Cited by 1,088Stress Responses and CortisolNeuroendocrine regulation and behaviorChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 94 of the 94 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Social regulation of the cortisol levels in early human development

Gunnar, Megan R., Donzella, Bonny·2002·Psychoneuroendocrinology

DOI 10.1016/s0306-4530(01)00045-2

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Other papers in this special edition provide evidence to implicate activity of the limbic hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (L-HPA) system in the etiology of drug and alcohol abuse. Furthermore, studies in rodents and primates suggest that responsivity and regulation of this system later in life may be shaped by social experiences during early development. Cortisol is the major hormonal product of the L-HPA system in humans. Although it provides only a partial understanding of the activity of this neuroendocrine axis, its regulation may bear importantly on human growth and development. We review developmental studies of cortisol and behavior in human children, birth to approximately 5 years of age. We describe the development of social buffering of cortisol responses that produces a functional analogue of the rodent stress hyporesponsive period by the time children are about 12 months of age. We further describe the sensitivity of cortisol activity to variations in care quality among infants and toddlers, along with evidence that children with negative emotional temperaments may be most likely to exhibit elevations in cortisol under conditions of less than optimal care. Finally, the few studies of cortisol activity under conditions of neglectful and abusive care of young children are considered, noting that these often have yielded evidence of reduced rather than increased cortisol levels.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/s0306-4530(01)00045-2

Cites

94 of 94 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Peer Interactions, Relationships, and Groups
Rubin, K. H., Bukowski, W. M., & Parker, J. G. (2007) · Handbook of Child Psychology · doi:10.1002/9780470147658.chpsy0310 · Cited by 2,755
Brain corticosteroid receptor balance in health and disease
de Kloet, E. R., Vreugdenhil, E., Oitzl, M. S., & Joëls, M. (1998) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/edrv.19.3.0331 · Cited by 2,614
Brain corticosteroid receptor balance in health and disease
de Kloet, E. R. (1998) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.19.3.269 · Cited by 2,614
The potential role of hypocortisolism in the pathophysiology of stress-related bodily disorders
Heim, C., Ehlert, U., & Hellhammer, D. H. (2000) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/s0306-4530(99)00035-9 · Cited by 1,688
Maternal care during infancy regulates the development of neural systems mediating the expression of fearfulness in the rat
Caldji, C., Tannenbaum, B., Sharma, S., Francis, D., Plotsky, P. M., & Meaney, M. J. (1998) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.95.9.5335 · Cited by 1,437
The Physiology and Psychology of Behavioral Inhibition in Children
Kagan, J., Reznick, J. S., & Snidman, N. C. (1987) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1130685 · Cited by 1,368
Low cortisol and a flattening of expected daytime rhythm: Potential indices of risk in human development
GUNNAR, M. R., & VAZQUEZ, D. M. (2001) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579401003066 · Cited by 900
Self-citation
Mechanisms of stress: A dynamic overview of hormonal and behavioral homeostasis
Johnson, E. O., Kamilaris, T. C., Chrousos, G. P., & Gold, P. W. (1992) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0149-7634(05)80175-7 · Cited by 899
Developmental traumatology part I: biological stress systems∗∗See accompanying Editorial, in this issue.
De Bellis, M. D., Baum, A. S., Birmaher, B., Keshavan, M. S., Eccard, C. H., Boring, A. M., Jenkins, F. J., & Ryan, N. D. (1999) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(99)00044-x · Cited by 741
Behavioral Inhibition and Stress Reactivity: The Moderating Role of Attachment Security
Nachmias, M., Gunnar, M., Mangelsdorf, S., Parritz, R. H., & Buss, K. (1996) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1131829 · Cited by 730
Self-citation

Show all 88 references

Research works printed but not linked: 13

Ames, E.W., 1990. Spitz revised: a trip to Romanian “orphanages”. Canadian Psychological Association Developmental Psychology Section Newsletter, 9(2), 8–11.
Alwin, J., Goldsmith, S., Lane, S.K., 2000. Salivary cortisol in infants at daycare and at home. Poster presented at the International Conference on Infant Studies, Brighton, England.
Bruce, J., Kroupina, M., Parker, S., Gunnar, M.R., 2000. The relationships between cortisol patterns, growth retardation, and developmental delay in post-institutionalized children. Poster presented at the International Conference on Infant Studies, Brighton, England.
Carlson, 1995, Effects of social deprivation on cortisol regulation in institutionalized Romanian infants, Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 21, 524
Gilles, E.E., Berntson, G.G., Zipf, W.B., Gunnar, M., 2000. Neglect is associated with a blunting of behavioral and biological stress responses in human infants. Paper presented at the Conference on Infant Studies, Brighton, England.
Hessl, D., Dawson, G., Frey, K., Panagiotides, H., Self, H., Yamada, E., Osterling, J., 1998. A longitudinal study of children of depressed mothers: psychobiological findings related to stress. In: Hann, D.M., Huffman, L.C., Lederhendler, K.K., Minecke, D. (Eds.), Advancing Research on Developmental Plasticity: Integrating the Behavioral Sciences and the Neurosciences of Mental Health. National Institutes of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, p. 256.
Jacobson, 1994, Differences in cortisol levels in infants exposed prenatally to alcohol and cocaine, Infant Behav. Dev., 17, 722
Kaufman, 1999, Neurobiological correlates of child abuse, Biol. Psychiat., 45, 1235
Lane, S.K., 1999. Daily cortisol pattern, daytime naps, and temperament in infants and preschoolers. Unpublished Undergraduate Honor's Thesis, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.
Lane, S.K., Donzella, B., Boxer, J., Gunnar, M.R., July, 2000. Cortisol levels in toddlers at full-day childcare: comparisons with home cortisol and temperament. Paper presented at the International Conference on Infant Studies, Brighton, England.
Schieche, M., Spangler, G., 2000. The moderating role of maternal sensitivity and attachment security for biobehavioral organization in infants and toddlers. Paper presented at the International Conference on Infant Studies, Brighton, England.
Vazquez, D.M., Watson, S.J., Lopez, J.F., 2000. Failure to terminate stress responses in children with psychosocial dwarfism: a mechanism for growth failure. Paper presented at the International Conference on Infant Studies, Brighton, England.
Watamura, S.E., Sebanc, A.M., Gunnar, M.R., 2001. Naptime at childcare: Effects on salivary cortisol levels. Dev. Psychobio. In press.

Sorted by citations

Items 301–400 of 1,000

Understanding behavioral effects of early life stress using the reactive scope and allostatic load models
Howell, B., & Sánchez, M. M. (2011) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579411000460 · Cited by 59
Doing Introductions: The Work Involved in Meeting Someone New
Pillet‐Shore, D. (2011) · Communication Monographs · doi:10.1080/03637751.2010.542767 · Cited by 58
Cortisol reactions in five-year-olds to parent–child interaction: The moderating role of ego-resiliency
Smeekens, S., Marianne Riksen‐Walraven, J., & Van Bakel, H. J. A. (2007) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01753.x · Cited by 57
Childhood maltreatment, pituitary volume and adolescent hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis – Evidence for a maltreatment-related attenuation
Kaess, M., Whittle, S., O’Brien-Simpson, L., Allen, N. B., & Simmons, J. G. (2018) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.08.004 · Cited by 64
Violence Exposure, A Chronic Psychosocial Stressor, and Childhood Lung Function
Suglia, S. F., RYAN, L. M., Laden, F., Dockery, D. W., & Wright, R. J. (2007) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e318160687c · Cited by 58
Discussion of Extinction-Based Behavioral Sleep Interventions for Young Children and Reasons Why Parents May Find Them Difficult
Etherton, H., Blunden, S. L., & Hauck, Y. L. (2016) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · doi:10.5664/jcsm.6284 · Cited by 57
Identifying atypical cortisol patterns in young children: The benefits of group-based trajectory modeling
Ryzin, M. J. V., Chatham, M., Kryzer, E. M., Kertes, D. A., & Gunnar, M. R. (2008) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.08.014 · Cited by 56
Self-citation
TRAJECTORIES OF CHANGE IN ATTACHMENT AND BIOBEHAVIORAL CATCH‐UP AMONG HIGH‐RISK MOTHERS: A RANDOMIZED CLINICAL TRIAL
Yarger, H. A., Hoye, J. R., & Dozier, M. (2016) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/imhj.21585 · Cited by 63
Neglect, HPA axis reactivity, and development
Reilly, E. B., & Gunnar, M. R. (2019) · International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2019.07.010 · Cited by 63
Self-citation
Child anxiety symptoms related to longitudinal cortisol trajectories and acute stress responses: Evidence of developmental stress sensitization.
Laurent, H. K., Gilliam, K. S., Wright, D. B., & Fisher, P. A. (2015) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000009 · Cited by 64
Stress system development from age 4.5 to 6: Family environment predictors and adjustment implications of HPA activity stability versus change
Laurent, H. K., Neiderhiser, J. M., Natsuaki, M. N., Shaw, D. S., Fisher, P. A., Reiss, D., & Leve, L. D. (2013) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.21103 · Cited by 58
Intra‐individual stability and developmental change in hair cortisol among postpartum mothers and infants: Implications for understanding chronic stress
Liu, C. H., Snidman, N. C., Leonard, A., Meyer, J. S., & Tronick, E. (2016) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.21394 · Cited by 54
The relation of personality types to physiological, behavioural, and cognitive processes
Hart, D. A., Burock, D., London, B. E., Atkins, R., & Bonilla‐Santiago, G. (2005) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.547 · Cited by 54
Cortisol function among early school-aged homeless children
Cutuli, J. J., Wiik, K. L., Herbers, J. E., Gunnar, M. R., & Masten, A. S. (2009) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.11.008 · Cited by 58
Self-citation
Exploring patterns in cortisol synchrony among anxious and nonanxious mother and child dyads: A preliminary study
Williams, S. R., Cash, E. D., Daup, M., Geronimi, E. M. C., Sephton, S. E., & Woodruff‐Borden, J. (2013) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2013.02.015 · Cited by 56
Mechanisms and functional implications of social buffering in infants: Lessons from animal models
Sullivan, R. M., & Perry, R. E. (2015) · Social Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17470919.2015.1087425 · Cited by 52
Fostering a Healing Presence and Investigating Its Mediators
McDonough-Means, S. I., Kreitzer, M. J., & Bell, I. R. (2004) · The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine · doi:10.1089/1075553042245890 · Cited by 52
Parent‐delivered compensatory education for children at risk of educational failure: Improving the academic and self‐regulatory skills of a Sure Start preschool sample
Ford, R. M., McDougall, S. J. P., & Evans, D. (2009) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1348/000712609x406762 · Cited by 51
How early maternal deprivation changes the brain and behavior?
Čater, M., & Majdič, G. (2021) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.15238 · Cited by 51
Neonatal handling and the maternal odor preference in rat pups: Involvement of monoamines and cyclic AMP response element-binding protein pathway in the olfactory bulb
Raineki, C., de Souza, M. A., Szawka, R. E., Lutz, M. L., de Vasconcellos, L. F. T., Sanvitto, G. L., Izquierdo, I., Bevilaqua, L. R., Cammarota, M., & Lucion, A. B. (2008) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.12.012 · Cited by 51
Early-life stress interactions with the epigenome
Lewis, C. R., & Olive, M. F. (2014) · Behavioural Pharmacology · doi:10.1097/fbp.0000000000000057 · Cited by 53
Associations Between Marital Conflict and Adolescent Conflict Appraisals, Stress Physiology, and Mental Health
Lucas-Thompson, R. G., Lunkenheimer, E. S., & Dumitrache, A. (2017) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2015.1046179 · Cited by 50
Child care and cortisol across early childhood: Context matters.
Berry, D., Family Life Project Key Investigators, Blair, C., Ursache, A., Willoughby, M., Garrett-Peters, P., Vernon-Feagans, L., Bratsch-Hines, M., Mills-Koonce, W. R., & Granger, D. A. (2014) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0033379 · Cited by 50
Maternal precarity and HPA axis functioning shape infant gut microbiota and HPA axis development in humans
Jahnke, H. R., Roach, J. M., Azcárate-Peril, M. A., & Thompson, A. L. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0251782 · Cited by 56
Stress impairs cognitive flexibility in infants
Seehagen, S., Schneider, S., Rudolph, J., Ernst, S., & Zmyj, N. (2015) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1508345112 · Cited by 50
Developmental origins of infant stress reactivity profiles: A multi‐system approach
Rash, J. A., Thomas, J. C., Campbell, T. S., Letourneau, N. L., Granger, D. A., Giesbrecht, G. F., & the APrON Study Team (2016) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.21403 · Cited by 52
Maternal regulation of the infant's hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal axis stress response: Seymour ‘Gig’ Levine's legacy to neuroendocrinology
Suchecki, D. (2018) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/jne.12610 · Cited by 50
What Dyadic Reparation Is Meant to Do: An Association with Infant Cortisol Reactivity
Müller, M., Zietlow, A., Tronick, E., & Reck, C. (2015) · Psychopathology · doi:10.1159/000439225 · Cited by 50
The Effectiveness of Narrative Therapy With Young People With Autism
Cashin, A., Browne, G., Bradbury, J., & Mulder, A. (2013) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing · doi:10.1111/jcap.12020 · Cited by 49
Early environment affects neuroendocrine regulation in adulthood
Taylor, S. E., Karlamangla, A. S., Friedman, E. M., & Seeman, T. E. (2010) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsq037 · Cited by 49
Poverty, early care, and stress reactivity in adolescence: Findings from a prospective, longitudinal study in South Africa
Fearon, P. R. M., Tomlinson, M., Kumsta, R., Skeen, S., Murray, L., Cooper, P., & Morgan, B. E. (2017) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579417000104 · Cited by 56
The long shadow of violence: The impact of exposure to intimate partner violence in infancy and early childhood
Mueller, I., & Tronick, E. (2020) · International Journal of Applied Psychoanalytic Studies · doi:10.1002/aps.1668 · Cited by 52
Bridging skin, brain, and behavior to understand pleasurable social touch
Elias, L. J., & Abdus-Saboor, I. (2022) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.conb.2022.102527 · Cited by 51
Neuroendocrine and behavioral response to social rupture and repair in preschoolers with autism spectrum disorders interacting with mother and father
Ostfeld‐Etzion, S., Golan, O., Hirschler‐Guttenberg, Y., Zagoory‐Sharon, O., & Feldman, R. (2015) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/s13229-015-0007-2 · Cited by 50
Prenatal maternal emotional complaints are associated with cortisol responses in toddler and preschool aged girls
de Bruijn, A. T. C. E., van Bakel, H. J. A., Wijnen, H. A. A., Pop, V. J. M., & van Baar, A. L. (2009) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.20393 · Cited by 50
Glucocorticoid Exposure in Preterm Babies Predicts Saliva Cortisol Response to Immunization at 4 Months
Glover, V. A. S., Miles, R., Matta, S., Modi, N., & Stevenson, J. (2005) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1203/01.pdr.0000185132.38209.73 · Cited by 48
The treatment of psychological trauma from the perspective of attachment research
de Zulueta, F. (2006) · Journal of Family Therapy · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6427.2006.00356.x · Cited by 52
The cortisol awakening response in infants: Ontogeny and associations with development-related variables
Tobias Stalder, A., Bäumler, D., Miller, R. E., Alexander, N., Kliegel, M., & Kirschbaum, C. (2012) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.07.015 · Cited by 48
Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms Related to Community Violence and Children’s Diurnal Cortisol Response in an Urban Community-Dwelling Sample
Suglia, S. F., STAUDENMAYER, J. W., Cohen, S., & Wright, R. J. (2009) · International Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12529-009-9044-6 · Cited by 48
The influence of emotion regulation, level of shyness, and habituation on the neuroendocrine response of three-year-old children
Zimmermann, L. K., & Stansbury, K. E. (2003) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2003.09.003 · Cited by 52
Adverse caregiving in infancy blunts neural processing of the mother
Opendak, M. M., Theisen, E. K., Blomkvist, A., Hollis, K., Lind, T., Sarro, E. C., Lundström, J. N., Tottenham, N., Dozier, M., Wilson, D. A., et al. (2020) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-020-14801-3 · Cited by 49
Maternal buffering beyond glucocorticoids: impact of early life stress on corticolimbic circuits that control infant responses to novelty
Howell, B., McMurray, M. S., Guzman, D., Nair, G., Shi, Y., McCormack, K. M., Hu, X. P., Styner, M. A., & Sánchez, M. M. (2016) · Social Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17470919.2016.1200481 · Cited by 48
Allergic disease in the first year of life is associated with differences in subsequent neurodevelopment and behaviour
Meldrum, S. J., D’Vaz, N., Dunstan, J. A., Mori, T. A., Hird, K., Simmer, K. N., & Prescott, S. L. (2012) · Early Human Development · doi:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2011.12.032 · Cited by 46
The Discipline of Neurobehavioral Development: The Emerging Interface of Processes That Build Circuits and Skills
Hammock, E. A. D., & Levitt, P. R. (2006) · Human Development · doi:10.1159/000095581 · Cited by 46
Stress-Related Programming of Autonomic Imbalance: Role in Allergy and Asthma
Wright, R. J. (2012) · Chemical immunology/Fortschritte der Allergielehre/Progress in allergy/Chemical immunology and allergy · doi:10.1159/000336496 · Cited by 45
The Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS) and Newborn Behavioral Observations (NBO) system for supporting caregivers and improving outcomes in caregivers and their infants
Barlow, J., Herath, N. I., Torrance, C., Bennett, C., & Wei, Y. (2018) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd011754.pub2 · Cited by 48
Long-term influence of intimate partner violence and parenting practices on offspring trauma symptoms.
Ehrensaft, M. K., Knous-Westfall, H. M., & Cohen, P. R. (2016) · Psychology of Violence · doi:10.1037/a0040168 · Cited by 45
Poverty, Parent Stress, and Emerging Executive Functions in Young Children
Finegood, E. D., & Blair, C. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-55376-4_8 · Cited by 58
Prenatal bisphenol a exposure and dysregulation of infant hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function: findings from the APrON cohort study
the APrON Study Team, Giesbrecht, G. F., Ejaredar, M., Liu, J., Thomas, J. C., Letourneau, N. L., Campbell, T. S., Martin, J. W., & Dewey, D. (2017) · Environmental Health · doi:10.1186/s12940-017-0259-8 · Cited by 48
Control of the Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis in the Neonatal Period: Adrenocorticotropin and Corticosterone Stress Responses Dissociate in Vasopressin-Deficient Brattleboro Rats
Zelena, D., Domokos, Á., Barna, I., Mergl, Z., Haller, J., & Makara, G. B. (2008) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2007-1537 · Cited by 45
Cortisol patterns of depressed mothers and their infants are related to maternal–infant interactive behaviours
Letourneau, N. L., Watson, B., Duffett‐Leger, L., Hegadoren, K., & Tryphonopoulos, P. D. (2011) · Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology · doi:10.1080/02646838.2011.649474 · Cited by 49
Parental sensitivity mediates the sustained effect of Attachment and Biobehavioral Catch-up on cortisol in middle childhood: A randomized clinical trial
Garnett, M. L., Bernard, K., Hoye, J. R., Zajac, L. A., & Dozier, M. (2020) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2020.104809 · Cited by 54
Glucocorticoid receptor gene (NR3C1) methylation during the first thousand days: Environmental exposures and developmental outcomes
Berretta, E., Guida, E., Forni, D., & Provenzi, L. (2021) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.03.003 · Cited by 47
Early life stress alters pituitary growth during adolescence—A longitudinal study
Ganella, D. E., Allen, N. B., Simmons, J. G., Schwartz, O., Kim, J. H., Sheeber, L., & Whittle, S. (2015) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.01.005 · Cited by 47
Exploring longitudinal associations between neighborhood disadvantage and cortisol levels in early childhood
Finegood, E. D., Rarick, J. R. D., Blair, C., & The Family Life Project Investigators (2017) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579417001304 · Cited by 45
Neurobiology of Infant Fear and Anxiety: Impacts of Delayed Amygdala Development and Attachment Figure Quality
Sullivan, R. M., & Opendak, M. M. (2020) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.08.020 · Cited by 48
Cortisol Levels and Hippocampus Volumes in Healthy Preadolescent Children
Wiedenmayer, C. P., Bansal, R., Anderson, G. M., Hongtu Zhu, B., Amat, J., Whiteman, R. C., & Peterson, B. S. (2006) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.02.011 · Cited by 46
The stress-vulnerability hypothesis in psychotic disorders: Focus on the stress response systems
Wied, C. C. G., & Jansen, L. M. C. (2002) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-002-0022-9 · Cited by 43
A Life History Approach to Understanding Youth Time Preference
Schechter, D. E., & Francis, C. M. (2010) · Human Nature · doi:10.1007/s12110-010-9084-2 · Cited by 42
Sex-dependent impact of different degrees of maternal separation experience on OFT behavioral performances after adult chronic unpredictable mild stress exposure in rats
Wei, Y., Wang, G., Wang, H., He, J., Zhang, N., Wu, Z., Xiao, L., & Yang, C. (2018) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.04.034 · Cited by 43
The cortisol awakening response in toddlers and young children
Bäumler, D., Kirschbaum, C., Kliegel, M., Alexander, N., & Tobias Stalder, A. (2013) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.05.008 · Cited by 42
Diurnal cortisol secretion at home and in child care: a prospective study of 2‐year‐old toddlers
Ouellet‐Morin, I., Tremblay, R. E., Boivin, M., Meaney, M. J., Kramer, M. S., & Côté, S. M. (2009) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2009.02167.x · Cited by 42
A science-based framework for early childhood policy
Yoshikawa, H., Shonkoff, J. P., Duncan, G. J., Magnuson, K., Phillips, D., & Raikes, H. (2007) · Cited by 42
Disrupting links between poverty, chronic stress, and educational inequality
Harms, M. B., & Garrett-Ruffin, S. (2023) · npj Science of Learning · doi:10.1038/s41539-023-00199-2 · Cited by 46
Trauma exposure and mental health outcomes among Central American and Mexican children held in immigration detention at the United States–Mexico border
Sidamon‐Eristoff, A. E., Cohodes, E. M., Gee, D. G., & Peña, C. J. (2021) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.22227 · Cited by 47
A mediational analysis of adverse experiences in childhood and quality of life in adulthood
Vederhus, J., Haugland, S. H., & Timko, C. (2022) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.1904 · Cited by 41
Emotion-focused coping in young children: Self and self-regulatory processes
Kopp, C. B. (2009) · New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development · doi:10.1002/cd.241 · Cited by 43
Maternal sensitivity and adrenocortical functioning across infancy and toddlerhood: Physiological adaptation to context?
Berry, D. J., Blair, C., Willoughby, M. T., Granger, D. A., Mills-Koonce, R., & the Family Life Project Key Investigators (2016) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579416000158 · Cited by 41
The development of the cortisol response to dyadic stressors in Black and White infants
Dismukes, A. R., Shirtcliff, E. A., Jones, C. W., Zeanah, C. H., Theall, K. P., & Drury, S. S. (2018) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579418001232 · Cited by 41
Emotional Deprivation in Children: Growth Faltering and Reversible Hypopituitarism
Rogol, A. D. (2020) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2020.596144 · Cited by 40
Developmental Perspectives on Links Between Attachment and Affect Regulation Over the Lifespan
Diamond, L. M., & Fagundes, C. P. (2008) · Advances in child development and behavior · doi:10.1016/s0065-2407(08)00003-7 · Cited by 42
Prenatal Cocaine Exposure and Infant Cortisol Reactivity
Eiden, R. D., Veira, Y., & Granger, D. A. (2009) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01277.x · Cited by 40
Family Relations, Stress, and Vulnerability: Biobehavioral Implications for Prevention and Practice
Ha, T., & Granger, D. A. (2016) · Family Relations · doi:10.1111/fare.12173 · Cited by 44
The Presence of a Controlling Parent Is Related to an Increase in the Error-Related Negativity in 5–7 Year-Old Children
Meyer, A., Carlton, C. N., Chong, L. J., & Wissemann, K. (2019) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-018-0503-x · Cited by 42
Sociodemographic risk, parenting, and effortful control: Relations to salivary alpha‐amylase and cortisol in early childhood
Taylor, Z., Spinrad, T. L., VanSchyndel, S. K., Eisenberg, N., Huynh, J., Sulik, M. J., & Granger, D. A. (2012) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.21079 · Cited by 44
Efeitos da depressão materna no desenvolvimento neurobiológico e psicológico da criança
da Motta, M. D. G. C., Lucion, A. B., & Manfro, G. G. (2005) · Revista de Psiquiatria do Rio Grande do Sul · doi:10.1590/s0101-81082005000200007 · Cited by 39
The impact of culture on physiological processes of emotion regulation: a comparison of US and Chinese preschoolers
Grabell, A. S., Olson, S. L., Miller, A. L., Kessler, D. A., Felt, B. T., Kaciroti, N., Wang, L., & Tardif, T. Z. (2014) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.12227 · Cited by 47
Biological embedding of perinatal social relationships in infant stress reactivity
Thomas, J. C., Letourneau, N., Bryce, C. I., Campbell, T. S., Giesbrecht, G. F., & The APrON Study Team (2017) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.21505 · Cited by 38
HPA stability for children in foster care: Mental health implications and moderation by early intervention
Laurent, H. K., Gilliam, K. S., Bruce, J., & Fisher, P. A. (2014) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.21226 · Cited by 40
Family Relationships and Children's Stress Responses
Lucas‐Thompson, R. G., & Goldberg, W. A. (2011) · Advances in child development and behavior · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-386491-8.00007-4 · Cited by 40
Cortisol Patterns for Young Children Displaying Disruptive Behavior: Links to a Teacher-Child, Relationship-Focused Intervention
Hatfield, B. E., & Williford, A. P. (2016) · Prevention Science · doi:10.1007/s11121-016-0693-9 · Cited by 46
Approaches to Salivary Cortisol Collection and Analysis in Infants
Tryphonopoulos, P. D., Letourneau, N. L., & Azar, R. (2013) · Biological Research For Nursing · doi:10.1177/1099800413507128 · Cited by 38
A prospective high-risk study of the association among maternal negativity, apparent frontal lobe dysfunction, and the development of bipolar disorder
MEYER, S. E., Carlson, G. A., Wiggs, E. A., Ronsaville, D. S., Martinez, P. E., Klimes‐Dougan, B., Gold, P. W., & Radke‐Yarrow, M. (2006) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579406060299 · Cited by 42
Gestational cortisol and social play shape development of marmosets' HPA functioning and behavioral responses to stressors
Mustoe, A. C., Taylor, J. H., Birnie, A. K., Huffman, M. C., & French, J. A. (2014) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.21203 · Cited by 38
The effects of interpersonal emotional expression, partner responsiveness, and emotional approach coping on stress responses.
Kane, H. S., Wiley, J. F., Schetter, C. D., & Robles, T. F. (2018) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000487 · Cited by 37
War trauma and infant motor, cognitive, and socioemotional development: Maternal mental health and dyadic interaction as explanatory processes
Qouta, S., Vänskä, M., Diab, S. Y., & Punamäki, R. (2021) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2021.101532 · Cited by 37
Internalizing symptoms and family functioning predict adolescent depressive symptoms during COVID-19: A longitudinal study in a community sample
Vacaru, S. V., Beijers, R., & de Weerth, C. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0264962 · Cited by 40
Interparental aggression and infant patterns of adrenocortical and behavioral stress responses
Towe‐Goodman, N. R., Stifter, C. A., Mills-Koonce, R., Granger, D. A., & The Family Life Project Key Investigators (2011) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.20618 · Cited by 37
Developmental and geographic variation in stress hormones in wild Belding's ground squirrels (Spermophilus beldingi)
Mateo, J. M. (2006) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2006.05.008 · Cited by 37
Family environment is associated with HPA-axis activity in adolescents. The TRAILS study
Marsman, R., Nederhof, E., Rosmalen, J. G. M., Oldehinkel, A. J., Ormel, J., & Buitelaar, J. K. (2011) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2011.12.013 · Cited by 41
Return to school accompanied by changing associations between family ecology and cortisol
DeCaro, J. A., & Worthman, C. M. (2008) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.20255 · Cited by 37
Factors affecting attachment in international adoptees at 6 months post adoption
Niemann, S., & Weiss, S. (2011) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2011.10.001 · Cited by 36
Solitary sleeping in young infants is associated with heightened cortisol reactivity to a bathing session but not to a vaccination
Tollenaar, M. S., Beijers, R., Jansen, J., Riksen‐Walraven, J. M., & de Weerth, C. (2011) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.03.017 · Cited by 36
Development and Validation of the Parental Assistance with Child Emotion Regulation (PACER) Questionnaire
Cohodes, E. M., Preece, D. A., McCauley, S., Rogers, M. K., Gross, J. J., & Gee, D. G. (2021) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-020-00759-9 · Cited by 36
Protective Factors for Health Among Low-Socioeconomic-Status Individuals
Chen, E. (2012) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0963721412438710 · Cited by 39
Does adverse family environment or sex matter in the salivary cortisol responses to anticipatory stress?
Hardie, T., Moss, H. B., Vanyukov, M. M., Yao, J. K., & Kirillovac, G. P. (2002) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/s0165-1781(02)00182-8 · Cited by 36
Intervention Effects on Morning and Stimulated Cortisol Responses among Toddlers in Foster Care
Nelson, E. M. M., & Spieker, S. J. (2013) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/imhj.21382 · Cited by 37
Comparison of Stress-Induced Changes in Adults and Pups: Is Aldosterone the Main Adrenocortical Stress Hormone during the Perinatal Period in Rats?
Varga, J. M., Ferenczi, S., Kovács, K., Garafová, A., Ježová, D., & Zelena, D. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0072313 · Cited by 35
Positive Social Interactions in a Lifespan Perspective with a Focus on Opioidergic and Oxytocinergic Systems: Implications for Neuroprotection
Colonnello, V., Petrocchi, N., Farinelli, M., & Ottaviani, C. (2016) · Current Neuropharmacology · doi:10.2174/1570159x14666160816120209 · Cited by 36
The contribution of childhood adversity to cortisol measures of early life stress amongst infants in rural India: Findings from the early life stress sub-study of the SPRING cluster randomised controlled trial (SPRING-ELS)
Bhopal, S., Verma, D., Roy, R., Soremekun, S., Kumar, D., Bristow, M., Bhanushali, A. A., Divan, G., & Kirkwood, B. R. (2019) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.05.012 · Cited by 35

Authors: Gunnar, M. R., & Donzella, B.
Affiliations: University of Minnesota (US)
Corresponding author: Gunnar, Megan R.
ORCID: Gunnar, Megan R.
Donzella, Bonny
Venue: Psychoneuroendocrinology
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2002-01
Volume: 27
Issue: 1-2
Pages: 199-220
ISSN: 0306-4530 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4530(01)00045-2
OpenAlex: W2158279716
Cited by: 1,088
References: 88
Citations by year: 2026: 21 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 39 · 2023: 41 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 73 · 2020: 53 · 2019: 48 · 2018: 52 · 2017: 54 · 2016: 64 · 2015: 66 · 2014: 62 · 2013: 73 · 2012: 54
FWCI: 7.84
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Psychoneuroendocrinology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Keywords: cortisol, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, social buffering, early childhood development, emotional temperament, stress hyporesponsive period, child neglect, child abuse, neuroendocrine regulation
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Child, Child Development, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Infant, Male, Social Environment

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Social regulation of the cortisol levels in early human development

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks