Loneliness and pathways to disease
Abstract
Social isolation predicts morbidity and mortality from cancer, cardiovascular disease, and a host of other causes. The mechanisms by which the social world impacts on health are poorly understood, in part because of lack of specificity in the conceptualization and operationalization of relevant aspects of social relationships and physiological processes. Perceived social isolation, commonly termed loneliness, may represent a link between the epidemiological and biological levels of analysis. Research is presented that investigates loneliness as a social factor of importance in three predisease pathways: health behaviors, excessive stress reactivity, and inadequate or inefficient physiological repair and maintenance processes. Empirical evidence of autonomic, endocrine, and immune functioning suggests that the physiological effects of loneliness unfold over a relatively long time period. For cancer patients, interventions should be aimed at providing instrumental support for the immediate demands of the disease.
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Health behaviors and physiologic mechanisms are likely, in part, responsible for the negative health outcomes associated with social isolation and loneliness.
“Health behaviors and physiologic mechanisms are likely, in part, responsible for the negative health outcomes associated with social isolation and loneliness [31–34].”
Both social isolation and loneliness are related to physiologic responses, including increased blood pressure and heightened inflammatory reactivity to stress.
“as well as physiologic responses, including increased blood pressure and heightened inflammatory reactivity to stress [30–34].”
Non-systematic reviews have identified associations between social isolation/loneliness and changes to brain structure and processes, sympathetic neural tone, vascular stress responses, altered sleep and reduced sleep quality, cortisol secretion patterns, impaired cellular and humoral immunity, and reduced inflammatory responses.
“a number of non-systematic reviews have identified associations with changes to brain structure and processes, sympathetic neural tone, vascular stress responses, altered sleep and reduced sleep quality, cortisol secretion patterns, impaired cellular and humoral immunity, and reduced inflammatory responses 61, 80, 96, 102-106 .”
From An overview of systematic reviews on the public health consequences of social isolation and loneliness (2017) · cites this paper as [80]
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- Authors
- Hawkley, L. C., & Cacioppo, J. T.
- Affiliations
- University of Chicago (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hawkley, Louise C
- Venue
- Brain, Behavior, and Immunity
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2003-02
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 98-105
- ISSN
- 0889-1591 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2037345996
- Cited by
- 446
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 35 · 2023: 39 · 2022: 38 · 2021: 43 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 21
- FWCI
- 1.16
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Brain Behavior and Immunity (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute on Aging (P01AG18911, P01AG018911)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
- Keywords
- loneliness, social isolation, interpersonal relationships, health behavior, stress reactivity, autonomic nervous system, endocrine function, immune function, cancer, cardiovascular disease, morbidity and mortality, social support interventions
- MeSH terms
- Cardiovascular Diseases, Humans, Loneliness, Neoplasms, Sleep, Neuroimmunomodulation
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