The DOI matches its Crossref record, with a small difference in title or year; 93 of the 97 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 1 of the 49 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults
Open accessAbstract
Background The relationship of health risk behavior and disease in adulthood to the breadth of exposure to childhood emotional, physical, or sexual abuse, and household dysfunction during childhood has not previously been described. Methods A questionnaire about adverse childhood experiences was mailed to 13,494 adults who had completed a standardized medical evaluation at a large HMO; 9,508 (70.5%) responded. Seven categories of adverse childhood experiences were studied: psychological, physical, or sexual abuse; violence against mother; or living with household members who were substance abusers, mentally ill or suicidal, or ever imprisoned. The number of categories of these adverse childhood experiences was then compared to measures of adult risk behavior, health status, and disease. Logistic regression was used to adjust for effects of demographic factors on the association between the cumulative number of categories of childhood exposures (range: 0-7) and risk factors for the leading causes of death in adult life. Results More than half of respondents reported at least one, and one-fourth reported > or = 2 categories of childhood exposures. We found a graded relationship between the number of categories of childhood exposure and each of the adult health risk behaviors and diseases that were studied (P or = 50 sexual intercourse partners, and sexually transmitted disease; and 1.4- to 1.6-fold increase in physical inactivity and severe obesity. The number of categories of…
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Claims the paper makes
49 Own result · 12 No full text of the sources · 12 Own interpretation · 10 Own method · 5 Not checked yet · 1 Partly supported · 1 Sources not found · 1 No basis given · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Longitudinal follow-up of adults whose childhood abuse was well documented has shown that their retrospective reports of childhood abuse are likely to under-estimate actual occurrence.47,48”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Discussion
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [47] Femina, 1990, Child abuse, Child Abuse Negl sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results report that eight adults with well-documented abuse in their adolescent records denied it at follow-up, and the Discussion says retrospective inaccuracies in this sample were in the direction of under-reporting. The paper limits that finding to a small sample of former delinquents and says its generalizability is uncertain; the claim does not retain that population qualifier. (LLM, conf=0.82)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [48] Williams, 1995, Recovered memories of abuse in women with documented child sexual victimization histories, J Traumatic Stress source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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- Partly supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“More than half of respondents reported at least one, and one-fourth reported Ն2 categories of childhood exposures.”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“There was no statistically significant dose-response relationship for a history of stroke or diabetes.”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Significance of Dose-Response Relationships
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we found a strong, dose-response relationship between the number of childhood exposures and each of the 10 risk factors for the leading causes of death that we studied (P Ͻ .001).”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Significance of Dose-Response Relationships
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The seven categories of adverse childhood experiences were strongly interrelated and persons with multiple categories of childhood exposure were likely to have multiple health risk factors later in life.”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Abstract
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“More than half of respondents reported at least one, and one-fourth reported Ն2 categories of childhood exposures.”
- Also stated in: § Adverse Childhood Exposures · plain
“More than half of respondents (52%) experienced Ն1 category of adverse childhood exposure; 6.2% reported Ն4 exposures.”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Adverse Childhood Exposures · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and a 1.4-to 1.6-fold increase in physical inactivity and severe obesity.”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The seven categories of adverse childhood experiences were strongly interrelated and persons with multiple categories of childhood exposure were likely to have multiple health risk factors later in life.”
- Also stated in: § Relationships between Categories of Childhood Exposure · plain
“The relationship between single categories of exposure was significant for all comparisons (P Ͻ .001;chi-square).”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Abstract
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Relationships between Categories of Childhood Exposure · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The number of categories of adverse childhood exposures showed a graded relationship to the presence of adult diseases including ischemic heart disease, cancer, chronic lung disease, skeletal fractures, and liver disease.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“Disease conditions including ischemic heart disease, cancer, chronic lung disease, skeletal fractures, and liver disease, as well as poor self-rated health also showed a graded relationship to the breadth of childhood exposures.”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We also found a significant (P Ͻ .05)dose-response relationship between the number of childhood exposures and the following disease conditions: ischemic heart disease, cancer, chronic bronchitis or emphysema, history of hepatitis or jaundice, skeletal fractures, and poor self-rated health.”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Significance of Dose-Response Relationships
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- It may state two separate claims as one. 16
- Probably not a substantial claim. 22
- The quote only partly states this claim. 2
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“a 2-to 4-fold increase in smoking, poor self-rated health, Ն50 sexual intercourse partners, and sexually transmitted disease;”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, among persons with no childhood exposures, 56% had none of the 10 risk factors whereas only 14% of persons with Ն4 categories of childhood exposure had no risk factors.”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Childhood Exposures and Clustering of Health Risk Factors
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The most prevalent of the 7 categories of childhood exposure was substance abuse in the household (25.6%); the least prevalent exposure category was evidence of criminal behavior in the household (3.4%).”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Adverse Childhood Exposures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By contrast, only 1% of persons with no childhood exposures had four or more risk factors, whereas 7% of persons with Ն4 childhood exposures had four or more risk factors (Table 6).”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Childhood Exposures and Clustering of Health Risk Factors
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Mental illness | | 18.8 |”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Ն65 | 2,610 | 60.0 | 24.5 | 8.9 | 4.2 | 2.4 |”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“| 19-34 | 807 | 35.4 | 25.4 | 17.2 | 11.0 | 10.9 |”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Psychological | | 11.1 |”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Mother treated violently | | 12.5 |”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| 0 | 3,861 | 56 | 29 | 10 | 4 | 1 |”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“| Ն4 | 545 | 14 | 26 | 28 | 17 | 7 |”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
- Rests on an assumption: The number of categories of adverse childhood exposure is a valid cumulative measure of adversity.
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Similarly, the odds ratios for skeletal fractures, hepatitis or jaundice, and poor self-rated health were 1.6, 2.3, and 2.2, respectively (Table 8).”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Relationship between Childhood Exposures and Disease Conditions
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Substance abuse | | 25.6 |”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The relationship between single categories of exposure was significant for all comparisons (P Ͻ .001;chi-square).For persons reporting any single category of exposure, the probability of exposure to any additional category ranged from 65%-93% (median: 80%); similarly, the probability of Ն2 additional exposures ranged from 40%-74% (median: 54.5%).”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Relationships between Categories of Childhood Exposure
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because adverse childhood experiences are common and they have strong long-term associations with adult health risk behaviors, health status, and diseases, increased attention to primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention strategies is needed.”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Discussion
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Respondent (n ϭ 9,508) and nonrespondent (n ϭ 3,986) groups were similar in their percentages of women (53.7% and 51.0%, respectively) and in their mean years of education (14.0 years and 13.6 years, respectively).”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Comparison of Respondents and Nonrespondents
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“After second mailings of the questionnaire to persons who did not respond to the first mailing, the response rate for the survey was 70.5% (9,508/13,494).”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Survey Methods
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Respondents were slightly more likely to answer affirmatively than nonrespondents (6.1% vs. 5.4%, respectively).”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Comparison of Respondents and Nonrespondents
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Without measuring these household factors as well, long-term influence might be wrongly attributed solely to single types of abuse and the cumulative influence of multiple categories of adverse childhood experiences would not be assessed.”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Abstract
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Conditions such as drug abuse, spousal violence, and criminal activity in the household may co-occur with specific forms of abuse that involve children.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“We used questions from published surveys to construct the ACE Study questionnaire.”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Questionnaire Design
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [39] Straus, 1990 source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [40] Wyatt, 1985, The sexual abuse of Afro-American and White-American women in childhood, Child Abuse Negl source
- Not checked yetcites [41] National Center for Health Statistics. Exposure to alcoholism in the family: United States, 1988. Advance Data, No. 205. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC; September 30, 1991.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Respondents were older than nonrespondents (means 56.1 years and 49.3 years) and more likely to be white (83.9% vs. 75.3%)although the actual magnitude of the differences was small.”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Comparison of Respondents and Nonrespondents
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Studies of the long-term effects of childhood abuse have usually examined single types of abuse, particularly sexual abuse, and few have assessed the impact of more than one type of abuse.5,24 -28”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [5] McCauley, 1997, Clinical characteristics of women with a history of childhood abuse, JAMA source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [24] Briere, 1988, Multivariate correlates of childhood psychological and physical maltreatment among university women, Child Abuse Negl source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [25] Briere, 1990, Differential adult symptomatology associated with three types of child abuse histories, Child Abuse Negl source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [26] Claussen, 1991, Physical and psychological maltreatment, Child Abuse Negl source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [27] Moeller, 1993, The combined effects of physical, sexual, and emotional abuse during childhood, Child Abuse Negl source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [28] Bryant, 1995, Suicidality in college women who were sexually and physically punished by parents, Violence Vict source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Respondents and nonrespondents did not differ with regard to their self-rated health, smoking, other substance abuse, or the presence of common medical conditions such as a history of heart attack or stroke, chronic obstructive lung disease, hypertension, or diabetes, or with regard to marital status or current family, marital, or job-related problems (data not shown).”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Comparison of Respondents and Nonrespondents
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“For example, the American Medical Association recommends screening of women for exposure to violence at every entrance to the health system; 66 however, such screening appears to be rare.67”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [66] 1992, American Medical Association Diagnostic and Treatment Guidelines on Domestic Violence, Arch Fam Med
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, there may be mediators of the relationship between childhood experiences and adult health status other than the risk factors we examined.”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“High levels of exposure to adverse childhood experiences would expectedly produce anxiety, anger, and depression in children.”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Although articles in the general medical literature are alerting the medical community to the fact that childhood abuse is common, 59 adolescent health care is often inadequate in terms of psychosocial assessment and anticipatory guidance.60”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [60] Rixey, 1994, Family violence and the adolescent, Maryland Med J
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“For example, nicotine is recognized as having beneficial psychoactive effects in terms of regulating affect 49 and persons who are depressed are more likely to smoke.50,51”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [49] Carmody, 1989, Affect regulation, nicotine addiction, and smoking cessation, J Psychoactive Drugs source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [50] Anda, 1990, Depression and the dynamics of smoking. A national perspective, JAMA source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [51] Glassman, 1990, Smoking, smoking cessation, and major depression, JAMA source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To the degree that behaviors such as smoking, alcohol, or drug use are found to be effective as coping devices, they would tend to be used chronically.”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Many physicians may fear that discussions of sexual violence and other sensitive issues are too personal even for the doctor-patient relationship.65”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [65] Sugg, 1992, Primary care physicians’ response to domestic violence. Opening Pandora’s box, JAMA source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“because it is strongly predictive of mortality.45”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > 3.4 Any category reported 52.1%
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [45] Idler, 1990, Self-rated health and mortality in the NHANES I Epidemiologic Follow-up Study, Am J Pub Health source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Second, some persons with health risk behaviors or diseases may have been either more, or less, likely to report adverse childhood experiences.”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Moreover, these childhood exposures include emotionally sensitive topics such as family alcoholism 29,30 and sexual abuse.64”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [29] Zeitlen, 1994, Children with alcohol misusing parents, Br Med Bull source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [30] Dore, 1995, Identifying substance abuse in maltreating families, Child Abuse Negl source
- Not checked yetcites [64] Tabachnick, 1997, Perceptions of child sexual abuse as a public health problem. Vermont, September 1995, Morb Mortal Wkly Rep
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, disease conditions could be either over-or under-reported by patients when they complete the medical questionnaire.”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The relationship between childhood experiences and adult health status is likely to be overlooked in medical practice because the time delay between exposure during childhood and recognition of health problems in adult medical practice is lengthy.”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The data about adverse childhood experiences are based on self-report, retrospective, and can only demonstrate associations between childhood exposures and health risk behaviors, health status, and diseases in adulthood.”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, smoking, which is medically and socially viewed as a “problem” may, from the perspective of the user, represent an effective immediate solution that leads to chronic use.”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Although articles in the general medical literature are alerting the medical community to the fact that childhood abuse is common, 59 adolescent health care is often inadequate in terms of psychosocial assessment and anticipatory guidance.60”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [59] MacMillan, 1997, Prevalence of child physical and sexual abuse in the community. Results from the Ontario Health Supplement, JAMA source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Logistic regression analysis was employed to adjust for the potential confounding effects of age, sex, race, and educational attainment on the relationship between the number of childhood exposures and health problems.”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Statistical Analysis
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper relies on this without support.
Conditions such as drug abuse, spousal violence, and criminal activity in the household may co-occur with specific forms of abuse that involve children.
“Conditions such as drug abuse, spousal violence, and criminal activity in the household may co-occur with specific forms of abuse that involve children.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The number of categories of adverse childhood exposure is a valid cumulative measure of adversity.
“Number of categories of adverse childhood exposure and the adjusted odds of risk factors including current smoking, severe obesity, physical inactivity, depressed mood, and suicide attempt”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) were documented at baseline using the 10-item ACE Study questionnaire to measure childhood trauma, and were grouped as either “0–3” or “4+” due to the high rate of chronic health problems among individuals with scores of 4 or more 37.”
From Effects of a trauma-informed mindful recovery program on comorbid pain, anxiety, and substance use during primary care buprenorphine treatment: A proof-of-concept study (2023) · cites this paper as [37]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Both exposure to IPV and parental separation or divorce are two adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) that are linked in a dose–response relationship to adverse health consequences through the lifespan (Felitti et al., 1998).”
From Post‐separation abuse: A concept analysis (2023) · cites this paper as Felitti et al., 1998
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“There is a strong, graded link between exposure to childhood adversity and risk of negative health, social, and emotional outcomes, including several major categories of chronic disease, lung cancer, various autoimmune diseases, depression and other mental illnesses, and high-risk behaviors (e.g., Felitti et al., 1998).”
From Malleability, plasticity, and individuality: How children learn and develop in context1 (2019) · cites this paper as Felitti et al., 1998
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“on average, the life span of individuals with six or more ACEs is 20 years shorter than that of those with zero ACEs (Felitti et al., 1998).”
From Malleability, plasticity, and individuality: How children learn and develop in context1 (2019) · cites this paper as Felitti et al., 1998
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“while adults with ELS/CT experience could be at increased risk of disease with potentially immune origin (36, 53).”
From Developmental Trajectories of Early Life Stress and Trauma: A Narrative Review on Neurobiological Aspects Beyond Stress System Dysregulation (2019) · cites this paper as [53]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In one study of more than 9,500 adults, for example, exposure to multiple forms of early life stress was associated with a 4.6-fold increase in risk of being depressed over the past year (Felitti et al., 1998).”
From From stress to inflammation and major depressive disorder: A social signal transduction theory of depression. (2014) · cites this paper as Felitti et al., 1998
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Adverse childhood experiences, including growing up in a context of maternal substance use (74), predicts an earlier age of onset for alcohol (62, 75) and other drug use (76, 77), and increased odds for attempting suicide (78).”
From Mothering, Substance Use Disorders and Intergenerational Trauma Transmission: An Attachment-Based Perspective (2019) · cites this paper as [74]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Outcomes associated with early adversity include higher risk of type 2 diabetes, obesity, ischemic heart disease, cancers, depression, addictions, and premature mortality, as well as social outcomes including unemployment and lower educational attainment [1–8].”
From Biological embedding of childhood adversity: from physiological mechanisms to clinical implications (2017) · cites this paper as [1]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Epidemiological studies have demonstrated that adverse childhood experiences, namely exposures such as neglect, abuse, caregiver mental illness, and family or community violence, predict poorer long-term outcomes across health and social domains.”
From Biological embedding of childhood adversity: from physiological mechanisms to clinical implications (2017) · cites this paper as [1]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Interest in metabolic embedding of ELA stems from epidemiological [1, 69] and clinical [70] studies linking ELA to obesity, dyslipidemia, and type 2 diabetes, raising questions about possible causal pathways.”
From Biological embedding of childhood adversity: from physiological mechanisms to clinical implications (2017) · cites this paper as [1]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Adverse psychosocial exposures in early life, namely experiences such as child maltreatment, caregiver stress or depression, and domestic or community violence, have been associated in epidemiological studies with increased lifetime risk of adverse outcomes, including diabetes, heart disease, cancers, and psychiatric illnesses.”
From Biological embedding of childhood adversity: from physiological mechanisms to clinical implications (2017) · cites this paper as [1]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In full, ELA-induced changes may mediate epidemiological links to key diseases, including, among others, obesity, dyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis, asthma, thromboembolic events (myocardial infarction, stroke), cancer onset and progression, as well as addictions, psychopathology, and adverse social outcomes [1–6, 18].”
From Biological embedding of childhood adversity: from physiological mechanisms to clinical implications (2017) · cites this paper as [1]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“These frequencies are consistent with previous studies documenting elevated rates of childhood adversity among individuals with SUD [3, 5, 9].”
From The link of adverse childhood experiences and attachment to maladaptive personality traits in adults diagnosed with substance use disorder (2025) · cites this paper as [3]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Adverse childhood experiences are associated with many negative adult health and health care utilisation outcomes, including cardiovascular illness, depression, suicide attempts, unhealthy substance use, obesity, lung disease, liver disease, cancer and medically unexplained symptoms such as pain or gastrointestinal problems[1–6].”
From Health care utilisation changes among Alaska Native adults after participation in an indigenous community programme to address adverse life experiences: a propensity score-matched analysis (2020) · cites this paper as [3]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Dose-response relationships between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and multiple risk factors have been documented among AIANs and non-AIANs [51,70].”
From Substance and Behavioral Addictions among American Indian and Alaska Native Populations (2022) · cites this paper as [70]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Rather, the overwhelming majority of studies14 have employed an empirical specification similar to that which has predominated in the literature on childhood adversity, i.e., a sum score of exposures.15–18”
From Co-occurring epidemics, syndemics, and population health (2017) · cites this paper as [17]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Much research associates CT with adverse physical and mental health outcomes (1,2)”
From Impact of Childhood Trauma on Executive Function in Adolescence—Mediating Functional Brain Networks and Prediction of High-Risk Drinking (2020) · cites this paper as [1]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Moreover, there is commonly a dose-response relationship between the number of types of adversity associated and the magnitude of the risk for depression.4-11”
From Early life adversity and the epigenetic programming of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function (2014) · cites this paper as [4]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Similarly, the original ACE study [3] demonstrated that individuals exposed to multiple adverse experiences had a four- to twelve-fold increased risk for alcoholism, drug abuse, depression, and suicide attempts.”
From The link of adverse childhood experiences and attachment to maladaptive personality traits in adults diagnosed with substance use disorder (2025) · cites this paper as [3]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Exposure to ELA is associated with a clustering of health risks, with increasing exposure related to an increasing number of HRBs.32”
From Early life adversity and health-risk behaviors: Proposed psychological and neural mechanisms (2018) · cites this paper as [32]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Such an approach facilitates the synthesis of complex evidence for application, and is supported by observed dose–response effects linking cumulative early adversity to later outcomes [1, 3, 5], and by the “allostatic load” paradigm exploring pathogenic effects of cumulative all-cause stress [15].”
From Biological embedding of childhood adversity: from physiological mechanisms to clinical implications (2017) · cites this paper as [1]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Dose-response relationship between number of adversities and health and social effects are observed in large epidemiological studies”
From Biological embedding of childhood adversity: from physiological mechanisms to clinical implications (2017) · cites this paper as [1]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) considerably increase the likelihood of mental illness, health risk behaviors, and chronic physical illnesses.”
From The link of adverse childhood experiences and attachment to maladaptive personality traits in adults diagnosed with substance use disorder (2025) · cites this paper as [3]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“These findings are consistent with research that has supported the relationship between ACEs and further negative health consequences in the general population (Buckingham & Daniolos, 2013;Cicchetti & Handley, 2019;Felitti et al., 1998;Hughes et al., 2017).”
From Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and substance use disorder (SUD): A scoping review (2021) · cites this paper as Felitti et al., 1998
In the citing paper
“Also, adults who were abused as children have been shown to be at increased risk of disease with potential inflammatory origin (9, 10).”
From Childhood maltreatment predicts adult inflammation in a life-course study (2007) · cites this paper as [9]
In the citing paper
“Inflammation may be an important developmental mediator linking adverse experiences in early life to poor adult health.”
From Childhood maltreatment predicts adult inflammation in a life-course study (2007) · cites this paper as [9]
In the citing paper
“Given that the effect of stress often appears to be cumulative (2, 9, 19), we derived a cumulative exposure index for each child by counting the number of maltreatment experiences during the first decade of life (31);”
From Childhood maltreatment predicts adult inflammation in a life-course study (2007) · cites this paper as [9]
In the citing paper
“Childhood adversity has been repeatedly and robustly linked to physical and mental illness across the lifespan.”
From Developmental psychoneuroendocrine and psychoneuroimmune pathways from childhood adversity to disease (2017) · cites this paper as Felitti et al., 1998
In the citing paper
“Children enter foster care with a sum of adverse childhood experiences.55–57”
In the citing paper
“The first study using the DAWBA-RAD section reported a very high RAD point-prevalence of 63.0% (96/153) in a sample of looked after youth in a variety of placement forms [29].”
From Mental disorders in foster children: a study of prevalence, comorbidity and risk factors (2013) · cites this paper as [29]
In the citing paper
“Compared to another study on RAD using DAWBA in high-risk foster youths [29], our estimate was quite moderate.”
From Mental disorders in foster children: a study of prevalence, comorbidity and risk factors (2013) · cites this paper as [29]
In the citing paper
“Victims of childhood physical or sexual abuse or parental neglect are at considerably greater risk for affective disorders.1-4”
From Early life adversity and the epigenetic programming of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function (2014) · cites this paper as [4]
In the citing paper
“Epidemiological studies provide compelling support for the association between cumulative, adverse childhood experiences and the risk for depression.4,5”
From Early life adversity and the epigenetic programming of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function (2014) · cites this paper as [4]
In the citing paper
“In humans, various forms of ELA are associated with illicit drug use later in life [21,22,23].”
From Food Addiction and Psychosocial Adversity: Biological Embedding, Contextual Factors, and Public Health Implications (2020) · cites this paper as [21]
In the citing paper
“In addition, there are established links between ELA and obesity [21,24], however, the exact mechanisms are not understood.”
From Food Addiction and Psychosocial Adversity: Biological Embedding, Contextual Factors, and Public Health Implications (2020) · cites this paper as [21]
In the citing paper
“Strong links between ACEs and the initiation of opioid use have been described (72, 73).”
From A Biopsychosocial Overview of the Opioid Crisis: Considering Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Health (2019) · cites this paper as [72]
In the citing paper
“The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) study from 1998 highlighted 5- to 10-fold increase in the risk of AUD and SUD following exposure to four or more ACEs in the first 18 years of life [112].”
From Separating the Signal from the Noise: How Psychiatric Diagnoses Can Help Discern Food Addiction from Dietary Restraint (2020) · cites this paper as [112]
In the citing paper
“Indeed, ELA is associated with a greater likelihood of smoking cigarettes,32,43,44 abusing alcohol and drugs,32,45–47 eating a poor diet,48 and being obese.32,49”
From Early life adversity and health-risk behaviors: Proposed psychological and neural mechanisms (2018) · cites this paper as [32]
In the citing paper
“ELA has also been associated with physical inactivity, which likely also contributes to the link between ELA and obesity.32”
From Early life adversity and health-risk behaviors: Proposed psychological and neural mechanisms (2018) · cites this paper as [32]
In the citing paper
“Research has consistently found that care leavers are more likely to have experienced high levels of adverse childhood experience (ACEs) and are at significantly greater risk for negative outcomes (Felitti et al., 1998; Simkiss, 2019).”
From The relationship between spirituality and resilience and well-being: a study of 529 care leavers from 11 nations. (2023) · cites this paper as Felitti et al., 1998
In the citing paper
“The documented risks of having care experience are substantial and varied (Berlin et al., 2011; Felitti et al., 1998; Simkiss, 2019).”
From The relationship between spirituality and resilience and well-being: a study of 529 care leavers from 11 nations. (2023) · cites this paper as Felitti et al., 1998
In the citing paper
“Early life physical and sexual abuse carry with it a life-long burden of behavioral and pathophysiological problems (Felitti et al., 1998; Heim and Nemeroff, 2001).”
From Central effects of stress hormones in health and disease: understanding the protective and damaging effects of stress and stress mediators (2008) · cites this paper as Felitti et al., 1998
In the citing paper
“There are enormous individual differences in the response to stress, based upon the experience of the individual early in life and in adult life.”
From Protective and damaging effects of stress mediators: central role of the brain (2006) · cites this paper as [41]
In the citing paper
“Early life physical and sexual abuse imposes a life- long burden of behavioral and pathophysiological problems.41,42”
From Protective and damaging effects of stress mediators: central role of the brain (2006) · cites this paper as [41]
In the citing paper
“Early-life events related to maternal care in animals, as well as parental care in humans, play a powerful role in later mental and physical health, as demonstrated by the adverse childhood experiences (ACE) studies”
From Neurobiological and Systemic Effects of Chronic Stress (2017) · cites this paper as [77]
In the citing paper
“ACE have a disproportionately powerful effect on life long trajectories of health and disease, 68 and poverty contributes in its own way as well as creating circumstances for ACE, 114 which, however, occurs across all levels of socioeconomic status (SES).”
From Neurobiological and Systemic Effects of Chronic Stress (2017) · cites this paper as [77]
In the citing paper
“Boarding schools as a form of cultural genocide and source of historical trauma have had a variety of negative health impacts on Native people, such as high suicide rates, post-traumatic stress disorder, and other illnesses such as heart disease and diabetes that are connected to trauma (Brave Heart et al. 2011;Duran 2019;Felitti et al. 1998).”
From Archaeology and Social Justice in Native America (2022) · cites this paper as Felitti et al. 1998
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Abstract
“We found a graded relationship between the number of categories of childhood exposure and each of the adult health risk behaviors and diseases that were studied (P Ͻ .001).”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Significance of Dose-Response Relationships
“There was no statistically significant dose-response relationship for a history of stroke or diabetes.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Exclusions from Analysis
“The mean age of the 8,506 persons included in this analysis was 56.1 years”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Exclusions from Analysis
“After these exclusions, 8,056 of the original 9,508 survey respondents (59.7% of the original sample of 13,494) remained and were included in the analysis.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Abstract
“a 1.4-to 1.6-fold increase in physical inactivity and severe obesity.”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Discussion
“| | 4 or more | 523 | 26.6 | 1.3 | ( 1.1-1.6) |”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Relationship between Childhood Exposures and Disease Conditions
“Similarly, the odds ratios for skeletal fractures, hepatitis or jaundice, and poor self-rated health were 1.6, 2.3, and 2.2, respectively (Table 8).”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Discussion
“| | 4 or more | 543 | 10.7 | 2.4 | (1.8-3.3) |”
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“The ACE scale (Felitti et al., 1998) was used as an assessment of childhood trauma.”
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Psychological Stress: A Predisposing and Exacerbating Factor in Periodontitis
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“We considered the following risk indicators to be included in the PCA: (a) child’s age at placement in years; (b) number of days spent with birth parent(s); (c) number of days in care; (d) adopted as part of a sibling group (Yes/No); (e) number of moves (0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or more); and (f) number of ACEs out of 10 categor…”
BackgroundMethod“Gladiator School: Returning Citizens’ Experiences with Secondary Violence Exposure in Prison”
Novisky, M. A., & Peralta, R. L. (2020) · Victims & Offenders · doi:10.1080/15564886.2020.1721387 · Cited by 47
“The risks for poor health outcomes are especially pronounced as the chronicity of trauma exposure increases (see Anda et al., 2006; Felitti et al., 1998; Sledjeski, Speisman, & Dierker, 2008).”
BackgroundHalvorsen, J. E., Solberg, E. T., & Stige, S. H. (2020) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.104999 · Cited by 50
“A cumulative effect has been reported in which the negative effects increase with the number of abusive experiences (Felitti et al., 1998; Larkin, Felitti, & Anda, 2014; Van Niel, Pachter, Wade, Felitti, & Stein, 2014).”
BackgroundChildhood adversity and major depression in later life: A competing‐risks regression analysis
Xiang, X., & Wang, X. (2020) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.5417 · Cited by 48
Mosley-Johnson, E., Campbell, J. A., Garacci, E., Walker, R. J., & Egede, L. E. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.02.018 · Cited by 53
“Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) We used the ACE Study Questionnaire (Felitti et al. 1998) and the MIDUS questionnaire data documentation (ICPSR 2760: National Survey of Midlife Development in the United States (MIDUS) 1995-1996; ICPSR 2009) to identify measures of adverse events experienced during childhood.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialTransforming Practice with HOPE (Healthy Outcomes from Positive Experiences)
Burstein, D., Yang, C., Johnson, K., Linkenbach, J., & Sege, R. D. (2021) · Maternal and Child Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10995-021-03173-9 · Cited by 50
Prout, T. A., Giuseppe, M. D., Zilcha‐Mano, S., Perry, J. C., & Conversano, C. (2022) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2021.2019053 · Cited by 58
“…(ACE; Felitti et al., 1998) The ACE is a measure assessing the history of traumatic experiences based on a large epidemiological study of adults which demonstrated the long-term deleterious physical and mental health effects of child maltreatment (Dube et al., 2003; Felitti et al., 1998).”
BackgroundInfluentialHales, G. K., Saribaz, Z. E., Debowska, A., & Rowe, R. (2022) · Trauma Violence & Abuse · doi:10.1177/15248380221075087 · Cited by 48
“ACEs was defined as the measurement of two or more exposures to ACEs previously defined by Felitti et al., 1998 and revised by Finkelhor et al., 2015.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialRace, language, and neighborhood predict high-risk preterm Infant Follow Up Program participation
Fraiman, Y. S., Stewart, J. E., & Litt, J. S. (2021) · Journal of Perinatology · doi:10.1038/s41372-021-01188-2 · Cited by 50
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“For the purposes of this review, we defined ‘adverse childhood experiences’ as traumatic experiences endured by children before the age of 18 yr.(4,21,22) The term ‘chronic pain’ was used to capture any type of chronic pain that had been studied alongside any adverse childhood experience.”
BackgroundLucenko, B. A., Sharkova, I. V., Huber, A., Jemelka, R. P., & Mancuso, D. (2015) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2015.07.006 · Cited by 49
Hollifield, M. A. (2011) · CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/j.1755-5949.2011.00241.x · Cited by 49
Cunradi, C. B., Ames, G. M., & Duke, M. R. (2011) · Violence and Victims · doi:10.1891/0886-6708.26.2.147 · Cited by 48
Kracke, K., & Hahn, H. (2008) · Journal of Emotional Abuse · doi:10.1080/10926790801982394 · Cited by 48
Stenius, V. M. K., & Veysey, B. M. (2005) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260505278533 · Cited by 48
Childhood Trauma and Prevalence of Cardiovascular Disease in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes
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Trauma exposure and posttraumatic symptoms in Hawaii: Gender, ethnicity, and social context.
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Xiao, Q., Ma-Xia, D. O. N. G., Yao, J., Wen-Xian, L. I., & Ye, D. (2008) · Biomedical and Environmental Sciences · doi:10.1016/s0895-3988(08)60062-8 · Cited by 46
Early environment affects neuroendocrine regulation in adulthood
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Dunn, E. C., Busso, D. S., Raffeld, M. R., Smoller, J. W., Nelson, C. A., Doyle, A. E., & Luk, G. (2015) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2015.10.014 · Cited by 47
Linking systemic arterial stiffness among adolescents to adverse childhood experiences
Klassen, S. A., Chirico, D., O’Leary, D. D., Cairney, J., & Wade, T. J. (2016) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2016.04.002 · Cited by 48
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Adverse Childhood Experiences Affect Health Risk Behaviors and Chronic Health of Iowans
Downey, J. C., Gudmunson, C. G., Pang, Y. C., & Lee, K. (2017) · Journal of Family Violence · doi:10.1007/s10896-017-9909-4 · Cited by 48
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A Risk Algorithm for the Persistence of Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviors During College
Mortier, P., Kiekens, G., Auerbach, R. P., Cuijpers, P. J., Demyttenaere, K., Green, J. G., Kessler, R. C., Nock, M. K., Zaslavsky, A. M., & Bruffaerts, R. (2017) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.17m11485 · Cited by 48
How the Health Sector Can Reduce Violence by Treating It as a Contagion
Slutkin, G., Ransford, C., & Zvetina, D. (2018) · The AMA Journal of Ethic · doi:10.1001/journalofethics.2018.20.1.nlit1-1801 · Cited by 46
Kuhlman, K. R., Robles, T. F., Bower, J. E., & Carroll, J. (2018) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-018-9921-z · Cited by 54
Intergenerational Continuity in Adverse Childhood Experiences and Rural Community Environments
Schofield, T. J., Donnellan, M. B., Merrick, M. T., Ports, K. A., Klevens, J., & Leeb, R. T. (2018) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2018.304598 · Cited by 48
Exploring associations between maternal adverse childhood experiences and child behavior
Stepleton, K., Bosk, E. A., Duron, J. F., Greenfield, B., Ocasio, K., & MacKenzie, M. J. (2018) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2018.10.027 · Cited by 48
Connolly, E. J., & Kavish, N. (2018) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-018-0960-0 · Cited by 56
“2016) and other adverse experiences (e.g., witnessing domestic violence, having an incarcerated parent; Felitti et al. 1998).”
BackgroundStack, A., & Lucyshyn, J. M. (2018) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-018-3854-9 · Cited by 57
Clinic and park partnerships for childhood resilience: A prospective study of park prescriptions
Razani, N., Niknam, K. R., Wells, N. M., Thompson, D., Hills, N. K., Kennedy, G., Gilgoff, R., & Rutherford, G. W. (2019) · Health & Place · doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2019.04.008 · Cited by 49
Garland, E. L., Reese, S. E., Bedford, C. E., & Baker, A. K. (2019) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579419000622 · Cited by 51
“These items can be summed to compute a continuous ACE score representing extensiveness of ACEs (Felitti et al., 1998).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialFirst-onset and persistence of suicidal ideation in university students: A one-year follow-up study
Blasco, M. J., Vilagut, G., Alayo, I., Almenara, J., Cebrià, A. I., Echeburúa, E., Gabilondo, A., Gili, M., Lagares, C., Piqueras, J. A., et al. (2019) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.05.035 · Cited by 57
Bürgin, D., O’Donovan, A., d’Huart, D., Gallo, A. D., Eckert, A., Fegert, J. M., Schmeck, K., Schmid, M., & Boonmann, C. (2019) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2019.00490 · Cited by 54
The state of the science on trauma inquiry
Lewis-O’Connor, A., Warren, A., Lee, J. V., Levy‐Carrick, N. C., Grossman, S., Chadwick, M., Stoklosa, H., & Rittenberg, E. (2019) · Women s Health · doi:10.1177/1745506519861234 · Cited by 58
Esposti, M. D., Pereira, S. M. P., Humphreys, D. K., Sale, R. D., & Bowes, L. (2019) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104281 · Cited by 62
“physical abuse) – confers the greatest risk of antisocial behaviour (Felitti et al., 1998; Finkelhor, Ormrod, & Turner, 2007; MacKenzie et al., 2011; Masten & Wright, 1998).”
BackgroundMaunder, R., Hunter, J., Tannenbaum, D. W., Le, T. L., & Lay, C. L. (2020) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-020-05124-6 · Cited by 49
Narayan, A. J., Atzl, V. M., Merrick, J., Harris, W. W., & Lieberman, A. F. (2020) · Adversity and Resilience Science · doi:10.1007/s42844-020-00008-4 · Cited by 46
“In the broader literature on pathways following adverse childhood experiences (ACEs; Felitti et al. 1998), however, attention to positive childhood experiences is often overlooked as equally important influ-”
BackgroundInfluentialGold, A. L., Meza, E., Ackley, S. F., Mungas, D., Whitmer, R. A., Mayeda, E. R., Miles, S. Q., Eng, C. W., Gilsanz, P., & Glymour, M. M. (2021) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-042125 · Cited by 53
Fetal-Derived Immune Cells at the Roots of Lifelong Pathophysiology
Mass, E., & Gentek, R. (2021) · Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.3389/fcell.2021.648313 · Cited by 47
Finkelhor, D., Turner, H. A., & Colburn, D. (2021) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.1435 · Cited by 51
Hanson, J. L., & Nacewicz, B. M. (2021) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2021.624705 · Cited by 50
“Examined collectively, research has consistently linked ELA with a plethora of negative mental health outcomes, with risk commonly increasing with each additional exposure (Felitti et al., 1998).”
BackgroundAdverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)
British Psychological Society (2021) · The Child & Family Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.53841/bpscypf.2021.1.7.28 · Cited by 50
Martinkevich, P., Larsen, L. L., Græsholt‐Knudsen, T., Hesthaven, G., Hellfritzsch, M. B., Petersen, K. K., Møller‐Madsen, B., & Rölfing, J. D. (2020) · Acta Orthopaedica · doi:10.1080/17453674.2020.1782012 · Cited by 48
At the intersection of anger, chronic pain, and the brain: A mini-review
Yarns, B. C., Cassidy, J. T., & Jimenez, A. M. (2022) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104558 · Cited by 53
Treating Traumatized Offenders and Veterans by Means of Narrative Exposure Therapy
Hecker, T., Hermenau, K., Crombach, A., & Elbert, T. R. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00080 · Cited by 48
Exploring Measures of Whole Person Wellness: Integrative Well-Being and Psychological Flourishing
Otto, L. M., Howerter, A., Bell, I. R., & JACKSON, N. J. (2010) · EXPLORE · doi:10.1016/j.explore.2010.08.001 · Cited by 47
Translating Life Course Theory to Clinical Practice to Address Health Disparities
Cheng, T. L., & Solomon, B. S. (2013) · Maternal and Child Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10995-013-1279-9 · Cited by 48
Associação entre trauma por perda na infância e depressão na vida adulta
Zavaschi, M. L. S., Satler, F., Poester, D., Vargas, C. F., Piazenski, R., Rohde, L. A., & Eizirik, C. L. (2002) · Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1590/s1516-44462002000400009 · Cited by 48
Child Maltreatment and Household Dysfunction in a British Birth Cohort
Denholm, R., Power, C., Thomas, C., & Li, L. (2013) · Child Abuse Review · doi:10.1002/car.2235 · Cited by 47
Hubel, G. S., Davies, F., Goodrum, N. M., Schmarder, K. M., Schnake, K., & Moreland, A. D. (2020) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.104877 · Cited by 48
“ACEs include experiences such as child abuse, having a parent with a mental health disorder, or having a parent who is incarcerated (Dong et al., 2004; Felitti et al., 1998).”
BackgroundInfluentialZiobrowski, H. N., Buka, S. L., Austin, S. B., Sullivan, A. J., Horton, N. J., Simone, M., & Field, A. E. (2020) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104574 · Cited by 47
“, 2010), one frequent classification approach is to use a “sum score”, in which the total number of abuses experienced is used as a predictor (Felitti et al., 1998; Finkelhor et al., 2007; Williamson, Thompson, Anda, Dietz, & Felitti, 2002).”
BackgroundEarly childhood trauma, substance use and complex concurrent disorders among adolescents
Cabanis, M., Outadi, A., & Choi, F. (2021) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/yco.0000000000000718 · Cited by 47
“It showed how childhood trauma can influence negative health outcomes including chronic disease, risk behaviors, mental health, injury, maternal health, infectious disease, opportunity and education and substance abuse [10].”
BackgroundTaussig, H. N., Weiler, L. M., Garrido, E. F., Rhodes, T., Boat, A., & Fadell, M. (2019) · American Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/ajcp.12385 · Cited by 46
“These adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) can cascade into other negative outcomes including poor physical and mental health, academic underachievement and school dropout, problematic substance use, poverty and homelessness, and incarceration (Felitti et al., 1998; Weiler, Garrido, & Taussig, 2016).”
BackgroundHoward, A. H., Roberts, M., Mitchell, T., & Wilke, N. G. (2023) · Adversity and Resilience Science · doi:10.1007/s42844-023-00088-y · Cited by 50
“Research has consistently found that care leavers are more likely to have experienced high levels of adverse childhood experience (ACEs) and are at significantly greater risk for negative outcomes (Felitti et al., 1998; Simkiss, 2019).”
BackgroundGreene, C. A., Ford, J. D., Wakefield, D. B., & Barry, L. C. (2014) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2014.07.006 · Cited by 51
Effect of Genetic Variant in BICC1 on Functional and Structural Brain Changes in Depression
Bermingham, R., Carballedo, A., Lisiecka, D. M., Fagan, A. J., Morris, D. W., Fahey, C., Donohoe, G. J., Meaney, J. F., Gill, M., & Frodl, T. (2012) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2012.158 · Cited by 48
Barnes, R., & Josefowitz, N. (2018) · Canadian Psychology/Psychologie canadienne · doi:10.1037/cap0000154 · Cited by 59
Interpersonal Psychotherapy: A Scoping Review and Historical Perspective (1974–2017)
Ravitz, P., Watson, P., Lawson, A., Constantino, M. J., Bernecker, S. L., Park, J., & Swartz, H. A. (2019) · Harvard Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/hrp.0000000000000219 · Cited by 49
The Biopsychosocial Model 40 Years On
Bolton, D., & Gillett, G. R. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-11899-0_1 · Cited by 65
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“Abuse, neglect, witnessing family violence, mental illness, or incarceration are examples of familial adversity (Anda et al., 1998).”
BackgroundThe effect of positive childhood experiences on adult personality psychopathology
Gunay-Oge, R., Pehlivan, F. Z., & Ișıklı, S. (2020) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2020.109862 · Cited by 46
Impact of adverse childhood experiences on quality-adjusted life expectancy in the U.S. population
Jia, H., & Lubetkin, E. I. (2020) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104418 · Cited by 47
Rousson, A. N., Fleming, C. B., & Herrenkohl, T. I. (2020) · Psychology of Violence · doi:10.1037/vio0000303 · Cited by 56
“According to studies by Felitti et al. (1998) and Anda et al., (2006), among others, these household stressors have an additive effect on outcomes like depression, but it remains unclear whether a specific form of adversity like child maltreatment causes more sensitivity to household stressors that…”
BackgroundHicks, M. R., Kernsmith, P. D., & Smith‐Darden, J. P. (2020) · Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma · doi:10.1007/s40653-020-00316-y · Cited by 49
“The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) study (Felitti et al. 1998) brought renewed attention to the issue of exposure to traumatic events in childhood (ACEs).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialTemkin, D. A., Harper, K., Stratford, B., Sacks, V., Rodriguez, Y., & Bartlett, J. D. (2020) · Journal of School Health · doi:10.1111/josh.12957 · Cited by 48
Bourassa, K. J., Rasmussen, L. J. H., Danese, A., Eugen‐Olsen, J., Harrington, H., Houts, R., Poulton, R., Ramrakha, S., Sugden, K., Williams, B., et al. (2021) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2021.06.018 · Cited by 48
“…participants experienced 10 ACEs identified in the Center for Disease Control (CDC) ACE study (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2016; Felitti et al., 1998): three types of abuse (physical, emotional, sexual), two types of neglect (physical, emotional), and five types of household…”
BackgroundBiedermann, S. V., Asmuth, J., Schröder, J., Briken, P., Auer, M. K., & Fuß, J. (2021) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.07.016 · Cited by 48
Parnes, M. F., & Schwartz, S. E. O. (2022) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105562 · Cited by 50
L'Estrange, L., & Howard, J. (2022) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2022.929582 · Cited by 30
“If left unaddressed, these consequences can extend beyond childhood into adolescence and can continue to have an impact throughout adulthood, including worrying ramifications for future parenting behaviours and health outcomes (Felitti et al., 1998; Isobel et al., 2019).”
BackgroundStewart-Tufescu, A., Struck, S., Taillieu, T., Salmon, S., Fortier, J., Brownell, M. D., Chartier, M., Yakubovich, A. R., & Afifi, T. O. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph191811564 · Cited by 48
“Similarly, a confirmatory factor analysis of the original ACE study data from the United States found that spanking loaded onto the child maltreatment factor and explained additional variance related to mental health impairment outcomes including substance misuse and suicidality [25].”
BackgroundInfluentialApplying an evolutionary mismatch framework to understand disease susceptibility
Lea, A. J., Clark, A. G., Dahl, A., Devinsky, O., García, A. R., Golden, C. D. W., Kamau, J., Kraft, T. S., Lim, Y. A. L., Martins, D. J., et al. (2023) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3002311 · Cited by 66
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Raja, S., Rajagopalan, C. F., Kruthoff, M., Kupershmidt, A., Chang, P., & Hoersch, M. (2015) · Journal of Dental Education · doi:10.1002/j.0022-0337.2015.79.1.tb05856.x · Cited by 48
Li, M., & Anderson, J. G. (2015) · Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health · doi:10.1007/s10903-015-0257-2 · Cited by 48
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Trauma-informed sexuality education: recognising the rights and resilience of youth
Fava, N. M., & Bay‐Cheng, L. Y. (2012) · Sex Education · doi:10.1080/14681811.2012.745808 · Cited by 48
Receiving mandated therapeutic services: Experiences of parents involved in the child welfare system
Estefan, L. F., Coulter, M. L., VandeWeerd, C. L., et al. (2012) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2012.09.002 · Cited by 47
Walsh, K., Rassafiani, M., Mathews, B., Farrell, A., & Butler, D. (2012) · Journal of Child Sexual Abuse · doi:10.1080/10538712.2012.689423 · Cited by 47
Effect of Parental Bereavement on Health Risk Behaviors in Youth
Hamdan, S. (2012) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/archpediatrics.2011.682 · Cited by 47
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Children's physical health complaints after exposure to intimate partner violence
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Metadata
- Authors
- Felitti, V. J., Anda, R. F., Nordenberg, D., Williamson, D. F., Spitz, A. M., Edwards, V., Koss, M. P., & Marks, J. S.
- Affiliations
- Kaiser Permanente (US)
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US)
- Emory University (US)
- University of Arizona (US)
- Corresponding author
- Felitti, Vincent J
- Venue
- American Journal of Preventive Medicine
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1998-05
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 245-258
- ISSN
- 0749-3797 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2116839388
- Cited by
- 18,943
- References
- 97
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1615 · 2025: 1790 · 2024: 1720 · 2023: 1711 · 2022: 1648 · 2021: 1720 · 2020: 1565 · 2019: 1232 · 2018: 963 · 2017: 825 · 2016: 666 · 2015: 573 · 2014: 446 · 2013: 413 · 2012: 340
- FWCI
- 57.99
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- American Journal of Preventive Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (TS-44-10/12)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Social Sciences › Health › Intimate Partner and Family Violence
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Child Welfare and Adoption
- Keywords
- adverse childhood experiences, childhood abuse, household dysfunction, childhood emotional abuse, child physical abuse, child sexual abuse, alcoholism, drug abuse, depression, suicide attempts, smoking, sexually transmitted infections, obesity, physical inactivity, ischemic heart disease, cancer, chronic lung disease, liver disease, cumulative exposure, leading causes of death
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, California, Cause of Death, Child, Child Abuse, Family, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Surveys and Questionnaires, Risk Factors, Social Problems, Violence, Health Behavior, Logistic Models, Child of Impaired Parents, Domestic Violence
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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