Cited by 714Memory and Neural MechanismsMemory Processes and InfluencesNeural and Behavioral Psychology Studies

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Interaction between the Amygdala and the Medial Temporal Lobe Memory System Predicts Better Memory for Emotional Events

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Dolcos, Florin, LaBar, Kevin S, Cabeza, Roberto·2004·Neuron

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Abstract

Emotional events are remembered better than neutral events possibly because the amygdala enhances the function of medial temporal lobe (MTL) memory system (modulation hypothesis). Although this hypothesis has been supported by much animal research, evidence from humans has been scarce and indirect. We investigated this issue using event-related fMRI during encoding of emotional and neutral pictures. Memory performance after scanning showed a retention advantage for emotional pictures. Successful encoding activity in the amygdala and MTL memory structures was greater and more strongly correlated for emotional than for neutral pictures. Moreover, a double dissociation was found along the longitudinal axis of the MTL memory system: activity in anterior regions predicted memory for emotional items, whereas activity in posterior regions predicted memory for neutral items. These results provide direct evidence for the modulation hypothesis in humans and reveal a functional specialization within the MTL regarding the effects of emotion on memory formation.

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“…in AD originate from the medial temporal lobe (MTL) and develop early into the amygdala and temporal pole 16 and that neural connections exist from the MTL to the amygdala 40 suggest a neurological background in which care refusal and violent behavior are interrelated with excitatory behaviors.”
Retrieval of human aversive memories involves reactivation of gamma activity patterns in the hippocampus that originate in the amygdala during encodingPreprint
Costa, M., Pacheco, D., Gil-Nagel, A., Toledano, R., Imbach, L., Sarnthein, J., & Strange, B. (2024) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2024.01.18.576178 · Cited by 1
Pathophysiological features of the mechanisms of cognitive function and their relationship with the emotional state in medical university students
Nekrasova, N., & Skobenko, M. (2023) · 22 · doi:10.26565/2312-5675-2023-22-04 · Cited by 1
Personality Perception Using Scenario Based Stimulation and Physiological Signals
Biswas, A., Li, J.-J., Shubho, F. H., Gedeon, T., Rahman, S., & Hossain, M. Z. (2023) · IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics · doi:10.1109/smc53992.2023.10394366 · Cited by 1
“The temporal lobe is associated with emotional memory [15].”
Background
스포츠경기에서의 자극적 장면이 스폰서십 효과에 미치는 영향: 뉴로마케팅 적용
Lee, S., Hyun, Y. J., Park, B., Kim, K., & Kwun, Y. Y. (2022) · Korean Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.24985/kjss.2022.33.3.451 · Cited by 1
Evaluating the Effects of Online tDCS with Emotional n-back Training on Working Memory and Associated Cognitive Abilities
Berlin, G. S., Mathew, A. S., Lotfi, S., Harvey, A. M., & Lee, H. (2020) · NeuroRegulation · doi:10.15540/nr.7.3.129 · Cited by 1
Motivation and Memory
Dickerson, K. C., & Adcock, R. A. (2018) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119170174.epcn107 · Cited by 13
Altered emotional modulation of associative memory in first episode schizophrenia: An fMRI study
Luck, D., Joober, R., Malla, A., & Lepage, M. (2015) · Schizophrenia Research: Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.scog.2015.11.004 · Cited by 1
“Emotion may enhance the likelihood that information is remembered and this effect reflects in part the influence of the amygdala on encoding and consolidation processes occurring in the hippocampal region (Dolcos et al., 2004; McGaugh, 2004).”
Background
Correction: BAIAP2 Is Related to Emotional Modulation of Human Memory Strength
Lukšys, G., Ackermann, S., Coynel, D., Fastenrath, M., Gschwind, L., Heck, A., Rasch, B., Spalek, K., Vogler, C., Papassotiropoulos, A., et al. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0092933 · Cited by 1
Emotional memory: synthesis of a study proposal.
León, F. G., Arana-Martínez, J. M., & Hernández, L. (2012) · Neurología (English Edition) · doi:10.1016/j.nrleng.2011.09.003 · Cited by 1
When voices get emotional: a study of emotion-enhanced memory and impairment during emotional prosody exposure
Chappuis, C., & Grandjean, D. (2014) · Interspeech · doi:10.21437/interspeech.2014-438 · Cited by 1
Neural mechanisms of emotional modulation on memory
Zhou, P.-Y., Wang, K., Li, Q., & Liu, X. (2012) · Chinese Science Bulletin (Chinese Version) · doi:10.1360/972012-725 · Cited by 1
“Ritchey 等人 [59] Dolcos 等人 [34,58] Depue 等人 [62] 发现 , 情绪记忆通过 2 种不同的神经机制得到调控 , 右额下回的激活抑制情绪记忆感觉成 https://engine.scichina.com/doi/10.1360/972012-725 评述分的加工 , 内侧前额叶通过调控海马和杏仁核影响情绪性记忆 .”
Influential
Role of Stress Hormones and the Amygdala in Creating Lasting Memories
Mcgaugh, J., Roozendaal, B., & Okuda, S. (2006) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/4-431-29567-4_9 · Cited by 1
Recognition memory for low- and high-frequency-filtered emotional faces: Low spatial frequencies drive emotional memory enhancement, whereas high spatial frequencies drive the emotion-induced recognition bias
Rohr, M., Tröger, J., Michely, N., Uhde, A., & Wentura, D. (2017) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/s13421-017-0695-2 · Cited by 5
Systematic review of affective functional magnetic resonance imaging in pediatric major depressive disorder.
Turpyn, C. C., Niehaus, C. E., Gonçalves, S. F., & Jenness, J. L. (2020) · Journal of Pediatric Neuropsychology · doi:10.1007/s40817-020-00080-9 · Cited by 2
Is Emotion Perception Relative? Evaluating Sleep Effects on Relativity of Emotion Perception
Kashyap, N. (2014) · Psychologische Studien · doi:10.1007/s12646-014-0275-5
High-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS) modulates neural response for face-emotion recognition in major depression
Pfeiffer, P., Zavaliangos‐Petropulu, A., Taraku, B., Schneider, J., Norris, V., Kozikowski, S. D., Woods, R., Boucher, M., Jog, M., & Narr, K. L. (2026) · Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2026.09.014
The role of CD4+ T cell differentiation in cytomegalovirus-associated parahippocampal volume reduction and depressive symptoms: a dual-sample study
Zheng, H., Ford, B. N., Heritage, L. A., Haroon, E., Thompson, W. K., Fan, C. C., Teague, T. K., Paulus, M. P., Savitz, J. B., & Cole, S. (2026) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2026.107015
Mechanisms of Forgetting: A Systematic Review of Neurocognitive and Clinical Determinants
Beg, M. M. A., Aalilil, M., Mishra, A. K., Baek, K.-H., & Vinayagam, R. (2026) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina62081550
“Dolcos et al. [53] found that dissociation within the MTL, amygdala aids encoding of emotional items, the entorhinal cortex supports item identity, and the hippocampus is responsible for binding items to context.”
The aesthetics of language: what sound patterns reveal about language aesthetic appeal
Kogan, V. V., Nemestothy, L., & Reiterer, S. (2026) · Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/langcog.2026.10092
“Aesthetic responses to linguistic stimuli may engage additional memory pathways, thereby supporting retention and learning (Dolcos et al., 2004; Matzinger & Ko š i ć , 2025; Wrembel, 2010).”
Spaced learning and high unconditioned stimulus saliency are necessary to create a context fear memory independent of the hippocampus
Kishun, S., Glenn, M. J., Fournier, N. M., & Lehmann, H. (2026) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2026.05.038
HyperCOCO: Multi-sensory Hyper COgnitive COmputing for learning population level brain connectivity
Soussia, M., Mahjoub, M. A., & Rekik, I. (2026) · Medical Image Anal. · doi:10.1016/j.media.2026.104156
The Limbic Overload Hypothesis of Hypomanic Vulnerability: A Dynamic Biosocial PerspectivePreprint
Pushkarskaya, H., Pearlson, G., & Pittenger, C. (2026) · bioRxiv · doi:10.64898/2026.05.25.727695
“Prior work has demonstrated strong psychometric properties and predictive validity for bipolar-spectrum outcomes and related psychopathology (Eckblad & Chapman, 1986; Kwapil et al., 2000).”
Influential
Network-level neural basis of individual differences in emotional memory enhancement
Geissmann, L., Coynel, D., Papassotiropoulos, A., & de Quervain, D. J. ‐. (2026) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2026.121941
An AI-Enhanced MRI Morphometry Framework for Neuro-psychiatric Symptom Stratification: Application to Parkinson' s Disease
Wang, S., Ji, Z., Wu, J., & Liu, Y. (2026) · International Conference on Bioinformatics and Intelligent Computing (BIC) · doi:10.1145/3809986.3810118
“As a critical structure for contextual integration and emotional memory processing [26], parahippocampal degradation is increasingly recognized as a key driver of affective disturbances in PD [27, 28].”
Global cortical arousal effects in fMRI reveal brain markers of state and trait anxiety
Kundert-Obando, K., Lee, T., Martin, C. G., Kaur, K., Lagándara, J. G., Li, Y., Harding, J. M., Wang, S.-Y., Song, R., Yang, R., et al. (2026) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhag008
“…or aversive events (Hill et al. 2021; Bernier et al. 2017); the fusiform gyrus is found to show increased activity when presented with emotional stimuli to promote saliency (Edmiston et al. 2024); and the medial temporal lobe stores memories related to the anxious experience (Dolcos et al. 2004).”
Emotional modulation of visual cortical reactivation during true and false memoriesPreprint
Hofstetter, C., Riegel, M., Igloi, K., Pichon, A., & Vuilleumier, P. (2026) · bioRxiv · doi:10.64898/2026.01.08.694977
“…2000; Rimmele et al., 2011), and more generally emotional information leads to stronger memory traces (LaBar & Cabeza, 2006; Talmi et al., 2007; Yonelinas & Ritchey, 2015) through modulations of both sensory areas (Meaux et al., 2019; Vuilleumier, 2005)and hippocampus (Dolcos et al., 2004).”
Neurotransmitter-based machine-learning model for distinguishing Alzheimer’s disease and mild cognitive impairment
Zhao, J., Qu, Z., Li, Z., Zhou, L., Hu, Y., Yu, S., Chen, X., Shu, H., & Initiative, A. D. N. (2026) · Journal of International Medical Research · doi:10.1177/03000605251409886
“35,36 These characteristic atrophies suggest that temporal-lobe structure changes may underlie cognitive symptoms in MCI.”
EEG Insights into Visual Attention and Affective Prosody Processing in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Examining the Theta/Alpha Ratio
Ullah, M. Z., & Yu, D.-C. (2025) · International Conference on Signal Processing Systems · doi:10.1109/icsps66615.2025.11347869
“Additionally, Dolcos et al. [22] suggests that TD individuals process emotional stimuli more effectively due to greater resource allocation in the temporal brain regions.”
A Modular Theory of Subjective Consciousness for Natural and Artificial MindsPreprint
Gillon, M. (2025) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2510.01864 · Cited by 1
“Episodic memory studies consistently show enhanced retention for emotionally salient, autobiographically relevant, or narratively coherent content — even when controlling for perceptual complexity (Tulving, 1983; Cahill et al., 2003; Dolcos et al., 2004).”
Amygdala beta bursts modulate hippocampal neuronal dynamics during human emotional processing
Zhou, Y.-J., Huang, Y.-Q., Pittaro, G. F., Zareian, B., Aljishi, A., Toro, A. P., Zibly, Z., Obaid, S., Sivaraju, A., Harpaz-Rotem, I., et al. (2025) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1038/s41467-026-77952-9
“For example, fMRI studies show increased amygdala-hippocampus activation during emotional memory and aversive recall 77 – 79 .”
The Integrative Brain: Functional Units in Predictive Processing
Phillips, M. C. L. (2025) · Journal of Integrative Neuroscience · doi:10.31083/jin39640 · Cited by 4
“Moreover, it supports the encoding and consolidation of emotional events across the cortex, hippocampal complex, and striatum [210–212].”
The dissociable effects of humorous reappraisal on free recall and recognition/implicit memory
Dai, Z., Zhao, R., Hou, Y.-M., Luo, J.-L., & Wu, X.-F. (2025) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2025.2467079
“Based on this, future research could integrate other memory measurement techniques, such as step-by-step recall tasks or cued recall paradigms, to assist in recalling or describing potentially omitted image details for more precise memory measurement (Dolcos et al., 2004).”
The Emotion-Memory Link: Do Memorability Annotations Matter for Intelligent Systems?
Tsfasman, M., Ghorbani, R., Jonker, C., & Dudzik, B. (2025) · arXiv.org · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2507.14084
“One of the core assumptions motivating this study was that emotional experiences influence memory encoding, a well-established link in cognitive science [5], [12].”
Influential
The impact of online brain-spotting therapy on brain metabolism and PTSD symptoms of intimate sexual violence victims: a single case study
Foo, M., Himawan, K. K., & Susanto, E. (2025) · Mental Health Review Journal · doi:10.1108/mhrj-01-2024-0003
Behavioral economics and the problem of altruism
Akhtar, S. (2023) · The Review of Austrian Economics · doi:10.1007/s11138-023-00636-w · Cited by 1
“See also the separate works on the role of emotional salience by Haidt (2001), Kensinger and Corkin (2004), and Dolcos et al. (2004).”
Differential Effect of Emotional Stimuli on Performance on Verbal and Facial Priming Tasks and Their Relation to PTSD Symptoms in Girls with Intrafamiliar Sexual Abuse
Sanz-Martin, A., & García-León, I. A. (2022) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-022-10313-0
“This effect depends on interactions among the amygdala, structures of the medial temporal lobe (Dolcos et al., 2004; McGaugh, 2000), and the prefrontal cortex (Shin et al., 2005).”
Background
Social environment during fear extinction alters the binding of [3H] MK-801 to N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptors in Wistar-Kyoto and Wistar rats
DaSilva, J. K., Lei, Y., Morrison, A., & Tejani-butt, S. (2022) · Medicinal Chemistry Research · doi:10.1007/s00044-022-02865-3
“The hippocampus interacts with the amygdala during the encoding of emotional memories [33, 34] making the study of the hippocampus highly relevant to the study of stress, trauma and PTSD.”
Background
Aversive memory formation in humans is determined by an amygdala-hippocampus phase codePreprint
Costa, M., Lozano-Soldevilla, D., Gil-Nagel, A., Toledano, R., Oehrn, C., Kunz, L., Yebra, M., Mendez-Bertolo, C., Stieglitz, L., Sarnthein, J., et al. (2021) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.09.06.21262859
Impairment of emotional expression detection after unilateral amygdala resectionPreprint
Sato, W., Usui, N., Sawada, R., Kondo, A., Toichi, M., & Inoue, Y. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-477656/v1
The Effect of Emotion on Associative Memory: Anger Versus Fear
Adler, M. A. (2020) · Oregon Undergraduate Research Journal · doi:10.5399/uo/ourj/17.1.2
Dissociable brain mechanisms for long-term memory of disgust- and fear- related associations
Riegel, M., Wierzba, M., Wypych, M., Ritchey, M., Jednoróg, K., Grabowska, A., Vuilleumier, P., & Marchewka, A. (2019) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/825844
Educational Neuroscience
Almarode, J., & Daniel, D. B. (2018) · The Wiley Handbook of Teaching and Learning · doi:10.1002/9781118955901.ch7
Emotion and Memory
Kensinger, E. A., & Kark, S. M. (2018) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119170174.epcn101 · Cited by 29
The neurobiological system for the influence of emotional arousal on memory consolidation
Li, X., Zhang, L., & Li, H. (2017) · doi:10.3724/sp.j.1042.2017.01749
Mémoire autobiographique et self dans la maladie d'Alzheimer : étude neuropsychologique et en neuro-imagerie
Philippi, N. (2017) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/00f7daaczc08az4dd6z88c0z32efacb0d014
Rôle du sommeil paradoxal dans des formes de mémoire dépendantes de l'hippocampe : une étude chez la souris de la neuromodulation par l'Hormone de Mélano- Concentration et des réseaux corticaux
Barillier, L. L. (2015) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/45158017z83b2z4a5fzae89z6b2d0396e218
“Ainsi, le rappel un an plus tard d'un souvenir émotionnel, conduit à une augmentation de l'activité dans l'hippocampe mais pas dans l'amygdale alors que celle-ci était présente lors de l'encodage (Dolcos et al., 2004, 2005).”
Background
Emotional memory: synthesis of a study proposal.
León, F. G., Arana-Martínez, J. M., & Hernández, L. (2012) · Neurología · doi:10.1016/j.nrl.2011.09.004

Authors: Dolcos, F., LaBar, K. S., & Cabeza, R.
Affiliations: University of Alberta (CA)
Duke University (US)
Corresponding author: Dolcos, Florin
ORCID: Dolcos, Florin
LaBar, Kevin S
Cabeza, Roberto
Venue: Neuron
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2004-06
Volume: 42
Issue: 5
Pages: 855-863
ISSN: 0896-6273 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/s0896-6273(04)00289-2
OpenAlex: W2156322511
Cited by: 714
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 22 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 46 · 2016: 34 · 2015: 41 · 2014: 39 · 2013: 40 · 2012: 40
FWCI: 15.97
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (vor, 3333 d)
Locations: Neuron (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institute on Aging (R01AG019731, R01 AG19731)
National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA014094, R01 DA14094)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Keywords: amygdala, emotional memory, emotional pictures, memory encoding, functional specialization, event-related fMRI
MeSH terms: Adult, Amygdala, Analysis of Variance, Brain Mapping, Emotions, Female, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Memory, Models, Neurological, Photic Stimulation, Temporal Lobe, Recognition, Psychology

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Interaction between the Amygdala and the Medial Temporal Lobe Memory System Predicts Better Memory for Emotional Events

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