The DOI matches its Crossref record; 137 of the 141 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
American Affective Polarization in Comparative Perspective
Abstract
American political observers express increasing concern about affective polarization, i.e., partisans' resentment toward political opponents. We advance debates about America's partisan divisions by comparing affective polarization in the US over the past 25 years with affective polarization in 19 other western publics. We conclude that American affective polarization is not extreme in comparative perspective, although Americans' dislike of partisan opponents has increased more rapidly since the mid-1990s than in most other Western publics. We then show that affective polarization is more intense when unemployment and inequality are high; when political elites clash over cultural issues such as immigration and national identity; and in countries with majoritarian electoral institutions. Our findings situate American partisan resentment and hostility in comparative perspective, and illuminate correlates of affective polarization that are difficult to detect when examining the American case in isolation.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“These studies converge on the finding that levels of affective polarization are not especially prominent in the United States, but that polarization has grown stronger there than anywhere else.”
From Affective Polarization in Comparative and Longitudinal Perspective (2023) · cites this paper as Gidron, Adams, and Horne 2020
In the citing paper
“Gidron, Adams, and Horne (2020) analyze data from the Comparative Study of Electoral Systems (CSES) for 20 democracies over the 1996–2017 period and conclude that America’s intensifying affective polarization is not part of a cross-national trend.”
From Affective Polarization in Comparative and Longitudinal Perspective (2023) · cites this paper as Gidron, Adams, and Horne (2020)
In the citing paper
“Existent research shows that affective polarization has been intensifying in some publics, diminishing in others, and remaining stable in most.”
From Affective Polarization in Comparative and Longitudinal Perspective (2023) · cites this paper as Gidron, Adams, and Horne (2020)
In the citing paper
“Similarly, in their comparative study of twenty democracies, Gidron et al. (2020) identified Spain as the most affectively polarized country.”
From ¿Demasiado lejos? Cómo la polarización mal percibida alimenta la polarización afectiva en España (2025) · cites this paper as Gidron et al. (2020)
In the citing paper
“Spain is marked by high levels of affective polarization.”
From ¿Demasiado lejos? Cómo la polarización mal percibida alimenta la polarización afectiva en España (2025) · cites this paper as Gidron et al. (2020)
In the citing paper
“This research finds that several nations are even more polarized than the United States (Gidron et al., 2020), although the United States seems to have had the sharpest recent increase (Boxell et al., 2024;Gidron et al., 2020).”
From Measuring affective polarization: Matching concepts to measures (2026) · cites this paper as Gidron et al., 2020
In the citing paper
“This measure has been included in large, cross-national surveys such as the Comparative Study of Electoral Systems (CSES) survey and the Comparative National Election Project (CNEP) (e.g., Boxell et al., 2024;Ferreira Da Silva & Garzia, 2024;Gidron et al., 2020;Wagner, 2021;Ward & Tavits, 2019).”
From Measuring affective polarization: Matching concepts to measures (2026) · cites this paper as Gidron et al., 2020
In the citing paper
“Paralleling the U.S. case, a modal measure in cross-national, multi-party contexts is a like/dislike scale, somewhat akin to the feeling thermometer.”
From Measuring affective polarization: Matching concepts to measures (2026) · cites this paper as Gidron et al., 2020
In the citing paper
“Although it is beyond the purview of our analysis, it is important to keep in mind that levels of polarization (and their political consequences) depend on a number of contextual factors65.”
From Cognitive–motivational mechanisms of political polarization in social-communicative contexts (2022) · cites this paper as [65]
In the citing paper
“For example, there is evidence that ideological, issue and affective polarization have increased rapidly in the USA in the past few decades339,340, but it is also true that levels of polarization in the USA are smaller than (or similar to) levels observed in other countries65,341.”
From Cognitive–motivational mechanisms of political polarization in social-communicative contexts (2022) · cites this paper as [65]
Citations
Cites
The Origins and Consequences of Affective Polarization in the United States
Iyengar, S., Lelkes, Y., Levendusky, M., Malhotra, N., & Westwood, S. J. (2019) · Annual Review of Political Science · doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-051117-073034 · Cited by 3,603
Iyengar, S., Sood, G., & Lelkes, Y. (2012) · Public Opinion Quarterly · doi:10.1093/poq/nfs038 · Cited by 2,996
Cultural Backlash: Trump, Brexit, and Authoritarian Populism
Norris, P., & Inglehart, R. (2019) · doi:10.1017/9781108595841 · Cited by 2,986
Fear and loathing across party lines: New evidence on group polarization
Iyengar, S., & Westwood, S. J. (2015) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1111/ajps.12152 · Cited by 2,452
West European Politics in the Age of Globalization
Kriesi, H., Grande, E., Lachat, R., Dolezal, M., Bornschier, S., & Frey, T. (2008) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511790720 · Cited by 2,335
The Transformation of European Social Democracy
Kitschelt, H. P. (1994) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511622014 · Cited by 2,007
Uncivil Agreement: How Politics Became Our Identity
Mason, L. (2018) · doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226524689.001.0001 · Cited by 1,985
Spatial Models of Party Competition
Stokes, D. (1963) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.2307/1952828 · Cited by 1,970
Gilens, M. (1999) · University of Chicago Press eBooks · doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226293660.001.0001 · Cited by 1,803
Polarized America: the dance of ideology and unequal riches
(2007) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.44-3551 · Cited by 1,793
Flagged first, then by citations
4 of the 141 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 10
- Gidron, American Affective Polarization in Comparative Perspective, 10.1017/9781108914123
- Mickey, 2017, Is America still a democracy?, Foreign Affairs, 20, 20
- Bale, 2019, Brexit and Public Opinion, 27
- Kalmoe, 2019, Lethal Mass Partisanship: Prevalence, Correlates, and Electoral Contingencies
- 10.31219/osf.io/j7d4t · DOI
- Volkens, 2017, The Manifesto Data Collection. Manifesto Project (MRG/CMP/MARPOR)
- Bonikowski, Bart , Feinstein, Yuval , and Bock, Sean . (2019). The Polarization of Nationalist Cleavages and the 2016 US Presidential Election. Annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Washington, DC. · DOI
- 10.1017/9781108644655 · DOI
- Anton, Michael . (2016). “The Flight 93 election.” Claremont Review of Books, Digital Edition, September 5, 2016.
- 10.1515/9781400831593 · DOI
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 301–400 of 493
Bano, S., Hill, D. J., & Ahmad, N. (2025) · Contributions to political science · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-06596-4_11 · Cited by 1
Voting Advice Applications and Their Impact on Ideological and Affective Polarization
Walder, M., Fivaz, J., & Schwarz, D. (2026) · Politics and Governance · doi:10.17645/pag.11236 · Cited by 2
Bodenständige gegen Weltoffene? Lebensführung und Polarisierung in Deutschland
Lux, T., Mau, S., & Westheuser, L. (2026) · KZfSS Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie · doi:10.1007/s11577-026-01066-9 · Cited by 1
Are Alternative Voting Methods Ideologically Biased? Evidence from the 2022 Italian Election
Marsilio, S., & Delemazure, T. (2026) · Statistics Politics and Policy · doi:10.1515/spp-2025-0066 · Cited by 1
Taflinger, S., & Hudde, A. (2026) · European Sociological Review · doi:10.1093/esr/jcag020 · Cited by 1
Aydin, N., Kleber, J., Mahr, L. A. M., & Gangl, K. (2023) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/13684302231208402 · Cited by 3
When Consumer Brand Advocacy Goes Bad: A Study of Key Drivers of Extreme, Negative Activism
Shah, E. D., Blose, J. E., & Kilpatrick, R. (2024) · Journal of Applied Marketing Theory · doi:10.20429/jamt.2024.110106 · Cited by 1
Balinhas, D. (2024) · Ethnopolitics · doi:10.1080/17449057.2024.2400637 · Cited by 3
New parties, new activism? A generational approach to party linkage in a multiparty system
Ribeiro, P. F., & Alves, V. S. (2024) · Party Politics · doi:10.1177/13540688241306733 · Cited by 1
Challenges in a Hostile Scenario
Palau-Sampio, D., & García, G. L. (2025) · SpringerBriefs in political science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-86620-3_4 · Cited by 1
The choice argument for proportional representation
Lovett, A. (2025) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1111/ajps.12980 · Cited by 1
Reed, J. L. (2025) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-025-06012-x · Cited by 2
Chapkovski, P., & Zakharov, A. V. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4355956 · Cited by 1
Providing Details of Payoff Structure Can Reduce Polarization: Laboratory ExperimentsPreprint
Arai, K., Asako, Y., Hino, A., & Morikawa, S. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4684602 · Cited by 1
Tella, R. D., Gálvez, R. H., & Schargrodsky, E. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4721023 · Cited by 1
What Divides Us Can Kill Us: Polarization, Human Capital and HealthPreprint
Miera, D. M., & Sunyer, C. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5147347 · Cited by 1
The Impact of Social Norms on Cohesion and (De)Polarization
Lubbers, M. J., Bukowski, M., Christ, O., Jaspers, E., & van Zalk, M. H. W. (2025) · Social Inclusion · doi:10.17645/si.10984 · Cited by 1
¿Demasiado lejos? Cómo la polarización mal percibida alimenta la polarización afectiva en España
Rojo-Martínez, J. M. (2025) · Papers. Revista de Sociologia · doi:10.5565/rev/papers.3363
Comunicación política y comunicación de crisis sanitarias
Garrido, A. (2021) · Revista A&C · doi:10.36402/ac.v16i1.4778
Information Avoidance in a Polarized SocietyPreprint
Chapkovski, P. (2021) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3974394
Party Identification and Social Relationships: Exploring the Causal MechanismsPreprint
Ogura, I. (2022) · doi:10.33774/apsa-2022-vgw52
Individual narcissism, need for closure and the two sides of negative partisanshipPreprint
Mayer, S. J. (2021) · doi:10.31235/osf.io/aejt7
Information avoidance in a polarized societyPreprint
Chapkovski, P. (2021) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3964133
The Politicized Pandemic: Ideological Polarization and the Behavioral Response to COVID-19Preprint
Grimalda, G. F., Murtin, F., Pipke, D., Putterman, L. G., & Sutter, M. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4114563
Park, J. (2022) · MOspace Institutional Repository (University of Missouri) · doi:10.32469/10355/91681
Almagro, M., & Fernández, N. V. (2022) · Cuadernos de Filosofía · doi:10.29393/cf40-10dpav20010
Yang, D., EVans, J., & Chattopadhyay, I. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2653650/v1
Kossack, O. (2023) · transcript Verlag eBooks · doi:10.14361/9783839467152
Kossack, O. (2023) · transcript Verlag eBooks · doi:10.14361/9783839467152-015
Vallés, J. E. G., Barquero-Cabrero, J. D., & Enseñat-Bibiloni, N. (2023) · Politics and Governance · doi:10.17645/pag.v11i2.6369
Affektiv polarisering i Norden – en oversikt
Knudsen, E. S., Lindholm, J., Heiselberg, L., & Holmberg, N. (2023) · Tidsskrift for samfunnsforskning · doi:10.18261/tfs.64.3.7
Los Sistemas Nacionales de Partidos durante la Crisis Económica. El caso de Portugal (2009-2022).
Díaz-Montiel, A. (2023) · Anduli · doi:10.12795/anduli.2023.i24.03
Programa de intervención en un paciente con síndrome de Asperger
Barba, A. E. C. (2021) · UMA Editorial eBooks · doi:10.24310/mumaedmumaed.5442
Araujo, L. D. (2021) · UMA Editorial eBooks · doi:10.24310/mumaedmumaed.5428
¿Qué es la polarización? Una aproximación al concepto de polarización y a sus formas de medición
Montenegro, J., & Barros, M. (2021) · UMA Editorial eBooks · doi:10.24310/mumaedmumaed.5440
Jiménez, C. F. (2021) · UMA Editorial eBooks · doi:10.24310/mumaedmumaed.5434
Expresión de violencia de género a través de la dimensión de aislamiento en parejas jóvenes
Rando, M. D. C. L. (2021) · UMA Editorial eBooks · doi:10.24310/mumaedmumaed.5432
Vallecillo, A. C. (2021) · UMA Editorial eBooks · doi:10.24310/mumaedmumaed.5430
IV jornadas de investigación de la Facultad de psicología y logopedia : Libro de contribuciones
Rey, L. (2021) · UMA Editorial eBooks · doi:10.24310/mumaedmumaed.54
Control central de la vocalización. Evaluación y tratamiento en la disfonía espasmódica
Otálora, C. S. (2021) · UMA Editorial eBooks · doi:10.24310/mumaedmumaed.5436
Almoguera, C. A. (2021) · UMA Editorial eBooks · doi:10.24310/mumaedmumaed.5441
Aplicaciones para smartphones en la práctica clínica: Una revisión sistemática
Garrigós, J. J. A. (2021) · UMA Editorial eBooks · doi:10.24310/mumaedmumaed.5427
Luque, M. L. K. (2021) · UMA Editorial eBooks · doi:10.24310/mumaedmumaed.5433
Reconocimiento, exclusión social, resistencia y crimen: una propuesta de investigación empírica
Ferreira, C. P. (2021) · UMA Editorial eBooks · doi:10.24310/mumaedmumaed.5438
Gordillo, C. O. (2021) · UMA Editorial eBooks · doi:10.24310/mumaedmumaed.5437
Pasarín, L. G. (2021) · UMA Editorial eBooks · doi:10.24310/mumaedmumaed.5439
Claver, M. M. (2021) · UMA Editorial eBooks · doi:10.24310/mumaedmumaed.5429
Alabarce, M. L. –. D. (2021) · UMA Editorial eBooks · doi:10.24310/mumaedmumaed.5435
La relación entre la diferenciación del self y el apego adulto: Revisión bibliográfica
Vázquez, B. L. (2021) · UMA Editorial eBooks · doi:10.24310/mumaedmumaed.5431
Change My View: Do Moral Appeals Facilitate Compromise?
Kraft, P. (2023) · Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG eBooks · doi:10.5771/9783748915553-169
Sola, M. (2023) · OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/d578n
Madariaga, A. G., & Riera, P. (2024) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/m45wr
Frantz, E., Kendall-Taylor, A., & Wright, J. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198888079.002.0006
Frantz, E., Kendall-Taylor, A., & Wright, J. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198888079.003.0005
Frantz, E., Kendall-Taylor, A., & Wright, J. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198888079.003.0003
Personalist Politics, Democracy, and the Path Ahead
Frantz, E., Kendall-Taylor, A., & Wright, J. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198888079.003.0007
Frantz, E., Kendall-Taylor, A., & Wright, J. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198888079.003.0001
Frantz, E., Kendall-Taylor, A., & Wright, J. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198888079.003.0004
Frantz, E., Kendall-Taylor, A., & Wright, J. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198888079.003.0002 · Cited by 1
Frantz, E., Kendall-Taylor, A., & Wright, J. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198888079.003.0006
Frantz, E., Kendall-Taylor, A., & Wright, J. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198888079.002.0007
Frantz, E., Kendall-Taylor, A., & Wright, J. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198888079.002.0003
Busi, D. (2023) · Folia humanistica et socialia. · doi:10.69705/fhs.2023.1.2.11
McNeil, A., & Soskice, D. (2024) · Oxford Open Economics · doi:10.1093/ooec/odad035
Blame Avoidance in Polarized Societies
Sulitzeanu‐Kenan, R., & Amitai, Y. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198896388.003.0018
Yeaton, M., Anshuman, S., & Srivastava, S. B. (2024) · SocArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31235/osf.io/umh5n
A nonparametric entropy-based measure of mass political polarization
Bảo, L. T., & Gill, J. (2024) · Political Science Research and Methods · doi:10.1017/psrm.2024.24 · Cited by 1
Exploring Party Switching in East-Central European Legislatures
Antoszewski, A., & Żukiewicz, P. (2024) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781003504450
Alves, V. S., Ribeiro, P. F., de Assis, P. P., & Locatelli, L. G. B. (2024) · Revista Brasileira de Ciência Política · doi:10.1590/0103-3352.2024.43.269810pt
Rage within the machine: the engagement and radicalization of party members and leaders in Brazil
Alves, V. S., Ribeiro, P. F., de Assis, P. P., & Locatelli, L. G. B. (2024) · Revista Brasileira de Ciência Política · doi:10.1590/0103-3352.2024.43.269810en
In-group Affect, Out-group Disdain, and Negative Voting
Garzia, D., & da Silva, F. F. (2024) · Elections, Voting, Technology. · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-51208-7_9
Negative Voting: A Brief Literature Review
Garzia, D., & da Silva, F. F. (2024) · Elections, Voting, Technology. · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-51208-7_2
Garzia, D., & da Silva, F. F. (2024) · Elections, Voting, Technology. · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-51208-7_1
Political Identities and the Politics of Workplace CooperationPreprint
Bonal, L. C., & Raffaelli, F. (2024) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/j43tn
Türkiye’de Duygusal Kutuplaşma ve Oy Verme İlişkisi
Çalışır, S. (2024) · Alternatif Politika · doi:10.53376/ap.2024.14
Charivari 2.0: The Striking Resurgence of an Old Contentious Tactic
Weyland, K. G. (2024) · Perspectives on Politics · doi:10.1017/s1537592724001762
Schenk, C., Becker, F., & Said, N. (2024) · OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/w6mry
Affektive Polarisierung und ökonomisches Wählen
Stövsand, L.-C. (2024) · Publication Server of Goethe University Frankfurt am Main (Goethe University Frankfurt) · doi:10.21248/gups.88336
Affective polarization in a word: Open-ended and self-coded evaluations of partisan affect
Kiesel, S., & Amlani, S. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0310772
A Robustness Check with a Country Fixed-Effect Model
Castater, E. G., & Han, K. J. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780198953104.005.0005
Castater, E. G., & Han, K. J. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780198953104.003.0006
Castater, E. G., & Han, K. J. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780198953104.003.0005
A Multinomial Logistic Analysis of Social Identity
Castater, E. G., & Han, K. J. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780198953104.005.0001
Populist Radical Right-wing Parties and the Working Class
Castater, E. G., & Han, K. J. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780198953104.003.0002
Castater, E. G., & Han, K. J. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780198953104.003.0007
Robustness Checks with the International Social Survey Programme (2013)
Castater, E. G., & Han, K. J. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780198953104.005.0002
Results of First-Stage Models in Causal Mediation Analyses
Castater, E. G., & Han, K. J. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780198953104.005.0003
Castater, E. G., & Han, K. J. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780198953104.003.0004
Castater, E. G., & Han, K. J. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780198953104.002.0006
A Robustness Check with Excluding Country/Years without a PRRP
Castater, E. G., & Han, K. J. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780198953104.005.0004
Castater, E. G., & Han, K. J. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780198953104.002.0004
Social Identity and Working Class Support for the Populist Radical Right
Castater, E. G., & Han, K. J. (2025) · doi:10.1093/9780198953104.001.0001
Castater, E. G., & Han, K. J. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780198953104.003.0001
A Social Identity Approach to Blue-Collar Worker Support for the Populist Radical Right
Castater, E. G., & Han, K. J. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780198953104.003.0003
Castater, E. G., & Han, K. J. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780198953104.002.0005
When Do Broken Campaign Promises Matter? Evidence From Four Experiments
Zoizner, A., & Amsalem, E. (2025) · The International Journal of Press/Politics · doi:10.1177/19401612251317261
Moral Dimensions of Political Attitudes and Behavior
Guan, K., Heltzel, G., & Laurin, K. (2025) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108894357.028
Malle, B., & Robbins, P. (2025) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108894357.026
Metadata
- Authors
- Gidron, N., Adams, J., & Horne, W.
- Affiliations
- Hebrew University of Jerusalem (IL)
- University of California, Davis (US)
- Princeton University (US)
- Venue
- Cambridge University Press eBooks
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press
- Published
- 2020-11-02
- OpenAlex
- W3095877091
- Cited by
- 481
- References
- 141
- Citations by year
- 2026: 62 · 2025: 113 · 2024: 103 · 2023: 82 · 2022: 69 · 2021: 48 · 2020: 4
- FWCI
- 83.81
- Type
- book
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Cambridge University Press eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Dialnet (Universidad de la Rioja) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Electoral Systems and Political Participation
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Populism, Right-Wing Movements
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Political Theory and Democracy
- Keywords
- affective polarization, political hostility, partisan divisions, comparative politics, unemployment, income inequality, immigration, national identity, majoritarian systems, political elites, United States
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review