Cited by 448Health disparities and outcomesStress Responses and CortisolDeath Anxiety and Social Exclusion

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Loneliness and pathways to disease

Hawkley, Louise C, Cacioppo, John T·2003·Brain, Behavior, and Immunity

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Abstract

Social isolation predicts morbidity and mortality from cancer, cardiovascular disease, and a host of other causes. The mechanisms by which the social world impacts on health are poorly understood, in part because of lack of specificity in the conceptualization and operationalization of relevant aspects of social relationships and physiological processes. Perceived social isolation, commonly termed loneliness, may represent a link between the epidemiological and biological levels of analysis. Research is presented that investigates loneliness as a social factor of importance in three predisease pathways: health behaviors, excessive stress reactivity, and inadequate or inefficient physiological repair and maintenance processes. Empirical evidence of autonomic, endocrine, and immune functioning suggests that the physiological effects of loneliness unfold over a relatively long time period. For cancer patients, interventions should be aimed at providing instrumental support for the immediate demands of the disease.

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Authors: Hawkley, L. C., & Cacioppo, J. T.
Affiliations: University of Chicago (US)
Corresponding author: Hawkley, Louise C
ORCID: Hawkley, Louise C
Cacioppo, John T
Venue: Brain, Behavior, and Immunity
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2003-02
Volume: 17
Issue: 1
Pages: 98-105
ISSN: 0889-1591 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/s0889-1591(02)00073-9
OpenAlex: W2037345996
Cited by: 446
References: 48
Citations by year: 2026: 21 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 35 · 2023: 39 · 2022: 38 · 2021: 43 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 21
FWCI: 1.16
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
Locations: Brain Behavior and Immunity (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation
National Institutes of Health
National Institute on Aging (P01AG18911, P01AG018911)
Topics: Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
Keywords: loneliness, social isolation, interpersonal relationships, health behavior, stress reactivity, autonomic nervous system, endocrine function, immune function, cancer, cardiovascular disease, morbidity and mortality, social support interventions
MeSH terms: Cardiovascular Diseases, Humans, Loneliness, Neoplasms, Sleep, Neuroimmunomodulation

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