Neuropathological Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease: A Perspective from Longitudinal Clinicopathological Studies
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of primary progressive dementia. It is defined by its pathological features, because the clinical syndrome of dementia lacks specificity. Although the brain in AD has many structural alterations, the two cardinal pathological features and sine qua non of AD are senile plaques and neurofibrillary degeneration. The latter takes the form of neurofibrillary tangles composed of paired helical filaments, as well as degenerating neurites within the neuropil ("neuropil threads") and within a diagnostically significant subset of SP, referred to as "neuritic plaques." All SP contain amyloid, but not all have pair helical filament-type neurites. The presence of even a small number of plaques with paired helical filament-type neurites in the neocortex is associated with cognitive impairment, and this lesion may be the most specific histopathological feature of AD. Although these observations suggest that the major difference between SP in aging and AD relate to differences in neuritic degeneration, more recent studies have also indicated that amyloid deposits are biochemically heterogenous and that amyloid deposits in aging may be different from those in AD. As more specific markers become available for recognizing AD-specific structural lesions, refined neuropathological diagnostic criteria will evolve. In the meantime, a practical neuropathological approach to the diagnosis of AD requires both widespread neocortical SP and an advanced stage of neurofibrillary degeneration. Using these criteria, it is very unlikely that AD will be diagnosed in an individual who was not demented in life. The rationale for adopting this conservative approach is that our knowledge is incomplete with respect to fundamental differences between the lesions in aging and AD.
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Subsequent studies have established that the densities of NPs correlate with antemortem cognitive impairment better than the densities of diffuse AβPs.
“Subsequent studies have established that the densities of NPs correlate with antemortem cognitive impairment better than the densities of diffuse AβPs (45, 98, 106, 154, 189, 261).”
From Correlation of Alzheimer Disease Neuropathologic Changes With Cognitive Status: A Review of the Literature (2012) · cites this paper as [45]
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- Authors
- Dickson, D. W.
- Affiliations
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine (US)
- Corresponding author
- Dickson, D.W
- ORCID
- Dickson, D.W
- Venue
- Neurobiology of Aging
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1997-07
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- S21-S26
- ISSN
- 0197-4580 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2011769584
- Cited by
- 168
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 1.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Neurobiology of Aging (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5p01ag006803-11)
- U.S. Public Health Service (NIA 03949)
- National Institute on Aging (AG-06803)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Keywords
- Alzheimer's disease, neuropathological diagnosis, amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary degeneration, paired helical filaments, neuritic plaques, amyloid deposits, neuropil threads, dementia, clinicopathological correlation, diagnostic criteria
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aging, Alzheimer Disease, Brain, Cell Count, Diagnosis, Differential, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Middle Aged, Parkinson Disease, Prospective Studies, Severity of Illness Index, Neurofibrillary Tangles, Neuropil Threads, Plaque, Amyloid
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