Student or educator? Sign up with your school email and get 6 months of Pro free.
CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 366

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 6 of the 6 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Sex Differences in the Human Corpus Callosum: Myth or Reality?

Open access
BISHOP, KATHERINE M., WAHLSTEN, DOUGLAS·1997·Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
DOI 10.1016/s0149-7634(96)00049-8
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/s0149-7634(96)00049-8

Cites

6 of 6 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Show all 6 references

Research works printed but not linked: 118

  1. Aboitiz, 1992, Fiber composition of the human corpus callosum, Brain Res., 598, 143, 10.1016/0006-8993(92)90178-C · DOI · Paper page
  2. Aboitiz, 1992, Morphometry of the sylvian fissure and the corpus callosum, with emphasis on sex differences, Brain, 115, 1521, 10.1093/brain/115.5.1521 · DOI
  3. Allen, 1991, Sex differences in the corpus callosum of the living human being, J. Neurosci., 11, 933, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.11-04-00933.1991 · DOI · Paper page
  4. Andreasen, 1993, Intelligence and brain structure in normal individuals, Am. J. Psychiatry, 150, 130, 10.1176/ajp.150.1.130 · DOI · Paper page
  5. Atchley, 1976, Statistical properties of ratios, Syst. Zool., 25, 137, 10.2307/2412740 · DOI · Paper page
  6. Baack, 1982, Sexual dimorphism in human fetal corpora callosa, Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 8, 213
  7. Bean, 1906, Some racial peculiarities of the negro brain, Am. J. Anat., 5, 353, 10.1002/aja.1000050402 · DOI
  8. Bell, 1985, Failure to demonstrate sexual dimorphism of the corpus callosum in childhood, J. Anat., 143, 143
  9. Berrebi, 1988, Corpus callosum: region-specific effects of sex, early experience and age, Brain Res., 438, 216, 10.1016/0006-8993(88)91340-6 · DOI · Paper page
  10. Bigger brain debate continues. Edmonton Journal 15 September E2; 1989. · doi:10.7748/ns.2.15.15.s36
  11. Bishop, 1990, How to increase your chances of obtaining a significant association between handedness and disorder, J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol., 12, 812, 10.1080/01688639008401022 · doi:10.1080/01688639008401022
  12. Brain nerves larger in women. Edmonton Journal 2 June G6; 1991.
  13. Breedlove, 1994, Sexual differentiation of the human nervous system, A. Rev. Psychol., 45, 389, 10.1146/annurev.ps.45.020194.002133 · DOI · Paper page
  14. Bryden, 1994, Evaluating the empirical support for the Geschwind-Behan-Galaburda model of cerebral lateralization, Brain Cogn., 26, 103, 10.1006/brcg.1994.1045 · DOI · Paper page
  15. Burke, 1994, Systematic variations in callosal morphology: the effects of age, gender, hand preference, and anatomic asymmetry, Neuropsychology, 8, 563, 10.1037/0894-4105.8.4.563 · doi:10.1037/0894-4105.8.4.563
  16. Bushman, 1996, A procedure for combining sample standardized mean differences and vote counts to estimate the population standardized mean difference in fixed effect models, Psychol. Meths, 1, 66, 10.1037/1082-989X.1.1.66 · DOI
  17. Buyse, 1993, Interim analyses, stopping rules and data monitoring in clinical trials in Europe, Stat. Med., 12, 509, 10.1002/sim.4780120517 · DOI
  18. Byne, 1995, Science and belief: psychobiological research on sexual orientation, J. Homosex., 28, 303, 10.1300/J082v28n03_08 · DOI
  19. Byne, 1988, Variations in human corpus callosum do not predict gender: A study using magnetic resonance imaging, Behav. Neurosci., 102, 222, 10.1037/0735-7044.102.2.222 · DOI
  20. Cameron, 1994, Reinforcement, reward, and intrinsic motivation: a meta- analysis, Rev. Educ. Res., 64, 363, 10.3102/00346543064003363 · DOI · Paper page
  21. Cassells, 1990, Path analysis of sex difference, forebrain commissure area and brain size in relation to degree of laterality in selectively bred mice, Brain Res., 529, 50, 10.1016/0006-8993(90)90810-X · DOI
  22. Clarke, 1989, Forms and measures of adult and developing human corpus callosum: Is there sexual dimorphism?, J. Comp. Neurol., 280, 213, 10.1002/cne.902800205 · DOI · Paper page
  23. Clarke, 1994, Anatomical-behavioural relationships: corpus callosum morphometry and hemispheric specialization, Behav. Brain Res., 64, 185, 10.1016/0166-4328(94)90131-7 · DOI · Paper page
  24. Cohen, 1992, A power primer, Psychol. Bull., 112, 155, 10.1037/0033-2909.112.1.155 · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.112.1.155 · Paper page
  25. Cowell, 1994, Human corpus callosum: a stable mathematical model of regional neuroanatomy, Brain Cogn., 25, 52, 10.1006/brcg.1994.1022 · DOI
  26. Cowell, 1992, A developmental study of sex and age interactions in the human corpus callosum, Dev. Brain Res., 66, 187, 10.1016/0165-3806(92)90079-C · DOI
  27. Cowell, 1993, Multiple dimensions of handedness and the human corpus callosum, Neurology, 43, 2353, 10.1212/WNL.43.11.2353 · DOI
  28. de Lacoste, 1990, Measures of gender differences in the human brain and their relationship to brain weight, Biol. Psychiatry, 28, 931, 10.1016/0006-3223(90)90059-B · DOI
  29. de Lacoste, 1986, Sex differences in the fetal human corpus callosum, Human Neurobiol., 5, 93
  30. de Lacoste, 1985, Topography of the human corpus callosum, J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol., 44, 578, 10.1097/00005072-198511000-00004 · DOI · Paper page
  31. de Lacoste-Utamsing, 1982, Sexual dimorphism in the human corpus callosum, Science, 216, 1431, 10.1126/science.7089533 · DOI · Paper page
  32. de Lacoste-Utamsing, 1981, Anatomical and quantitative aspects of the human corpus callosum, Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 7, 382
  33. Demeter, 1985, Sexual dimorphism in the human corpus callosum?, Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 11, 868
  34. Demeter, 1988, Morphometric analysis of the human corpus callosum and anterior commissure, Human Neurobiol., 6, 219
  35. Denenberg, 1991, A factor analysis of the human's corpus callosum, Brain Res., 548, 126, 10.1016/0006-8993(91)91113-F · DOI
  36. Desimone, 1992, The physiology of memory: recordings of things past, Science, 258, 245, 10.1126/science.1411523 · DOI
  37. Dinkel, 1965, Ratios and percents as measures of carcass traits, J. Anim. Sci., 24, 425, 10.2527/jas1965.242425x · DOI
  38. Doraiswamy, 1991, Aging of the human corpus callosum: magnetic resonance imaging in normal volunteers, J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosci., 3, 392, 10.1176/jnp.3.4.392 · DOI
  39. Driesen, 1995, Sex-, age-, and handedness-related differences in human corpus callosum observed in vivo, Psychobiology, 23, 240, 10.3758/BF03332028 · DOI · Paper page
  40. Elster, 1990, Sexual dimorphism of the human corpus callosum studied by magnetic resonance imaging: fact, fallacy, and statistical confidence, Brain Dev., 12, 321, 10.1016/S0387-7604(12)80314-7 · DOI
  41. Emory, 1991, Anatomic variation of the corpus callosum in persons with gender dysphoria, Arch. Sex. Behav., 20, 409, 10.1007/BF01542620 · DOI
  42. Feingold, 1988, Cognitive gender differences are disappearing, Am. Psychol., 42, 95, 10.1037/0003-066X.43.2.95 · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.43.2.95 · Paper page
  43. Ferrario, 1994, Shape of the human corpus callosum: elliptic fourier analysis on midsagittal magnetic resonance scans, Invest. Radiol., 29, 677, 10.1097/00004424-199407000-00003 · doi:10.1097/00004424-199407000-00003
  44. Fischer, 1988, Selective fetal malnutrition: the fetal alcohol syndrome, J. Am. Coll. Nutr., 7, 101, 10.1080/07315724.1988.10720225 · DOI
  45. Going, 1990, Morphometry of the adult human corpus callosum: lack of sexual dimorphism, J. Anat., 171, 163
  46. Goldberger, 1978, The nonresolution of IQ inheritance by path analysis, Am. J. Human Genet., 30, 442
  47. Gorman, C., Sizing up the sexes. Time, 20 January, 36–43 1992. · doi:10.1016/0034-3617(92)90094-s
  48. Gur, 1995, Sex differences in regional cerebral glucose metabolism during a resting state, Science, 267, 528, 10.1126/science.7824953 · DOI · Paper page
  49. Habib, 1991, Effects of handedness and sex on the morphology of the corpus callosum: A study with brain magnetic resonance imaging, Brain Cogn., 16, 41, 10.1016/0278-2626(91)90084-L · DOI · Paper page
  50. Hauser, 1989, Corpus callosum dimensions measured by magnetic resonance imaging in bipolar effective disorder and schizophrenia, Biol. Psychiatry, 26, 659, 10.1016/0006-3223(89)90100-5 · DOI
  51. Hayakawa, 1989, Development and aging of brain midline structures: assessment with MR imaging, Radiology, 172, 171, 10.1148/radiology.172.1.2740500 · DOI · Paper page
  52. Hedges, 1995, Sex differences in mental test scores, variability, and numbers of high-scoring individuals, Science, 269, 41, 10.1126/science.7604277 · DOI · Paper page
  53. Hedges, L.V.; Olkin, I. Statistical methods for meta-analysis. Orlando; Academic Press; 1985.
  54. Hines, 1992, Cognition and the corpus callosum: verbal fluency, visuospatial ability, and language lateralization related to midsagittal surface areas of callosal subregions, Behav. Neurosci., 106, 3, 10.1037/0735-7044.106.1.3 · doi:10.1037/0735-7044.106.1.3 · Paper page
  55. Ho, 1980, Analysis of brain weight, Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med., 104, 635
  56. Ho, 1980, Analysis of brain weight, Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med., 104, 640
  57. Hoff, 1994, Gender differences in corpus callosum size in first-episode schizophrenics, Biol. Psychiatry, 35, 913, 10.1016/0006-3223(94)91237-8 · DOI
  58. Hofman, 1989, The sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area in the human brain: a comparative morphometric study, J. Anat., 164, 55
  59. Holloway, R.L. Sexual dimorphism in the human corpus callosum: its evolutionary and clinical implications. In: Sperber, G., ed. From apes to angels: essays in anthropology in honour of Phillip V. Tobias. New York: Wiley-Liss; 1990:221–228.
  60. Holloway, 1993, Sexual dimorphism of the human corpus callosum from three independent samples: relative size of the corpus callosum, Am. J. Phys. Anthropol., 92, 481, 10.1002/ajpa.1330920407 · DOI
  61. Holloway, 1986, Sexual dimorphism in the human corpus callosum: An extension and replication study, Human Neurobiol., 5, 87
  62. Hyde, 1981, How large are cognitive gender differences? A meta-analysis using ω2 and d, Am. Psychol., 36, 892, 10.1037/0003-066X.36.8.892 · DOI · Paper page
  63. Hyde, 1990, Gender differences in mathematics performance: a meta-analysis, Psychol. Bull., 107, 139, 10.1037/0033-2909.107.2.139 · DOI · Paper page
  64. Innocenti, 1994, Some new trends in the study of the corpus callosum, Behav. Brain Res., 64, 1, 10.1016/0166-4328(94)90113-9 · DOI
  65. Johnson, 1994, Corpus callosum surface area across the human adult life span: effect of age and gender, Brain Res. Bull., 35, 373, 10.1016/0361-9230(94)90116-3 · doi:10.1016/0361-9230(94)90116-3
  66. Juraska, 1988, Sex and environmental influences on the size and ultrastructure of the rat corpus callosum, Brain Res., 450, 1, 10.1016/0006-8993(88)91538-7 · DOI · Paper page
  67. Kandel, E.R.; Schwartz, J.H.; Jessell, T.M. Principles of neural science (3rd edn). New York: Elsevier; 1991.
  68. Kelly, D.D. Sexual differentiation of the nervous system. In: Kandel, E.R.; Schwartz, J.H., eds. Principles of neural science (2nd edn). New York: Elsevier; 1985:771–783.
  69. Kertesz, 1987, Cerebral dominance, sex, and callosal size in MRI, Neurology, 37, 1385, 10.1212/WNL.37.8.1385 · DOI · Paper page
  70. Kim, 1996, A re-examination of sex differences in axon density and number in the splenium of the rat corpus callosum, Brain Res., 740, 47, 10.1016/S0006-8993(96)00637-3 · DOI
  71. Kimura, 1992, Sex differences in the brain, Sci. Am., 267, 119, 10.1038/scientificamerican0992-118 · DOI · Paper page
  72. Kopcik, 1992, Do callosal projection neurons reflect sex differences in axons number?, Brain Res. Bull., 29, 493, 10.1016/0361-9230(92)90087-E · DOI
  73. Lai, 1980, Effects of undernutrition on myelination in rat corpus callosum, J. Comp. Neurol., 193, 973, 10.1002/cne.901930410 · DOI
  74. Laissey, 1993, Midsagittal MR measurements of the corpus callosum in healthy subjects and diseased patients: a prospective survey, Am. J. Neuroradiol., 14, 145
  75. Lassonde, M.; Jeeves, M.A., eds. Callosal agenesis: a natural split brain? New York: Plenum Press; 1994. · DOI
  76. Lomber, 1994, The spatial relationship between the cerebral cortex and fiber trajectory through the corpus callosum of the cat, Behav. Brain Res., 64, 25, 10.1016/0166-4328(94)90116-3 · DOI
  77. Mack, 1993, Ovarian estrogen acts to feminize the female rat's corpus callosum, Dev. Brain Res., 71, 115, 10.1016/0165-3806(93)90112-N · DOI
  78. Mall, 1909, On several anatomical characters of the human brain, said to vary according to race and sex, with special reference to the weight of the frontal lobe, Am. J. Anat., 9, 1, 10.1002/aja.1000090102 · DOI
  79. Morgane, 1993, Prenatal malnutrition and development of the brain, Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 17, 91, 10.1016/S0149-7634(05)80234-9 · DOI · Paper page
  80. Morrison, D.F. Multivariate statistical methods (3rd edn). New York: McGraw-Hill; 1990.
  81. Nasrallah, 1986, A controlled magnetic resonance imaging study of corpus callosum thickness in schizophrenia, Biol. Psychiatry, 21, 274, 10.1016/0006-3223(86)90048-X · DOI · Paper page
  82. Nasrallah, 1985, Absence of sexual dimorphism of the corpus callosum in schizophrenia: a magnetic resonance imaging study, Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 11, 1308
  83. Okamoto, 1990, The MR findings of the corpus callosum in normal young volunteers, Nippon Igaku Hoshasen Gakkai Zasshi, 50, 954
  84. O'Kusky, 1988, The corpus callosum is larger with right-hemisphere cerebral speech dominance, Ann. Neurol., 24, 379, 10.1002/ana.410240305 · DOI
  85. Oppenheim, 1987, No sex-related differences in human corpus callosum based on magnetic resonance imagery, Ann. Neurol., 21, 604, 10.1002/ana.410210615 · DOI · Paper page
  86. Packard, 1988, The misuse of ratios, indices, and percentages in ecophysiological research, Physiol. Zool., 61, 1, 10.1086/physzool.61.1.30163730 · DOI · Paper page
  87. Pandya, D.N.; Seltzer, B. The topography of commissural fibers. In: Leporé, F.; Ptito, M.; Jasper, H.H., eds. Two hemispheres—one brain. Functions of the corpus callosum. New York: Liss; 1986:47–73.
  88. Peters, 1988, The size of the corpus callosum in males and females: Implications of a lack of allometry, Can. J. Psychol., 42, 313, 10.1037/h0084195 · DOI
  89. Peters, 1991, Sex differences in human brain size and the general meaning of differences in brain size, Can. J. Psychol., 45, 507, 10.1037/h0084307 · DOI
  90. Pozzilli, 1994, No differences in corpus callosum size by sex and aging: a quantitative study using magnetic resonance imaging, J. Neuroimaging, 4, 218, 10.1111/jon199444218 · doi:10.1111/jon199444218
  91. Prokop, 1989, Geschlechtsdimorphismus des corpus callosum?, Beitr. Gerichtl. Med., 48, 263
  92. Pujol, 1993, When does human brain development end? Evidence of corpus callosum growth up to adulthood, Ann. Neurol., 34, 71, 10.1002/ana.410340113 · DOI · Paper page
  93. Raine, 1990, Structural and functional characteristics of the corpus callosum in schizophrenics, psychiatric controls, and normal controls, Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 47, 1060, 10.1001/archpsyc.1990.01810230076012 · DOI
  94. Rauch, 1994, Analysis of cross-sectional area measurements of the corpus callosum adjusted for brain size in male and female subjects from childhood to adulthood, Behav. Brain Res., 64, 65, 10.1016/0166-4328(94)90119-8 · DOI
  95. Reinarz, 1988, MR imaging of the corpus callosum: Normal and pathologic findings and correlation with CT, Am. J. Roentgenol., 151, 791, 10.2214/ajr.151.4.791 · DOI
  96. Reist, 1985, An empirical evaluation of several univariate methods that adjust for size variation in morphometric data, Can. J. Zool., 63, 1429, 10.1139/z85-213 · DOI · Paper page
  97. Seyfried, 1980, Heterosis for brain myelin content in mice, Biochem. Genet., 18, 1229, 10.1007/BF00484350 · doi:10.1007/bf00484350
  98. Simon, 1987, Quantitative determination of MS-induced corpus callosum atrophy in vivo using MR imaging, Am. J. Neuroradiol., 8, 599
  99. Smith, 1984, Allometric scaling in comparative biology: problems of concept and method, Am. J. Physiol., 246, R152
  100. Sperry, 1982, Some effects of disconnecting the cerebral hemispheres, Science, 217, 1223, 10.1126/science.7112125 · DOI · Paper page
  101. Steinmetz, 1992, Sex but no hand difference in the isthmus of the corpus callosum, Neurology, 42, 749, 10.1212/WNL.42.4.749 · DOI
  102. Swaab, 1995, Sexual differentiation of the human hypothalamus in relation to gender and sexual orientation, Trends Neurosci., 18, 264, 10.1016/0166-2236(95)80007-O · DOI · Paper page
  103. Takeda, 1988, Age-related changes in the size of the corpus callosum—magnetic resonance imaging, Nippon Ronen Igakkai Zasshi (Jpn. J. Geriat.), 25, 292, 10.3143/geriatrics.25.292 · doi:10.3143/geriatrics.25.292
  104. Voyer, 1995, Magnitude of sex differences in spatial abilities: a meta-analysis and consideration of critical variables, Psychol. Bull., 117, 250, 10.1037/0033-2909.117.2.250 · DOI · Paper page
  105. Wahlsten, 1991, Sample size to detect a planned contrast and a one degree-of-freedom interaction effect, Psychol. Bull., 110, 587, 10.1037/0033-2909.110.3.587 · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.110.3.587
  106. Wahlsten, 1994, Sex differences in the human corpus callosum: myth or reality?, Can. Soc. Brain Behav. Cog. Sci. Abstr., 4, 61
  107. Weber, 1986, Morphometric analysis of the human corpus callosum fails to reveal sex-related differences, J. Hirnforsch., 27, 237
  108. Weis, 1988, The human corpus callosum and the controversy about a sexual dimorphism, Psychobiology, 16, 411, 10.3758/BF03327338 · DOI
  109. Weis, 1989, The controversy about a sexual dimorphism of the human corpus callosum, Int. J. Neurosci., 47, 169, 10.3109/00207458908987430 · DOI
  110. Witelson, 1983, The corpus callosum is larger in left-handers, Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 9, 917
  111. Witelson, 1985, The brain connection: the corpus callosum is larger in left-handers, Science, 229, 665, 10.1126/science.4023705 · DOI · Paper page
  112. Witelson, 1989, Hand and sex differences in the isthmus and genu of the human corpus callosum, Brain, 112, 799, 10.1093/brain/112.3.799 · DOI · Paper page
  113. Witelson, 1991, Sex differences in neuroanatomical changes with aging, N. Engl. J. Med., 325, 211, 10.1056/NEJM199107183250318 · DOI
  114. Witelson, 1992, Cognitive neuroanatomy: A new era, Neurology, 42, 709, 10.1212/WNL.42.4.709 · DOI
  115. Woodruff, 1995, Meta-analysis of corpus callosum size in schizophrenia, J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psych., 58, 457, 10.1136/jnnp.58.4.457 · DOI · Paper page
  116. Woodruff, 1993, A computerized magnetic resonance imaging study of corpus callosum morphology in schizophrenia, Psychol. Med., 23, 45, 10.1017/S0033291700038836 · DOI
  117. Wu, 1993, Magnetic resonance and positron emission tomography imaging of the corpus callosum: size, shape and metabolic rate in unipolar depression, J. Affect. Dis., 28, 15, 10.1016/0165-0327(93)90073-S · DOI
  118. Yoshii, 1986, Measurements of the corpus callosum (CC) on magnetic resonance (MR) scans: effects of age, sex, handedness, and disease, Neurology, 36, 133

Cited by

See all 366

Metadata

Authors
BISHOP, K. M., & WAHLSTEN, D.
Venue
Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
1997
Volume
21
Issue
5
Pages
581-601
ISSN
0149-7634 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/s0149-7634(96)00049-8
OpenAlex
W2024866334
Cited by
366
References
6
FWCI
13.17
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
green
Licence
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

How to cite

Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.

This page
CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Sex Differences in the Human Corpus Callosum: Myth or Reality? https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1016/s0149-7634(96)00049-8
The paper
BISHOP, K. M., & WAHLSTEN, D. (1997). Sex Differences in the Human Corpus Callosum: Myth or Reality? Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0149-7634(96)00049-8

Data sources

Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.

Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.