The interface between delirium and dementia in elderly adults

Fong, Tamara G; Davis, Daniel; Growdon, Matthew E; Albuquerque, Asha; Inouye, Sharon K

doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(15)00101-5

Cited by 595Intensive Care Unit Cognitive DisordersDementia and Cognitive Impairment ResearchAlcoholism and Thiamine Deficiency

The interface between delirium and dementia in elderly adults

Open access

Fong, Tamara G, Davis, Daniel, Growdon, Matthew E, Albuquerque, Asha, Inouye, Sharon K·2015·The Lancet Neurology

DOI 10.1016/s1474-4422(15)00101-5PMC PMC4535349

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Delirium and dementia are two of the most common causes of cognitive impairment in older populations, yet their interrelation remains poorly understood. Previous studies have shown that dementia is the leading risk factor for delirium and that delirium is an independent risk factor for subsequent development of dementia. However, a major area of controversy is whether delirium is simply a marker of vulnerability to dementia, whether the effect of delirium is solely related to its precipitating factors, or whether delirium itself can cause permanent neuronal damage and lead to dementia. Ultimately, all of these hypotheses are likely to be true. Emerging evidence from epidemiological, clinicopathological, neuroimaging, biomarker, and experimental studies lends support to a strong relation between delirium and dementia, and to both shared and distinct pathological mechanisms. New preventive and therapeutic approaches that target delirium might offer a sought-after opportunity for early intervention, preservation of cognitive reserve, and prevention of irreversible cognitive decline in ageing.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/s1474-4422(15)00101-5

Cites

98 of 98 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Recognition of dementia in hospital inpatients is necessary for optimum care, but dementia is often undetected or unrecorded.
“Recognition of dementia in hospital inpatients is necessary for optimum care,279 but dementia is often undetected or unrecorded.280”
From Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2020 report of the Lancet Commission (2020) · cites this paper as [279]
Dementia is widely recognized as a strong predisposing risk factor for delirium.
“dementia, widely recognized as a strong predisposing risk factor for delirium”
From Healthcare-Associated Adverse Events in Alternate Level of Care Patients Awaiting Long-Term Care in Hospital (2022) · cites this paper as [29]
The predominance of delirium was reflective of dementia being the most common comorbidity in the ALC population.
“The predominance of delirium was reflective of dementia, widely recognized as a strong predisposing risk factor for delirium, being the most common comorbidity in our ALC population at 46.8% of the study population [29].”
From Healthcare-Associated Adverse Events in Alternate Level of Care Patients Awaiting Long-Term Care in Hospital (2022) · cites this paper as [29]

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Williams, J. B. W., & First, M. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.104 · Cited by 109,841 · see citing works
“Mini-mental state”
Folstein, M. F., Folstein, S. E., & McHugh, P. R. (1975) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3956(75)90026-6 · Cited by 88,282 · see citing works
[Japanese version of the Neuropsychiatric Inventory--a scoring system for neuropsychiatric disturbance in dementia patients].
Hirono, N., Mori, E., Ikejiri, Y., Imamura, T., Shimomura, T., Hashimoto, M., Yamashita, H., & Ikeda, M. (1997) · PubMed · Cited by 21,010 · see citing works
Special Care Units and Traditional Care in Dementia: Relationship with Behavior, Cognition, Functional Status and Quality of Life - A Review
Kok, J. S., Berg, I. J., & Scherder, E. J. A. (2013) · Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders Extra · doi:10.1159/000353441 · Cited by 20,589 · see citing works
Older Adults' Reasons for Using Technology while Aging in Place
Peek, S. T. M., Luijkx, K. G., Rijnaard, M. D., Nieboer, M. E., van der Voort, C. S., Aarts, S., van Hoof, J., Vrijhoef, H. J., & Wouters, E. (2015) · Gerontology · doi:10.1159/000430949 · Cited by 19,803 · see citing works
Sensitivity and False Alarm Rate of a Fall Sensor in Long-Term Fall Detection in the Elderly
Kangas, M., Korpelainen, R., Vikman, I., Nyberg, L., & Jämsä, T. J. (2014) · Gerontology · doi:10.1159/000362720 · Cited by 19,003 · see citing works
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders(DSM)
Leong, F. T. L. (2008) · Sage eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781412963978.n182 · Cited by 10,858 · see citing works
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV)
Hu, R. J. (2003) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b0-12-226870-9/01070-4 · Cited by 9,167 · see citing works
A Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire for the Assessment of Organic Brain Deficit in Elderly Patients†
Pfeiffer, E. A. (1975) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.1975.tb00927.x · Cited by 5,320 · see citing works
Clarifying Confusion: The Confusion Assessment Method: A New Method for Detection of Delirium
Inouye, S. K., van Dyck, C. H., Alessi, C. A., Balkin, S., Siegal, A. P., & Horwitz, R. I. (1990) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-113-12-941 · Cited by 5,250 · see citing works
Self-citation
The Association Between Quantitative Measures of Dementia and of Senile Change in the Cerebral Grey Matter of Elderly Subjects
Blessed, G., Tomlinson, B. E., & Roth, M. (1968) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.114.512.797 · Cited by 4,117 · see citing works
Delirium in elderly people
Inouye, S. K., Westendorp, R. G., & Saczynski, J. S. (2014) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(13)60688-1 · Cited by 3,722 · see citing works
Self-citation
Long-term cognitive impairment after critical illness
Pandharipande, P. P., Girard, T. D., Jackson, J. C., Morandi, A., Thompson, J. L., Pun, B. T., Brummel, N. E., Hughes, C. G., Vasilevskis, E. E., Shintani, A. K., et al. (2013) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1301372 · Cited by 2,842 · see citing works
The Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS): preliminary clinical validity
Randolph, C., Tierney, M. C., Mohr, E., & Chase, T. N. (1998) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1076/jcen.20.3.310.823 · Cited by 2,519 · see citing works
Delirium in Older Persons
Inouye, S. K. (2006) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmra052321 · Cited by 2,091 · see citing works
Self-citation
Delirium in Elderly Patients and the Risk of Postdischarge Mortality, Institutionalization, and Dementia
Witlox, J., Eurelings, L. S. M., de Jonghe, J. F. M., Kalisvaart, K. J., Eikelenboom, P., & van Gool, W. A. (2010) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2010.1013 · Cited by 1,972 · see citing works
A short form of the Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly (IQCODE): development and cross-validation
Jorm, A. F. (1994) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s003329170002691x · Cited by 1,198 · see citing works
Cognitive Trajectories after Postoperative Delirium
Saczynski, J. S., Marcantonio, E. R., Quach, L., Fong, T. G., Gross, A. L., Inouye, S. K., & Jones, R. N. (2012) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1112923 · Cited by 1,196 · see citing works
Self-citation
Long-Term Cognitive Impairment After Critical Illness
Pandharipande, P. P., Girard, T. D., Jackson, J. C., Morandi, A., Thompson, J. L., Pun, B. T., Brummel, N. E., Hughes, C. G., Vasilevskis, E. E., Shintani, A., et al. (2014) · Survey of Anesthesiology · doi:10.1097/sa.0000000000000071 · Cited by 1,114 · see citing works
Delirium in elderly adults: diagnosis, prevention and treatment
Fong, T. G., Tulebaev, S. R., & Inouye, S. K. (2009) · Nature Reviews Neurology · doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2009.24 · Cited by 988 · see citing works
Self-citation
A Clinical Prediction Rule for Delirium After Elective Noncardiac Surgery
Marcantonio, E. R. (1994) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1994.03510260066030 · Cited by 894 · see citing works
A Predictive Model for Delirium in Hospitalized Elderly Medical Patients Based on Admission Characteristics
Inouye, S. K., Viscoli, C. M., Horwitz, R. I., Hurst, L. D., & Tinetti, M. E. (1993) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-119-6-199309150-00005 · Cited by 854 · see citing works
Self-citation
Exaggerated neuroinflammation and sickness behavior in aged mice after activation of the peripheral innate immune system
Godbout, J. P., Chen, J., Abraham, J., Richwine, A. F., Berg, B. M., Kelley, K. W., & Johnson, R. W. (2005) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.05-3776fje · Cited by 813 · see citing works
Central and Systemic Endotoxin Challenges Exacerbate the Local Inflammatory Response and Increase Neuronal Death during Chronic Neurodegeneration
Cunningham, C., Wilcockson, D. C., Campion, S., Lunnon, K., & Perry, V. H. (2005) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2614-05.2005 · Cited by 768 · see citing works
A computerized psychiatric diagnostic system and case nomenclature for elderly subjects: GMS and AGECAT
Copeland, J. R. M., Dewey, M. E., & Griffiths‐Jones, H. M. (1986) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291700057779 · Cited by 753 · see citing works
Delirium Is Independently Associated with Poor Functional Recovery After Hip Fracture
Marcantonio, E. R., Flacker, J. M., Michaels, M., & Resnick, N. M. (2000) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2000.tb04718.x · Cited by 676 · see citing works
Systemic inflammation induces acute behavioral and cognitive changes and accelerates neurodegenerative disease.
Cunningham, C., Campion, S., Lunnon, K., Murray, C. L., Woods, J. F. C., Deacon, R. M. J., Rawlins, J. N. P., & Perry, V. H. (2009) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.07.024 · Cited by 584 · see citing works
Delirium is a strong risk factor for dementia in the oldest-old: a population-based cohort study
Davis, D. H. J., Terrera, G. M., Keage, H. A. D., Rahkonen, T., Oinas, M., Matthews, F. E., Cunningham, C. M., Polvikoski, T. M., Sulkava, R. O., MacLullich, A. M. J., et al. (2012) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/aws190 · Cited by 556 · see citing works
Self-citation
Cholinergic Deficiency Hypothesis in Delirium: A Synthesis of Current Evidence
Hshieh, T. T., Fong, T. G., Marcantonio, E. R., & Inouye, S. K. (2008) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/63.7.764 · Cited by 553 · see citing works
Self-citation
The Delirium Observation Screening Scale: A Screening Instrument for Delirium
Schuurmans, M. J., Shortridge‐Baggett, L. M., & Duursma, S. A. (2003) · Research and theory for nursing practice · doi:10.1891/rtnp.17.1.31.53169 · Cited by 511 · see citing works
Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction after Noncardiac Surgery
Newman, S. P., Stygall, J., Hirani, S. P., Shaefi, S., Maze, M., & Warltier, D. C. (2007) · Anesthesiology · doi:10.1097/00000542-200703000-00023 · Cited by 510 · see citing works
Derivation and Validation of a Preoperative Prediction Rule for Delirium After Cardiac Surgery
Rudolph, J. L., Jones, R. N., Levkoff, S. E., Rockett, C., Inouye, S. K., Sellke, F. W., Khuri, S. F., Lipsitz, L. A., Ramlawi, B., Levitsky, S., et al. (2008) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.108.795260 · Cited by 501 · see citing works
Self-citation
Delirium accelerates cognitive decline in Alzheimer disease
Fong, T. G., Jones, R. N., Shi, P., Marcantonio, E. R., Yap, L., Rudolph, J. L., Yang, F. M., Kiely, D. K., & Inouye, S. K. (2009) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0b013e3181a4129a · Cited by 493 · see citing works
Self-citation
Delirium. The occurrence and persistence of symptoms among elderly hospitalized patients
Levkoff, S. E. (1992) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.152.2.334 · Cited by 478 · see citing works
Unravelling the pathophysiology of delirium: A focus on the role of aberrant stress responses
MacLullich, A. M. J., Ferguson, K. J., Miller, T. D., de Rooij, S. E., & Cunningham, C. M. (2008) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2008.05.019 · Cited by 448 · see citing works
Delirium in Hospitalized Older Persons: Outcomes and Predictors
Pompei, P., Foreman, M. D., Rudberg, M. A., Inouye, S. K., Braund, V., & Cassel, C. K. (1994) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.1994.tb06551.x · Cited by 439 · see citing works
Self-citation
The risk of dementia and death after delirium
Rockwood, K. J. (1999) · Age and Ageing · doi:10.1093/ageing/28.6.551 · Cited by 410 · see citing works
Delirium in older medical inpatients and subsequent cognitive and functional status: a prospective study.
McCusker, J., Cole, M. G., Dendukuri, N., Belzile, É., & Primeau, F. (2001) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 391 · see citing works
Delirium
Levkoff, S. E. (1992) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.1992.00400140082019 · Cited by 371 · see citing works
Systemic inflammation induces apoptosis with variable vulnerability of different brain regions
Semmler, A., Okulla, T., Sastre, M., Dumitrescu‐Ozimek, L., & Heneka, M. T. (2005) · Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy · doi:10.1016/j.jchemneu.2005.07.003 · Cited by 368 · see citing works
Cognitive and Neurologic Outcomes after Coronary-Artery Bypass Surgery
Selnes, O. A., Gottesman, R. F., Grega, M. A., Baumgartner, W. A., Zeger, S. L., & McKhann, G. M. (2012) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmra1100109 · Cited by 350 · see citing works
Conceptual and Measurement Challenges in Research on Cognitive Reserve
Jones, R. N., Manly, J., Glymour, M., Rentz, D., Jefferson, A. L., & Stern, Y. (2011) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617710001748 · Cited by 320 · see citing works
High Risk of Cognitive and Functional Decline after Postoperative Delirium
Bickel, H., Gradinger, R., Kochs, E. F., & Förstl, H. (2008) · Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders · doi:10.1159/000140804 · Cited by 318 · see citing works
Postoperative Delirium
Marcantonio, E. R. (2012) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2012.6857 · Cited by 317 · see citing works
The Prognostic Significance of Subsyndromal Delirium in Elderly Medical Inpatients
Cole, M. G., McCusker, J., Dendukuri, N., & Han, L. (2003) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2389.2003.51255.x · Cited by 293 · see citing works
The association between brain volumes, delirium duration, and cognitive outcomes in intensive care unit survivors
Gunther, M. L., Morandi, A., Krauskopf, E., Pandharipande, P. P., Girard, T. D., Jackson, J. C., Thompson, J. L., Shintani, A., Geevarghese, S. K., Miller, R. R., et al. (2012) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/ccm.0b013e318250acc0 · Cited by 289 · see citing works
The course of delirium in older medical inpatients
McCusker, J., Cole, M. G., Dendukuri, N., Han, L., & Belzile, É. (2003) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1046/j.1525-1497.2003.20602.x · Cited by 274 · see citing works
Risk Factors and Prediction of Postoperative Delirium in Elderly Hip‐Surgery Patients: Implementation and Validation of a Medical Risk Factor Model
Kalisvaart, K. J., Vreeswijk, R., de Jonghe, J. F. M., et al. (2006) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2006.00704.x · Cited by 268 · see citing works
Anesthetics isoflurane and desflurane differently affect mitochondrial function, learning, and memory
Zhang, Y., Xu, Z., Wang, H., Dong, Y., Shi, H. N., Culley, D. J., Crosby, G. J., Marcantonio, E. R., Tanzi, R. E., & Xie, Z. (2012) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.23536 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Dementia after Delirium in Patients with Femoral Neck Fractures
Lundström, M., Edlund, A., Bucht, G., Karlsson, S., & Gustafson, Y. (2003) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2389.2003.51315.x · Cited by 230 · see citing works
Delirium and Long-term Cognitive Trajectory Among Persons With Dementia
Gross, A. L., Jones, R. N., Habtemariam, D. A., Fong, T. G., Tommet, D., Quach, L., Schmitt, E. M., Yap, L., & Inouye, S. K. (2012) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2012.3203 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
Self-citation
Systemic inflammation induces acute working memory deficits in the primed brain: relevance for delirium
Murray, C., Sanderson, D. J., Barkus, C., Deacon, R. M. J., Rawlins, J. N. P., Bannerman, D. M., & Cunningham, C. M. (2010) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2010.04.002 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Adverse Outcomes After Hospitalization and Delirium in Persons With Alzheimer Disease
Fong, T. G., Jones, R. N., Marcantonio, E. R., Tommet, D., Gross, A. L., Habtemariam, D. A., Schmitt, E. M., Yap, L., & Inouye, S. K. (2012) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-156-12-201206190-00005 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
Self-citation
The relationship between delirium duration, white matter integrity, and cognitive impairment in intensive care unit survivors as determined by diffusion tensor imaging
Morandi, A., Rogers, B. P., Gunther, M. L., Merkle, K. L., Pandharipande, P. P., Girard, T. D., Jackson, J. C., Thompson, J. L., Shintani, A., Geevarghese, S. K., et al. (2012) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/ccm.0b013e318250acdc · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Biomarkers associated with delirium in critically ill patients and their relation with long-term subjective cognitive dysfunction; indications for different pathways governing delirium in inflamed and noninflamed patients
van den Boogaard, M., Kox, M., Quinn, K. L., van Achterberg, T., van der Hoeven, J. G., Schoonhoven, L., & Pickkers, P. (2011) · Critical Care · doi:10.1186/cc10598 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Systemic challenge with the TLR3 agonist poly I:C induces amplified IFNα/β and IL-1β responses in the diseased brain and exacerbates chronic neurodegeneration
Field, R. H., Campion, S., Warren, C., Murray, C., & Cunningham, C. M. (2010) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2010.04.004 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Delirium Risk Prediction, Healthcare Use and Mortality of Elderly Adults in the Emergency Department
Kennedy, M., Enander, R. A., Tadiri, S. P., Wolfe, R. E., Shapiro, N. I., & Marcantonio, E. R. (2014) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/jgs.12692 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
The Role of Inflammation in the Pathogenesis of Delirium and Dementia in Older Adults: A Review
Simone, M. J., & Tan, Z. S. (2010) · CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/j.1755-5949.2010.00173.x · Cited by 197 · see citing works
The Occurrence and Duration of Symptoms in Elderly Patients With Delirium
Rockwood, K. J. (1993) · Journal of Gerontology · doi:10.1093/geronj/48.4.m162 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
At the extreme end of the psychoneuroimmunological spectrum: Delirium as a maladaptive sickness behaviour response
Cunningham, C. M., & MacLullich, A. M. J. (2012) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2012.07.012 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Long-Term Cognitive Impairment after Critical Illness
Fraser, G. L., Riker, R. R., & Coursin, D. C. (2014) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmc1313886 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Consequences of Not Recognizing Delirium Superimposed on Dementia in Hospitalized Elderly Individuals
Fick, D. M., & Foreman, M. D. (2000) · Journal of Gerontological Nursing · doi:10.3928/0098-9134-20000101-09 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Prior Pathology in the Basal Forebrain Cholinergic System Predisposes to Inflammation-Induced Working Memory Deficits: Reconciling Inflammatory and Cholinergic Hypotheses of Delirium
Field, R. H., Gossen, A., & Cunningham, C. M. (2012) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4673-11.2012 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Systemic inflammation and delirium: important co-factors in the progression of dementia
Cunningham, C. (2011) · Biochemical Society Transactions · doi:10.1042/bst0390945 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Multicomponent Geriatric Intervention for Elderly Inpatients With Delirium: A Randomized, Controlled Trial
Pitkälä, K. H., Laurila, J., Strandberg, T. E., & Tilvis, R. S. (2006) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/61.2.176 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Procalcitonin and C-reactive protein levels at admission as predictors of duration of acute brain dysfunction in critically ill patients
McGrane, S., Girard, T. D., Thompson, J. L., Shintani, A., Woodworth, A. L., Ely, E. W., & Pandharipande, P. P. (2011) · Critical Care · doi:10.1186/cc10070 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
NOS2Gene Deficiency Protects from Sepsis-Induced Long-Term Cognitive Deficits
Weberpals, M., Hermes, M., Hermann, S., Kummer, M. P., Terwel, D., Semmler, A., Berger, M., Schäfers, M. A., & Heneka, M. T. (2009) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3238-09.2009 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Worsening Cognitive Impairment and Neurodegenerative Pathology Progressively Increase Risk for Delirium
Davis, D. H. J., Skelly, D., Murray, C., Hennessy, E., Bowen, J. S. T., Norton, S., Brayne, C., Rahkonen, T., Sulkava, R. O., Sanderson, D. J., et al. (2014) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2014.08.005 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Self-citation
Review of Clinical Evidence for Persistent Cognitive Decline or Incident Dementia Attributable to Surgery or General Anesthesia
Avidan, M. S., & Evers, A. S. (2011) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-2011-101680 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Cerebrospinal fluid markers of neuroinflammation in delirium: A role for interleukin-1β in delirium after hip fracture
Cape, E., Hall, R. J., Munster, B. C. V., de Vries, A., Howie, S., Pearson, A., Middleton, S. D., Gillies, F., Armstrong, I. R., White, T. O., et al. (2014) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2014.06.014 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
New horizons in the pathogenesis, assessment and management of delirium
MacLullich, A. M. J., Anand, A., Davis, D. H. J., Jackson, T., Barugh, A., Hall, R. J., Ferguson, K. J., Meagher, D. J., & Cunningham, C. M. (2013) · Age and Ageing · doi:10.1093/ageing/aft148 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Self-citation
Isoflurane-Induced Apoptosis: A Potential Pathogenic Link Between Delirium and Dementia
Xie, Z., Dong, Y., Maeda, U., Moir, R. D., Inouye, S. K., Culley, D. J., Crosby, G., & Tanzi, R. E. (2006) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/61.12.1300 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Self-citation
Predicting Delirium in Elderly Patients: Development and Validation of a Risk-stratification Model
O’Keeffe, S. T., & Lavan, J. N. (1996) · Age and Ageing · doi:10.1093/ageing/25.4.317 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Cytokines and IGF-I in delirious and non-delirious acutely ill older medical inpatients
Adamis, D., Lunn, M. P., Martin, F. C., Treloar, A. J., Gregson, N. A., Hamilton, G., & Macdonald, A. (2008) · Age and Ageing · doi:10.1093/ageing/afp014 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Cyclooxygenase-1-Dependent Prostaglandins Mediate Susceptibility to Systemic Inflammation-Induced Acute Cognitive Dysfunction
Griffin, É. W., Skelly, D., Murray, C., & Cunningham, C. M. (2013) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.6361-11.2013 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Preoperative cerebrospinal fluid β‐Amyloid/Tau ratio and postoperative delirium
Xie, Z., Swain, C. A., Ward, S. A. P., Zheng, H., Dong, Y., Sunder, N., Burke, D. W., Escobar, D., Zhang, Y., & Marcantonio, E. R. (2014) · Annals of Clinical and Translational Neurology · doi:10.1002/acn3.58 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Preoperative cerebrospinal fluid cytokine levels and the risk of postoperative delirium in elderly hip fracture patients
Westhoff, D., Witlox, J., Koenderman, L., Kalisvaart, K. J., de Jonghe, J. F. M., van Stijn, M. F. M., Houdijk, A. P. J., Hoogland, I. C. M., MacLullich, A. M. J., van Westerloo, D. J., et al. (2013) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/1742-2094-10-122 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Geriatric Psychiatry Review: Differential Diagnosis and Treatment of the 3 D’s - Delirium, Dementia, and Depression
Downing, L. J., Caprio, T. V., & Lyness, J. M. (2013) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-013-0365-4 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Serum S100B in elderly patients with and without delirium
Munster, B. C. V., Korevaar, J. C., Korse, C. M., Bonfrèr, J. M. G., Zwinderman, A. H., & de Rooij, S. E. (2009) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.2326 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Neuroimaging studies of delirium: A systematic review
Soiza, R. L., Sharma, V. K., Ferguson, K. J., Shenkin, S. D., Seymour, D. G., & MacLullich, A. M. J. (2008) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2008.05.021 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Plasma insulin growth factor—1 and incident delirium in older people
Wilson, K., Broadhurst, C., Diver, M. J., Jackson, M. J., & Mottram, P. G. (2005) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.1265 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Progression and Resolution of Delirium in Elderly Patients Hospitalized for Acute Care
Levkoff, S. E., Liptzin, B., Evans, D. A., et al. (1994) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00019442-199400230-00007 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Review Article: The Role of Neuroimaging in Elucidating Delirium Pathophysiology
Alsop, D. C., Fearing, M. A., Johnson, K. A., Sperling, R. A., Fong, T. G., & Inouye, S. K. (2006) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/61.12.1287 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Self-citation
CEREBROSPINAL FLUID INTERLEUKIN‐8 LEVELS ARE HIGHER IN PEOPLE WITH HIP FRACTURE WITH PERIOPERATIVE DELIRIUM THAN IN CONTROLS
MacLullich, A. M. J., Edelshain, B. T., Hall, R. J., de Vries, A., Howie, S., Pearson, A., Middleton, S. D., Gillies, F., Armstrong, I. R., White, T. O., et al. (2011) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2011.03428.x · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Cerebrospinal fluid cortisol levels are higher in patients with delirium versus controls
Pearson, A., de Vries, A., Middleton, S. D., et al. (2010) · BMC Research Notes · doi:10.1186/1756-0500-3-33 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
General anesthetics and β-amyloid protein
Xie, Z., & Xu, Z. (2012) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2012.08.002 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Prediction of delirium after cardiac surgery and the use of a risk checklist
Koster, S., Hensens, A. G., Schuurmans, M. J., & van der Palen, J. A. M. (2012) · European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing · doi:10.1177/1474515112450244 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Emergency Department Management of Delirium in the Elderly
Gower, L. E. J., Gatewood, M., & Kang, C. (2012) · Western Journal of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.5811/westjem.2011.10.6654 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Geriatric Ward Hospitalization Reduced Incidence Delirium Among Older Medical Inpatients
Bo, M., Martini, B., Ruatta, C., Massaia, M., Ricauda, N. A., Varetto, A., Astengo, M. A., & Torta, R. (2009) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/jgp.0b013e3181a315d5 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Cerebrospinal Fluid β‐Amyloid and Tau Are Not Associated with Risk of Delirium: A Prospective Cohort Study in Older Adults with Hip Fracture
Witlox, J., Kalisvaart, K. J., de Jonghe, J. F. M., Verwey, N. A., van Stijn, M. F. M., Houdijk, A. P. J., Traast, H. S., MacLullich, A. M. J., van Gool, W. A., & Eikelenboom, P. (2011) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2011.03482.x · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Delirium and Cerebrospinal Fluid S100B in Hip Fracture Patients: A Preliminary Study
Hall, R. J., Ferguson, K. J., Andrews, M., Green, A. J. E., White, T. O., Armstrong, I. R., & MacLullich, A. M. J. (2013) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2012.12.024 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
The descriptive epidemiology of delirium symptoms in a large population-based cohort study: results from the Medical Research Council Cognitive Function and Ageing Study (MRC CFAS)
Davis, D. H. J., Barnes, L., Stephan, B. C. M., MacLullich, A. M. J., Meagher, D. J., Copeland, J. R. M., Matthews, F. E., & Brayne, C. (2014) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/1471-2318-14-87 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Self-citation
Does Apolipoprotein E Genotype Increase Risk of Postoperative Delirium?
Vasunilashorn, S. M., Ngo, L. H., Kosar, C. M., Fong, T. G., Jones, R. N., Inouye, S. K., & Marcantonio, E. R. (2015) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2014.12.192 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citation
Cerebrospinal fluid homovanillic acid is correlated to psychotic features in neurological patients with delirium
Ramírez‐Bermúdez, J., Ruíz-Chow, Á. A., Pérez‐Neri, I., et al. (2008) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2008.01.007 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Validation of the Risk Model for Delirium in hip fracture patients
Moerman, S., Tuinebreijer, W. E., de Boo, M., et al. (2012) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2011.11.011 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Delirium episodes during the course of clinically diagnosed Alzheimer's disease.
Baker, F. M., Wiley, C., Kokmen, E., Chandra, V., & Schoenberg, B. S. (1999) · PubMed Central · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Cognitive trajectories after postoperative delirium.
Strat, Y. L. (2012) · PubMed · doi:10.1056/nejmc1209366 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Delirium and confusional states.
Sturmberg, J. P., & Death, J. (2000) · PubMed · Cited by 8 · see citing works

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 1

[37]American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Third Edition (DSM-III) Washington, DC American Psychiatric Association 1980

Sorted by citations

Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2020 report of the Lancet Commission
Livingston, G., Huntley, J., Sommerlad, A., Ames, D., Ballard, C., Banerjee, S., Brayne, C., Burns, A., Cohen-Mansfield, J., Cooper, C., et al. (2020) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30367-6 · Cited by 10,430 · see citing works
Retracted
The Alzheimer’s Disease Clinical Spectrum
Atri, A. (2019) · Medical Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.mcna.2018.10.009 · Cited by 623 · see citing works
“The deliriumdementia link has been reviewed in the literature.(59,60) Tier 1 to 2 CBS or dementia assessment laboratory tests or studies (see Table 4) can help identify common conditions that exacerbate symptoms, including dehydration, electrolyte and metabolic derangements, anemia, cardiac or cerebral ischemia, hypox…”
The inter-relationship between delirium and dementia: the importance of delirium prevention
Fong, T. G., & Inouye, S. K. (2022) · Nature Reviews Neurology · doi:10.1038/s41582-022-00698-7 · Cited by 404 · see citing works
Self-citation
Current and future treatments in Alzheimer’s disease
Atri, A. (2019) · Seminars in Neurology · doi:10.1055/s-0039-1678581 · Cited by 309 · see citing works
Association of Delirium With Cognitive Decline in Late Life: A Neuropathologic Study of 3 Population-Based Cohort Studies
Davis, D. H. J., Muniz-Terrera, G., Keage, H. A. D., Stephan, B. C. M., Fleming, J., Ince, P. G., Matthews, F. E., Cunningham, C., Ely, E. W., MacLullich, A. M. J., et al. (2017) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.3423 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Self-citation
Tip of the Iceberg: Assessing the Global Socioeconomic Costs of Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Dementias and Strategic Implications for Stakeholders
El-Hayek, Y. H., Wiley, R. E., Khoury, C. P., Daya, R. P., Ballard, C., Evans, A. R., Karran, M., Molinuevo, J. L., Norton, M., & Atri, A. (2019) · Journal of Alzheimer's Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-190426 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Recurrent delirium over 12 months predicts dementia: results of the Delirium and Cognitive Impact in Dementia (DECIDE) study
Richardson, S. J., Davis, D. H. J., Stephan, B. C. M., Robinson, L., Brayne, C., Barnes, L. E., Taylor, J.-P., Parker, S. G., & Allan, L. M. (2021) · Age and Ageing · doi:10.1093/ageing/afaa244 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Self-citation
Prevalence, risk factors, and impact of delirium on hospitalized older adults with dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Han, Q. Y. C., Rodrigues, N. G., Klainin-Yobas, P., Haugan, G., & Wu, X. V. (2022) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2021.09.008 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Interventions for preventing delirium in older people in institutional long-term care
Clegg, A., Siddiqi, N., Heaven, A., Young, J., & Holt, R. (2014) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd009537.pub2 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Challenges and opportunities in understanding dementia and delirium in the acute hospital
Jackson, T. A., Gladman, J. R. F., Harwood, R. H., MacLullich, A. M. J., Sampson, E. L., Sheehan, B., & Davis, D. H. J. (2017) · PLOS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002247 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Self-citation
Agitation in cognitive disorders: progress in the International Psychogeriatric Association consensus clinical and research definition.
Sano, M., Cummings, J., Auer, S., Bergh, S., Fischer, C. E., Gerritsen, D., Grossberg, G., Ismail, Z., Lanctôt, K., Lapid, M. I., et al. (2024) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610222001041 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
2- <sup>18</sup> F-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography in delirium
Haggstrom, L. R., Nelson, J. A., Wegner, E. A., & Caplan, G. A. (2017) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1177/0271678x17701764 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Effect of cognitively stimulating activities on symptom management of delirium superimposed on dementia: A randomized controlled trial
Kolanowski, A., Fick, D., Litaker, M., Mulhall, P., Clare, L., Hill, N., Mogle, J., Boustani, M., Gill, D., & Yevchak‐Sillner, A. (2016) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/jgs.14511 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Cognitive decline after elective and nonelective hospitalizations in older adults
James, B. D., Wilson, R. S., Capuano, A. W., Boyle, P. A., Shah, R. C., Lamar, M., Ely, E. W., Bennett, D. A., & Schneider, J. A. (2019) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000006918 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Cerebrospinal Fluid Levels of Interleukin-8 in Delirium, Dementia, and Cognitively Healthy Patients
Sajjad, M. U., Blennow, K., Knapskog, A. B., Idland, A.-V., Chaudhry, F. A., Wyller, T. B., Zetterberg, H., & Watne, L. O. (2020) · Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-190941 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Healthcare-Associated Adverse Events in Alternate Level of Care Patients Awaiting Long-Term Care in Hospital
Lim Fat, G. J., Gopaul, A., Pananos, A. D., & Taabazuing, M.-M. (2022) · Geriatrics · doi:10.3390/geriatrics7040081 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
IoT-based Technologies for Addressing the Unique Healthcare Needs of the Elderly Population
Ali, S. A., & Khan, R. (2023) · doi:10.20944/preprints202303.0088.v1 · Cited by 7 · see citing works

Brain reserve and cognitive reserve protect against cognitive decline over 4.5 years in MS
Sumowski, J. F., Rocca, M. A., Leavitt, V. M., Dackovic, J. R., Mesaroš, Š., Drulovic, J. S., DeLuca, J., & Filippi, M. (2014) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000000433 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Tau and amyloid biomarkers modify the degree to which cognitive reserve and brain reserve predict cognitive decline
McKenzie, C., Bucks, R. S., Weinborn, M., et al. (2022) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617722000546 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Education amplifies brain atrophy effect on cognitive decline: Implications for cognitive reserve
Mungas, D., Gavett, B., Fletcher, E., Farias, S. T., Decarli, C., & Reed, B. (2018) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2018.04.002 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
P3‐139: Crossword puzzles delay onset of accelerated cognitive decline in preclinical dementia, contributing to cognitive reserve
Hall, C. B., Lipton, R. B., & Verghese, J. (2009) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2009.04.1114
Subjective Cognitive Decline, Cognitive Reserve Indicators, and the Incidence of Dementia
Jia, F., Li, Y., Li, M., & Cao, F. (2020) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2020.08.005 · Cited by 52 · see citing works

Authors: Fong, T. G., Davis, D., Growdon, M. E., Albuquerque, A., & Inouye, S. K.
Affiliations: Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (US)
MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing (GB)
Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
Hebrew SeniorLife (US)
Corresponding author: Inouye, Sharon K
ORCID: Fong, Tamara G
Davis, Daniel
Growdon, Matthew E
Inouye, Sharon K
Venue: The Lancet Neurology
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2015-08
Volume: 14
Issue: 8
Pages: 823-832
ISSN: 1474-4422 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(15)00101-5
PMC: PMC4535349
OpenAlex: W1944250905
Cited by: 595
References: 98
Citations by year: 2026: 39 · 2025: 55 · 2024: 50 · 2023: 60 · 2022: 76 · 2021: 85 · 2020: 69 · 2019: 57 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 40 · 2016: 26 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 1
FWCI: 4.92
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: The Lancet Neurology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
Funders: US National Institute on Aging and by the Milton and Shirley F Levy Family Chair (grants P01AG031720 (SKI), R01AG044518 (SKI))
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine › Intensive Care Unit Cognitive Disorders
Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Alcoholism and Thiamine Deficiency
Keywords: delirium, dementia, older adults, cognitive impairment, dementia risk factors, neuronal injury, cognitive reserve, cognitive decline, early intervention, dementia prevention, neuroimaging biomarkers
MeSH terms: Aged, Aging, Delirium, Dementia, Humans

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

The interface between delirium and dementia in elderly adults

Abstract

Integrity signals

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Cites

Cited by

Related

Record

About these checks