be stigmatised, such as individuals with ethnic or sexuality minority status [Clement et al., 2015, Thornicroft et al., 2022].”
From Closing the accessibility gap to mental health treatment with a personalized self-referral chatbot (2024) · cites this paper as Thornicroft et al., 2022
In the citing paper
“This can be due to barriers, such as a lack of perceived need for treatment, negative attitudes and stigma around mental health, as well as structural barriers [Andrade et al., 2014, Thornicroft et al., 2022].”
From Closing the accessibility gap to mental health treatment with a personalized self-referral chatbot (2024) · cites this paper as Thornicroft et al., 2022
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Abstract
“over 90% agreed that PWLE should be treated as well as people with physical health conditions, that stigma and discrimination negatively affect most people with mental health conditions, and that the media could play an important part in reducing stigma and discrimination.”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Statistical analyses
“Stigma and discrimination do negatively affect most people with mental health conditions 7 (2%) 11 (3%) 21 (5%) 132 (33%) 219 (56%) 3•40 (0•86) 90%”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Abstract
“From the almost 300 respondents in 45 countries (mostly low-income and middle-income countries [LMICs])”
§ The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health > Survey results
“391 participants responded to the survey from 45 countries and territories”
Citations
Cites
Using thematic analysis in psychology
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Self-citationClement, S., Schauman, O., Graham, T., Maggioni, F., Evans-Lacko, S., Bezborodovs, N., Morgan, C., Rüsch, N., Brown, J. S. L., & Thornicroft, G. (2015) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291714000129 · Cited by 3,152
Self-citationSnowball Sampling: A Purposeful Method of Sampling in Qualitative Research
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 401–500 of 749
Knowledge and Attitudes About Crystal Methamphetamine Among Key Community Groups in Australia
Kershaw, S., Russell, A., Birrell, L., Grager, A., Deen, H., Newton, N. C., Stapinski, L. A., Champion, K. E., KAY‐LAMBKIN, F. J., Teesson, M., et al. (2025) · Health Promotion Journal of Australia · doi:10.1002/hpja.70096 · Cited by 1
“Access to evidence-based resources has already been identified as key in reducing stigma [17].”
Sarı, A., İnan, F. Ş., Duman, Z. Ç., & Ünsal, E. (2025) · Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/jpm.70029 · Cited by 1
Brooker, J., Douglas, G., Milligan, P. D., & Chiliza, B. (2025) · South African Health Review · doi:10.61473/001c.141590 · Cited by 1
Gamieldien, F., Galvaan, R., & Silaule, O. (2025) · South African Health Review · doi:10.61473/001c.141584 · Cited by 2
Imran, M. A., & Ahmed, Z. (2025) · News Research Journal · doi:10.1177/30497841251380189 · Cited by 1
Sammer, G., Höhler, P., Jung, A., & Mulert, C. (2025) · Psychiatrische Praxis · doi:10.1055/a-2694-5684 · Cited by 1
“Auch die Stigmatisierung psychischer Er-krankung erschwert die Inanspruchnahme von Unterstützung [5].”
Fundamentals of research and practice in public health for behavior analysts
Slanzi, C. M., & McKune, S. L. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-22358-7.00012-5 · Cited by 1
The religious experience of homeless people who use drugs in the city of Porto – Portugal
Chagas, C., Fernandes, L., Martins, L., Zangari, W., & Galduróz, J. C. (2025) · Ethnography · doi:10.1177/14661381251391995 · Cited by 1
Bellver-Peñalver, L., Arnáez, S., & García‐Soriano, G. (2025) · Exploration of Digital Health Technologies · doi:10.37349/edht.2025.101169 · Cited by 1
Pulgatti, K. L., Palma, L. F., Denari, G. B., Pelegrini, L. N. D. C., Ramos, A. A., Mateus, E. F., Veras, L., Oliveira, D., & Cominetti, M. R. (2025) · Alzheimer s & Dementia Diagnosis Assessment & Disease Monitoring · doi:10.1002/dad2.70208 · Cited by 1
Braathu, N., Kabatooro, M. M., Babirye, J. N., Wentzel‐Larsen, T., Skar, A. S., & Engebretsen, I. M. S. (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-25059-z · Cited by 1
“The stigma surrounding mental health impacts various aspects of an individual’s life, contributing to social exclusion across key domains such as education, health services, and employment [14, 15].”
Vargas-Huicochea, I., Rodríguez-Machain, A. C., & Tafoya, S. A. (2025) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1697178 · Cited by 1
“A significant number of frontline clinicians experience poor self-efficacy, clinical uncertainty, and negative attitudes toward mental illness which impact the quality and timeliness of care (2–4).”
Liu, Y., Yang, P., Feng, H., Li, D., Li, S., Xu, S., & Chen, H. (2025) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-025-07469-w · Cited by 1
“…with psychological symptoms, such as the stigmatization of mental health issues, lack of awareness about available services, limited accessibility to on-campus resources, insufficient support systems, cultural influences, as well as a tendency towards self-reliance and resilience [36, 37, 41, 42].”
Lam, G. Y. H., Lam, T. W. K., Tang, O., Yeung, G., & Chan, S. W. (2025) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613251377949 · Cited by 1
Quinlan-Davidson, M., Henderson, J. L., Szatmári, P., Cheung, A., Dixon, M., Relihan, J., Singer, D., Hawke, L. D., & Cleverley, K. (2025) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-025-07523-7 · Cited by 1
Karadeniz, C., & Arslantaş, H. (2025) · Psikiyatride Guncel Yaklasimlar - Current Approaches in Psychiatry · doi:10.18863/pgy.1761442 · Cited by 1
Alnajjar, A. A., & Alaleeli, S. (2025) · Clinical Psychologist · doi:10.1080/13284207.2025.2588192 · Cited by 1
Beyond obesity: tackling the public stigma of visible diseases
Chen, P., Chen, L., Li, J., & Chen, H. (2025) · The Lancet Global Health · doi:10.1016/s2214-109x(25)00443-7 · Cited by 1
Self-citationPhenotypes of stigma expressed by people who use drugs on Reddit
Bouzoubaa, L. A., Aghakhani, E., & Rezapour, R. (2025) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2025.118889 · Cited by 1
Engstrand, R. Z., & Wilder, J. (2025) · Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities · doi:10.1007/s10882-025-10044-6 · Cited by 2
“…with developmental disabilities and psychoeducation have been described as effective strategies to reduce negative attitudes and behaviour towards people with disabilities (Thornicroft et al., 2022) and, therefore, can be considered for use in educational, social, and healthcare settings.”
Wang, X., Gu, L., Ju, L., Jin, X., Chen, X., Na, X., Tian, D., & Zhang, W. (2025) · Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.1080/09638237.2025.2607989 · Cited by 1
“Stigma and discrimination related to mental illness adversely affect people with mental illness (PMI) across multiple dimensions, including clinical outcomes, social function recovery, economic income, quality of life, and healthcare (Henderson et al., 2014; Thornicroft et al., 2022).”
Klymchuk, V., Petrash, O., Vynogradova, O., Горбунова, В., Kurpita, V., & Ko, S. (2025) · PLOS mental health. · doi:10.1371/journal.pmen.0000516 · Cited by 2
“…Ukraine and also hold relevance for similar organizations worldwide: Routine Screening and Referral [1,9], Task Sharing and Stepped Care [10–12], Psychoeducation and Prevention [2], Linkages and Holistic Care [13,14], Staff Training and Support [15–17],Anti-Stigma and Rights-Based Approach [18–20].”
Wumaierjiang, N., Yan, G., Yuan, L., Song, J., Hou, X., Li, M., Sun, L., Zhou, J., Yin, H., & Xu, G. (2026) · Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.3389/frai.2025.1732682 · Cited by 1
Lara, E. I., Bond, L., O’Neill, K., Ruiz, E., & Patel, V. (2026) · PLOS mental health. · doi:10.1371/journal.pmen.0000447 · Cited by 2
“In addition to lack of knowledge, social factors including stigma further prevent people with serious mental health challenges from seeking care [10,11].”
Education as a predictor of mental illness familiarity and attitudes in a Muslim community
Mayet, Z., & Phiri-Sithole, L. (2026) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1687430 · Cited by 1
Zhang, Q., Wang, Y., Wang, J., Wang, X., & Tian, M. (2026) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-026-04107-2 · Cited by 1
“Structural stigma (also referred to as systemic or organizational stigma) encompasses policies, institutional practices, and social norms that systematically disadvantage stigmatized groups, whether intentionally or unintentionally [13, 21].”
Ni, M. Y., Leung, C. M. C., Wan, T. T. W., Campion, J., Gill, N., Galea, S., & Ip, E. C. (2026) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(25)00336-0 · Cited by 1
Family physicians as key agents in integrating mental health services into primary care
Ferenchick, E. K., Green, L. A., Dowrick, C. F., Lionis, C. D., Lam, C. L. K., Randenikumara, S., Jortberg, B. T., & Gilchrist, E. C. (2026) · The Lancet Primary Care · doi:10.1016/j.lanprc.2026.100113 · Cited by 1
Göktaş, P., & Dıkeç, G. (2026) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-025-03003-1 · Cited by 1
Being human: ableism, advocacy, and strengthening medicine
Quon, M. J. (2026) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(26)00376-4 · Cited by 2
Reducing Disparities and Improving Mental Health for Transgender Persons
Almeida, O. F. X., & Morgado, P. F. (2026) · ALPHA PSYCHIATRY · doi:10.31083/ap45278 · Cited by 1
“Public stigma, often rooted in ignorance, along with structural stigma and discrimination driven by ideology, create stress for affected individuals and significantly worsen health and social inequalities [13– 15].”
Isaacs, A. N., Lawn, S., & Baker, A. (2026) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph23030342 · Cited by 1
“Topics identified by participants that have already been extensively researched include mental health stigma and discrimination related to mental health and mental health care [43].”
Senturk, H. N. C., & Bildik, T. (2026) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/00207640261424410 · Cited by 1
Halstead, S., Arnautovska, U., Kisely, S. R., Siskind, D. J., & Warren, N. (2026) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/00048674261426908 · Cited by 1
Li, W., Attiq‐Ur‐Rehman, Ge, M., Shen, L., Hu, F.-H., Jia, Y., Shi, H.-Y., & Chen, H. (2026) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/00207640261427405 · Cited by 1
Schäfer, K., Mües, H. M., Wrzesińska, M. A., Kostyła, M., Rakoczy, J., Trenado, R. G., García, C. F., González, M. M. P., Mancebo‐Salas, N., Gogos, T., et al. (2026) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2026.1739409 · Cited by 1
Suleman, R. M. F., Min, R., Ahmed, W., & Mahmood, R. (2026) · International Journal of Transgender Health · doi:10.1080/26895269.2026.2651776 · Cited by 1
Zhong, Y., Zhang, Z.-W., Ding, J.-H., Sun, Y., Zheng, Y., Yu, Y.-F., Guan, Z.-C., Su, S.-Z., Wu, T., Gong, Y.-M., et al. (2026) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-026-03605-4 · Cited by 2
Political economy of adolescent mental health and well-being globally
Biermann, O., Shawar, Y. R., Shiffman, J., Brown, S. L., Bain, M., Shire, I., Baird, S., Collins, P. Y., Requejo, J. H., Mensa‐Kwao, A., et al. (2026) · Health Research Policy and Systems · doi:10.1186/s12961-026-01477-2 · Cited by 1
“These findings align with prior research highlighting stigma and discrimination as barriers to AMH prioritization [26–28], persistent evidence gaps in AMH [1, 14, 28] and fragmentation in AMH governance [6, 7, 12, 27, 34, 35].”
InfluentialAdolescent Mental Health Care and Stigma
Maulik, P. K., Yatirajula, S. K., Kallakuri, S., Paslawar, S., Ghosh, A., Rastogi, A., Mukherjee, A., Khan, R., Sagar, R., Lempp, H. K., et al. (2026) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2026.0603 · Cited by 1
Self-citationEtxebarria, N., Thomas, C., Mondragon, N. I., Popova, A., Lopatina, H., Suchikova, Y., Gorrotxategi, M. P., Fernández, I. L., & Tsybuliak, N. (2026) · Social Sciences & Humanities Open · doi:10.1016/j.ssaho.2026.102907 · Cited by 1
Announcing the Lancet Commission on schizophrenia and psychotic disorders
Leboyer, M., Pedraz-Petrozzi, B., Spangemacher, M., & Berk, M. (2026) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(26)00916-5 · Cited by 1
Tang, Y., (102719), L. Y., Wang, W.-H., Zhu, C., & Shi, C. (2026) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-026-08223-6 · Cited by 1
“A resurgence of humanistic inquiry, alongside global destigmatization movements, has renewed focus on first-person perspectives in psychosis [3, 4].”
Ross, A., Morgan, A. J., McNaught, G., Green, R., & Reavley, N. J. (2026) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/00048674261462377 · Cited by 1
Miah, M. S. (2026) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0356265 · Cited by 3
“Depression and anxiety symptoms are associated with poor quality of life, reduced productivity, and a higher burden of comorbid physical conditions [5,6].”
Tomicic, A., Duarte, J., Valenzuela, M. J., Verni, M., Lima, B., Herrera, I., Encina, F., Gal, F., & Valenzuela, R. (2026) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10597-026-01718-2 · Cited by 1
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Dumaop, D. E., Aruta, J. J. B. R., Policarpio, M. R., Aquino, J. B. S., Siao, A. M., & Cabantog, J. M. (2023) · Stigma and Health · doi:10.1037/sah0000468 · Cited by 1
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“Much of the research on decreasing stigma and discrimination among the general public have been primarily educational in nature designed to increase awareness about mental illness (Thornicroft et al., 2016, 2022), which was reflected in the few solutions the participants suggested in this area.”
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“Public stigma refers to stereotypes, negative attitudes, and discrimination against people with health conditions in society [18].”
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“At present, stigma related to mental health disorders is one of the main obstacles impeding the recovery and social integration of people who suffer from such problems Lin and Tsang (2020); Thornicroft et al. (2022).”
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“…and internalization of stigma (i.e., applying others’ stigmatising perceptions to oneself) could discourage workers from pursuing high-level jobs out of anticipated discrimination (McGonagle et al., 2016), fear or shame (i.e., an application of the ‘why-try effect’; Thornicroft et al., 2022).”
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“It is in this context that the recently released report of the Lancet Commission on Stigma and Discrimination [10] assumes a lot of importance.”
Unlocking access: Addressing the disparities in HPV vaccination for those with mental disorders
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Exploring the Mental Health Correlates of Welfare Stigmatization, Violent Crime, and Property Crime
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Metadata
- Authors
- Thornicroft, G., Sunkel, C., Alikhon Aliev, A., Baker, S., Brohan, E., el Chammay, R., Davies, K., Demissie, M., Duncan, J., Fekadu, W., Gronholm, P. C., Guerrero, Z., Gurung, D., Habtamu, K., Hanlon, C., Heim, E., Henderson, C., Hijazi, Z., Hoffman, C., Hosny, N., Huang, F.-X., Kline, S., Kohrt, B. A., Lempp, H., Li, J., London, E., Ma, N., Mak, W. W. S., Makhmud, A., Maulik, P. K., Milenova, M., Morales Cano, G., Ouali, U., Parry, S., Rangaswamy, T., Rüsch, N., Sabri, T., Sartorius, N., Schulze, M., Stuart, H., Taylor Salisbury, T., Vera San Juan, N., Votruba, N., & Winkler, P.
- Affiliations
- King's College London (GB)
- Mind (GB)
- Haramaya University (ET)
- Bahir Dar University (ET)
- National Institute of Mental Health (CZ)
- Addis Ababa University (ET)
- University of Lausanne (CH)
- United Nations Children's Fund (US)
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
- George Washington University (US)
- Guangzhou Medical University (CN)
- Peking University (CN)
- Chinese University of Hong Kong (HK)
- UNSW Sydney (AU)
- Tunis University (TN)
- Universität Ulm (DE)
- Queen's University (CA)
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Thornicroft, Graham
- ORCID
- Thornicroft, Graham
- Sunkel, Charlene
- Brohan, Elaine
- Demissie, Mekdes
- Fekadu, Wubalem
- Gronholm, Petra C
- Guerrero, Zoe
- Gurung, Dristy
- Habtamu, Kassahun
- Hanlon, Charlotte
- Heim, Eva
- Henderson, Claire
- Hosny, Nadine
- Kline, Sarah
- Kohrt, Brandon A
- Lempp, Heidi
- Li, Jie
- Mak, Winnie W S
- Makhmud, Akerke
- Maulik, Pallab K
- Milenova, Maria
- Ouali, Uta
- Parry, Sarah
- Rüsch, Nicolas
- Sabri, Taha
- Sartorius, Norman
- Stuart, Heather
- Votruba, Nicole
- Winkler, Petr
- Venue
- The Lancet
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2022-10
- Volume
- 400
- Issue
- 10361
- Pages
- 1438-1480
- ISSN
- 0099-5355 (ISSN-L)
- 0140-6736
- OpenAlex
- W4303940215
- Semantic Scholar
- 59590b5243b81e3fa4b20c1c716156e205d7f5a2
- Cited by
- 748
- References
- 307
- Citations by year
- 2026: 190 · 2025: 220 · 2024: 209 · 2023: 121 · 2022: 8
- FWCI
- 20.97
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- iris.unil.ch
- Licence
- Locations
- The Lancet (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- IRIS (submittedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- SERVAL (Université de Lausanne) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Medical Research Council (MR/R023697/1)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Mental Health and Patient Involvement
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychology and Mental Health
- Keywords
- mental health stigma, discrimination against people with mental illness, stigma reduction, lived experience, people with lived experience, co-production, mental health policy, mental health law, mental health services
- MeSH terms
- Mental Disorders, Humans, Mental Health, Social Stigma, Social Discrimination
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-07, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-07 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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