Impact of loneliness and depression on mortality: Results from the longitudinal ageing study Amsterdam
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BACKGROUND: Loneliness is highly prevalent among older people, has serious health consequences and is an important predictor of mortality. Loneliness and depression may unfavourably interact with each other over time but data on this topic are scarce. AIMS: To determine whether loneliness is associated with excess mortality after 19 years of follow-up and whether the joint effect with depression confers further excess mortality. METHOD: Different aspects of loneliness were measured with the De Jong Gierveld scale and depression with the Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale in a cohort of 2878 people aged 55-85 with 19 years of follow-up. Excess mortality hypotheses were tested with Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazard analyses controlling for potential confounders. RESULTS: At follow-up loneliness and depression were associated with excess mortality in older men and women in bivariate analysis but not in multivariate analysis. In multivariate analysis, severe depression was associated with excess mortality in men who were lonely but not in women. CONCLUSIONS: Loneliness and depression are important predictors of early death in older adults. Severe depression has a strong association with excess mortality in older men who were lonely, indicating a lethal combination in this group.
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In older ages, the presence of mild depressive symptoms is strongly associated with an increased risk of mortality, decline of overall health status and low quality of life.
“In older ages, the presence of mild depressive symptoms are strongly associated with an increased risk of mortality, decline of overall health status and low quality of life (Cai et al., 2020;Holwerda et al., 2016;Sivertsen et al., 2015).”
From Prevalence and age patterns of depression in the United Kingdom. A population-based study (2021) · cites this paper as Holwerda et al., 2016
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- Authors
- Holwerda, T. J., van Tilburg, T. G., Deeg, D. J. H., Schutter, N., Van, R., Dekker, J., Stek, M. L., Beekman, A. T. F., & Schoevers, R. A.
- Affiliations
- Amsterdam Public Health (NL)
- University of Groningen (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Holwerda, Tjalling J.
- ORCID
- Venue
- British Journal of Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Royal College of Psychiatrists
- Published
- 2016-08
- Volume
- 209
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 127-134
- ISSN
- 0007-1250 (ISSN-L)
- 1472-1465
- OpenAlex
- W2341299966
- Cited by
- 153
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 10
- FWCI
- 15.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The British Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Amsterdam UMC (VU Amsterdam) - Institutional Repository (publishedVersion)
- VU Research Portal (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Digital Academic REpository of VU University Amsterdam (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam) (submittedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Aging, Health, and Disability
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Health and Well-being Studies
- Keywords
- loneliness, depression, mortality, older adults, excess mortality, sex differences, CES-D depression scale
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aging, Depression, Major Depressive Disorder, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Loneliness, Male, Middle Aged, Mortality, Netherlands
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