Worked-out examples: Instructional explanations support learning by self-explanations
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Extraneous load can be reduced by instructional methods such as goal-free tasks, worked examples, completion tasks, integrating information sources, using multiple modalities, and reducing redundancy.
“Extraneous load can be reduced, for example, by the use of goal-free tasks (Ayres, 1993), worked examples (Renkl, 2002) and completion tasks (Van Merrienboer, Schuurman, de Croock, & Paas, 2002), by integrating different sources of information (Ginns, 2006), by using multiple modalities (Ginns, 2005), and by reducing redundancy (Diao & Sweller, 2007).”
From Bridging Cognitive Load and Self-Regulated Learning Research: A complementary approach to contemporary issues in educational research (2017) · cites this paper as Renkl, 2002
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“Renkl (2002) conducted an experimental study with 60 participants to compare the effects of instructional explanations versus prompting self-explanations, finding that the latter led to better learning outcomes.”
- Authors
- Renkl, A.
- Affiliations
- University of Freiburg (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Renkl, A
- ORCID
- Renkl, A
- Venue
- Learning and Instruction
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2002-10
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 529-556
- ISSN
- 0959-4752 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2075057699
- Cited by
- 452
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 28 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 30 · 2012: 26
- FWCI
- 19.20
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Learning and Instruction (publishedVersion)
- FreiDok plus (Universitätsbibliothek Freiburg) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Visual and Cognitive Learning Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning
- Keywords
- worked examples, instructional explanations, self-explanation, skill acquisition, pre-service teachers, learning effectiveness
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