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Cited by 634Health disparities and outcomesAging, Health, and DisabilityAging and Gerontology Research

Health Promoting Effects of Friends and Family on Health Outcomes in Older Adults

Seeman, Teresa E.·2000·American Journal of Health Promotion
DOI 10.4278/0890-1171-14.6.362
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Abstract

Objective.: To highlight the significant impact of social relationships on health and illness and suggest implications of these effects for health promotion efforts among older adults. Data Sources.: Published studies on social relationships and health (or health behaviors) for the period 1970–1998 were identified through MEDLINE by using the key words social relationships, social support, and health, as well as review of health-related journals such as the American Journal of Epidemiology, Annals of Epidemiology, American Journal of Public Health, Journal of Health and Social Behavior, Social Science and Medicine, and the Journals of Gerontology. Study Selection.: Major published original research was considered. Where published research was too extensive for full discussion of all studies, preference was given to studies focusing on older adults and those using stronger methodology (i.e., representative samples, longitudinal data, or multivariate analyses controlling for potential confounders). Data Extraction.: Reported findings were organized in terms of three major categories: (1) results related to major health outcomes such as mortality, CHD, and depression; (2) findings related to health behaviors; and (3) findings related to potential biological pathways for observed health effects of social relationships. Data Synthesis.: Protective effects of social integration with respect to mortality risk among older adults are the most thoroughly documented, although protective effects have also been documented with respect to risks for mental and physical health outcomes and for better recovery after disease onset. There is also now a growing awareness of the potential for negative health effects from social relationships that are characterized by more negative patterns of critical and/or demanding interactions, including increased risks for depression and angina. Biological pathways are suggested by evidence that more negative social interactions are associated with physiological profiles characterized by elevated stress hormones, increased cardiovascular activity, and depressed immune function, whereas more positive, supportive social interactions are associated with the opposite profile. Conclusions.: Available data clearly indicate that social relationships have the potential for both health promoting and health damaging effects in older adults, and that there are biologically plausible pathways for these effects. Such evidence suggests that aspects of the social environment could play an important role in future health promotion efforts for older adults, although careful consideration of both potentially positive as well as negative social influences is needed.

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Crossref · 10.4278/0890-1171-14.6.362

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  • Studies of isolation and health behaviors show that social control does not account for many effects of isolation in humans.

    “studies of isolation and health behaviors indicate that social control does not explain many of the effects of isolation in humans.10,11”

    From Social isolation (2011) · cites this paper as [11]

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Authors
Seeman, T. E.
Affiliations
University of California, Los Angeles (US)
Corresponding author
Seeman, Teresa E.
ORCID
Seeman, Teresa E.
Venue
American Journal of Health Promotion
Publisher
SAGE Publications
Published
2000-07
Volume
14
Issue
6
Pages
362-370
ISSN
  • 0890-1171 (ISSN-L)
  • 2168-6602
DOI
10.4278/0890-1171-14.6.362
OpenAlex
W2159502469
Cited by
634
References
111
Citations by year
2026: 9 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 32 · 2018: 31 · 2017: 37 · 2016: 34 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 33 · 2013: 38 · 2012: 35
FWCI
1.85
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations
  • American Journal of Health Promotion (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • John A. Hartford Foundation
  • University of California, Los Angeles
  • National Institute on Aging (AG-10415, P60AG010415)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Aging, Health, and Disability
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Aging and Gerontology Research
Keywords
interpersonal relationships, social support, older adults, health promotion, mortality, cardiovascular disease, depression, health behavior, social integration, biological pathways, stress hormones, immune function, negative social interactions
MeSH terms
Aged, Female, Health Promotion, Health Status, Humans, Male, Mental Health, Morbidity, Mortality, Social Environment, Social Support

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