The DOI matches its Crossref record.
From Neuropsychology to Mental Structure
Abstract
As a cognitive neuropsychologist, Tim Shallice considers the general question of what can be learned about the operation of the normal cognitive system from the study of the cognitive difficulties arising from neurological damage and disease. He distinguishes two types of theories of normal function - primarily modular and primary non-modular - and argues that the problems of making valid inferences about normal function from studies of brain-damaged subjects are more severe for the latter. He first analyzes five well-researched areas in which some modularity can be assumed: short-term memory, reading, writing, visual perception, and the relation between input and output language processing. His aim is to introduce the methods about normal function mirror ones derived directly from studies of normal subjects and indeed at times preceded them. He then more theoretically examines these inferences, from group studies and individual case studies to modular and non-modular systems. Finally, he considers five areas where theories of normal function are relatively undeveloped and neuropsychology provides counterintuitive phenomena and guides to theory-building: the organization of semantic systems, visual attention, concentration and will, episodic memory, and consciousness.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“This is largely because of the 'low process-behaviour correspondence' (pp. 85-89) inherent in the study of 'central processes' compared with other fields which deal with more 'routine processing' or 'encapsulated resources' (Shallice, 1988; both terms assuming a particular organisation of the cognitive system).”
From The case for the development and use of ecologically valid measures of executive function in experimental and clinical neuropsychology (2006) · cites this paper as Shallice, 1988
In the citing paper
“Thus the operation of the 'central executive' (Baddeley, 1996) or 'supervisory attentional system' (Shallice, 1988) that the frontal lobes are thought to support is bound up with the operation of other systems to a degree that the nonexecutive components of, say, vision or hearing are not.”
From The case for the development and use of ecologically valid measures of executive function in experimental and clinical neuropsychology (2006) · cites this paper as Shallice, 1988
In the citing paper
“Even the most complex model in this domain, that of Shallice (e.g., Norman & Shallice, 1986; Shallice, 1988, 2002; Shallice & Burgess, 1991a, 1991b, 1993, 1996; Shallice et al., 1989) still utilises the concept of attention, where the possibility of domain- or material-specificity is either denied or left as a lacuna.”
From The case for the development and use of ecologically valid measures of executive function in experimental and clinical neuropsychology (2006) · cites this paper as Shallice, 1988
Citations
Cites
Still being checked.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–300 of 1,025
Understanding brain networks and brain organization
Pessoa, L. (2014) · Physics of Life Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.plrev.2014.03.005 · Cited by 464
Neuropsychological measures of executive function and antisocial behavior: a meta-analysis.
OGILVIE, J. M., STEWART, A. L., CHAN, R. C. K., & SHUM, D. H. K. (2011) · Criminology · doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.2011.00252.x · Cited by 459
Gilbert, S. J., & Burgess, P. W. (2008) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2007.12.014 · Cited by 455
Attentional control in Alzheimer's disease
Baddeley, A. (2001) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/124.8.1492 · Cited by 453
Understanding autism: Insights from mind and brain
Hill, E. L., & Frith, U. (2003) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2002.1209 · Cited by 452
Miller, G. A., & Fellbaum, C. (1991) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/0010-0277(91)90036-4 · Cited by 452
Willcutt, E. G., Pennington, B. F., Boada, R., Ogline, J. S., Tunick, R. A., Chhabildas, N. A., & Olson, R. K. (2001) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.110.1.157 · Cited by 451
Event-related brain potential correlates of two states of conscious awareness in memory
Düzel, E., Yonelinas, A. P., Mangun, G. R., Heinze, H., & Tulving, E. (1997) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.94.11.5973 · Cited by 450
The neural consequences of conflict between intention and the senses
Fink, G. R., Marshall, J. C., Halligan, P. W., Frith, C., Driver, J., Frackowiak, R. S. J., & Dolan, R. J. (1999) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/122.3.497 · Cited by 450
Tower of london procedure: A standard method and developmental data
Krikorian, R., Bartok, J. A., & Gay, N. (1994) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/01688639408402697 · Cited by 449
Verbal fluency deficits in Parkinson's disease: A meta-analysis
Henry, J. D., & CRAWFORD, J. R. (2004) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617704104141 · Cited by 448
Neurodevelopmental effects of postnatal lead exposure at very low levels
Chiodo, L. M., Jacobson, S. W., & Jacobson, J. L. (2004) · Neurotoxicology and Teratology · doi:10.1016/j.ntt.2004.01.010 · Cited by 447
Recognition of Mental State Terms
Baron‐Cohen, S., RING, H. A., Moriarty, J., Schmitz, B., Costa, D. C., & Ell, P. J. (1994) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.165.5.640 · Cited by 446
Convergence of biological and psychological perspectives on cognitive coordination in schizophrenia
Phillips, W. A., & Silverstein, S. M. (2003) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x03000025 · Cited by 445
Early stages in a sensorimotor transformation
Flanders, M., Tillery, S. I. H., & Soechting, J. F. (1992) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00068813 · Cited by 445
Dehaene, S. (1996) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.1996.8.1.47 · Cited by 444
Roles of word frequency and age of acquisition in word naming and lexical decision.
Morrison, C. M., & Ellis, A. W. (1995) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.21.1.116 · Cited by 443
A connectionist multiple-trace memory model for polysyllabic word reading.
Ans, B., Carbonnel, S., & Valdois, S. (1998) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.105.4.678-723 · Cited by 443
Human Reasoning and Cognitive Science
Stenning, K., & van Lambalgen, M. (2008) · The MIT Press eBooks · doi:10.7551/mitpress/7964.001.0001 · Cited by 443
The Effects of Neurocognitive Remediation on Executive Processing in Patients With Schizophrenia
Wykes, T., Reeder, C., Corner, J., Williams, C., & Everitt, B. J. (1999) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a033379 · Cited by 442
Charting the progression in semantic dementia: Implications for the organisation of semantic memory
Hodges, J. R., Graham, N. L., & Patterson, K. E. (1995) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658219508253161 · Cited by 440
Stimulation mapping of white matter tracts to study brain functional connectivity.
Duffau, H. (2015) · Nature Reviews Neurology · doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2015.51 · Cited by 437
Rajendran, G., & Mitchell, P. (2007) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2007.02.001 · Cited by 436
Frontal-striatal cognitive deficits in patients with chronic schizophrenia
Pantelis, C. (1997) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/120.10.1823 · Cited by 433
Random Generation and the Executive Control of Working Memory
Baddeley, A., Emslie, H. C., Kolodny, J., & Duncan, J. (1998) · The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A · doi:10.1080/713755788 · Cited by 431
Brain activity during reading The effects of exposure duration and task
Price, C. J., Wise, R. J. S., Watson, J. D. G., Patterson, K. E., Howard, D., & Frackowiak, R. S. J. (1994) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/117.6.1255 · Cited by 428
Verbal fluency and executive dysfunction in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
Abrahams, S., Leigh, P. N., Harvey, A., Vythelingum, G. N., Grisé, D., & Goldstein, L. H. (2000) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/s0028-3932(99)00146-3 · Cited by 427
Working memory retention systems: A state of activated long-term memory
Ruchkin, D. S., Grafman, J. H., Cameron, K. A., & Berndt, R. S. (2003) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x03000165 · Cited by 426
Strategic retrieval and the frontal lobes: Evidence from confabulation and amnesia
Moscovitch, M. (1997) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/s0028-3932(97)00028-6 · Cited by 423
Kramer, A. F., Hahn, S., & Gopher, D. (1999) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/s0001-6918(99)00011-6 · Cited by 420
Crawford, J. R., & Garthwaite, P. H. (2005) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/0894-4105.19.3.318 · Cited by 418
The effects of focal anterior and posterior brain lesions on verbal fluency
Stuss, D. T., ALEXANDER, M. P., HAMER, L., Palumbo, C. L., DEMPSTER, R., Binns, M. A., Levine, B., & Izukawa, D. (1998) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617798002653 · Cited by 417
Evidence for a possible neuroanatomical basis for lexical processing of nouns and verbs
Daniele, A., Giustolisi, L., Silveri, M. C., Colosimo, C., & Gainotti, G. (1994) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/0028-3932(94)00066-2 · Cited by 417
Contrasting cognitive deficits in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder versus reading disability
Pennington, B. F., Groisser, D., & Welsh, M. C. (1993) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.29.3.511 · Cited by 416
The getting of wisdom: Theory of mind in old age.
Happe, F. G. E., Winner, E., & Brownell, H. (1998) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.34.2.358 · Cited by 416
Progressive prosopagnosia associated with selective right temporal lobe atrophy
Evans, J. J., Heggs, A. J., Antoun, N. M., & Hodges, J. R. (1995) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/118.1.1 · Cited by 416
Dual-task performance in dysexecutive and nondysexecutive patients with a frontal lesion.
Baddeley, A., Sala, S. D., Papagno, C., & Spinnler, H. R. (1997) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037//0894-4105.11.2.187 · Cited by 414
Prefrontal cortex and flexible cognitive control: Rules without symbols
Rougier, N. P., Noelle, D. C., Braver, T. S., Cohen, J. D., & O’Reilly, R. C. (2005) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0502455102 · Cited by 414
Theory and Methodology in Executive Function Research
Burgess, P. W. (2004) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203344187-8 · Cited by 410
Spatiotemporal dynamics of component processes in human working memory
Gevins, A. S., & Cutillo, B. A. (1993) · Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/0013-4694(93)90119-g · Cited by 410
Impairments in verb morphology after brain injury: A connectionist model
Joanisse, M. F., & Seidenberg, M. S. (1999) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.96.13.7592 · Cited by 408
Prefrontal activity associated with working memory and episodic long-term memory.
Ranganath, C., Johnson, M. K., & D’Esposito, M. (2003) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/s0028-3932(02)00169-0 · Cited by 406
Posttraumatic stress disorder and the nature of trauma
van der Kolk, B. A. (2000) · Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.31887/dcns.2000.2.1/bvdkolk · Cited by 401
Frontal lobe damage produces episodic memory impairment
Wheeler, M. A., Stuss, D. T., & Tulving, E. (1995) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617700000655 · Cited by 400
Bird, H., Franklin, S., & Howard, D. (2001) · Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers · doi:10.3758/bf03195349 · Cited by 398
Zhou, Q., Chen, S. H., & Main, A. (2012) · Child Development Perspectives · doi:10.1111/j.1750-8606.2011.00176.x · Cited by 397
Vuilleumier, P., & Driver, J. (2007) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2007.2092 · Cited by 397
An interactive framework for examining prefrontal cognitive processes
Roberts, R. J., & Pennington, B. F. (1996) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/87565649609540642 · Cited by 392
Gilbert, S. J., & Shallice, T. (2002) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1006/cogp.2001.0770 · Cited by 388
Self-citationChild and adolescent development : an advanced course
Damon, W., & Lerner, R. M. (2008) · Wiley eBooks · Cited by 385
The Cognizer's Innards: A Psychological and Philosophical Perspective on the Development of Thought
Clark, A., & Karmiloff‐Smith, A. (1993) · Mind & Language · doi:10.1111/j.1468-0017.1993.tb00299.x · Cited by 384
Anxiety selectively disrupts visuospatial working memory
Shackman, A. J., Sarinopoulos, I., Maxwell, J. S., Pizzagalli, D. A., Lavric, A., & Davidson, R. J. (2006) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/1528-3542.6.1.40 · Cited by 382
The Vigilance Decrement Reflects Limitations in Effortful Attention, Not Mindlessness
Grier, R. A., Warm, J. S., Dember, W. N., Matthews, G., Galinsky, T. L., Szalma, J. L., & Parasuraman, R. (2003) · Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society · doi:10.1518/hfes.45.3.349.27253 · Cited by 378
Foster, D. J. (2017) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-072116-031538 · Cited by 375
The structure of graphemic representations
Caramazza, A., & Miceli, G. (1990) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/0010-0277(90)90047-n · Cited by 375
Botvinick, M., & Plaut, D. C. (2004) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.111.2.395 · Cited by 375
Halgren, E., Baudena, P., Heit, G., Clarke, M., & Marinković, K. (1994) · Journal of Physiology-Paris · doi:10.1016/0928-4257(94)90092-2 · Cited by 367
Sheridan, P. L., & Hausdorff, J. M. (2007) · Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders · doi:10.1159/000105126 · Cited by 366
Goldenberg, G., & Spatt, J. (2009) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awp080 · Cited by 362
Differential activation of the prefrontal cortex in successful and unsuccessful memory retrieval
Rugg, M. D., Fletcher, P. C., Frith, C. D., Frackowiak, R. S. J., & Dolan, R. J. (1996) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/119.6.2073 · Cited by 361
Gold, B. T., & Buckner, R. L. (2002) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(02)00800-0 · Cited by 361
The development of executive function in early childhood.
(2003) · doi:10.1111/j.0037-976x.2003.00260.x · Cited by 353
Face processing impairments after encephalitis: amygdala damage and recognition of fear
Broks, P., Young, A. W., Maratos, E. J., Coffey, P. J., Calder, A. J., Isaac, C. L., Mayes, A. R., Hodges, J. R., Montaldi, D., Cezayirli, E., et al. (1998) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/s0028-3932(97)00105-x · Cited by 352
Positive mood and executive function: Evidence from Stroop and fluency tasks.
Phillips, L. H., Bull, R., Adams, E., & Fraser, L. (2002) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/1528-3542.2.1.12 · Cited by 351
Neurocognitive Adaptations Designed for Social Exchange
Cosmides, L., & Tooby, J. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470939376.ch20 · Cited by 349
The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test: theoretical analysis and modeling in a neuronal network
Dehaene, S., & Changeux, J.-P. (1991) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/1.1.62 · Cited by 348
Palmeri, T. J., & Gauthier, L. (2004) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn1364 · Cited by 348
Postle, B. R., Berger, J. S., & D’Esposito, M. (1999) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.96.22.12959 · Cited by 347
The role of the prefrontal cortex in higher cognitive functions
Frith, C., & Dolan, R. (1996) · Cognitive Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0926-6410(96)00054-7 · Cited by 343
Jeannerod, M. (1999) · The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A · doi:10.1080/027249899391205 · Cited by 343
Coutureau, E., & Killcross, S. (2003) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2003.09.025 · Cited by 342
Carlsson, I., Wendt, P. E., & Risberg, J. (2000) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/s0028-3932(99)00128-1 · Cited by 342
Neurally constrained modeling of perceptual decision making.
Purcell, B. A., Heitz, R. P., Cohen, J. Y., Schall, J. D., Logan, G. D., & Palmeri, T. J. (2010) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/a0020311 · Cited by 342
In search of common foundations for cortical computation
Phillips, W. A., & Singer, W. (1997) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x9700160x · Cited by 342
Stimulus-independent thought depends on central executive resources
Teasdale, J. D., Dritschel, B. H., Taylor, M. J., Proctor, L., Lloyd, C. A., Nimmo-Smith, I., & Baddeley, A. D. (1995) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03197257 · Cited by 341
Distraction by competing speech in young and older adult listeners.
Tun, P. A., O'Kane, G., & Wingfield, A. (2002) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/0882-7974.17.3.453 · Cited by 340
Neural subsystems for object knowledge
Hart, J., & Gordon, B. (1992) · Nature · doi:10.1038/359060a0 · Cited by 340
Two routes or one in reading aloud? A connectionist dual-process model.
Zorzi, M., Houghton, G., & Butterworth, B. (1998) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance · doi:10.1037/0096-1523.24.4.1131 · Cited by 339
Deterioration of word meaning: Implications for reading
Patterson, K. E., & Hodges, J. R. (1992) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/0028-3932(92)90096-5 · Cited by 338
Distributed Neural Network Underlying Musical Sight-Reading and Keyboard Performance
Sergent, J., Zuck, E., Terriah, S., & MacDonald, B. (1992) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1621084 · Cited by 337
Regional brain activity during working memory tasks
Salmon, É., der Linden, M. V., Collette, F., Delfiore, G., Maquet, P., Degueldre, C., Luxen, A., & Franck, G. (1996) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/119.5.1617 · Cited by 337
Individual differences in working memory
Jarrold, C., & Towse, J. N. (2005) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.07.002 · Cited by 336
Georgieff, N., & Jeannerod, M. (1998) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1006/ccog.1998.0367 · Cited by 333
Domain-specific impairment in metacognitive accuracy following anterior prefrontal lesions
Fleming, S. M., Ryu, J., Golfinos, J. G., & Blackmon, K. (2014) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awu221 · Cited by 331
Crawford, J. R., & Garthwaite, P. H. (2007) · Cognitive Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/02643290701290146 · Cited by 331
Category-Specific Semantic Deficits in Focal and Widespread Brain Damage: A Computational Account
Devlin, J. T., Gonnerman, L. M., Andersen, E. S., & Seidenberg, M. S. (1998) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/089892998563798 · Cited by 331
Are Subitizing and Counting Implemented as Separate or Functionally Overlapping Processes?
Manuela Piazza, A., Mechelli, A., Butterworth, B. L., & Price, C. J. (2002) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.2001.0980 · Cited by 330
Dehaene, S., & Changeux, J.-P. (2005) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0030141 · Cited by 329
Wang, P. P., & Bellugi, U. (1994) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/01688639408402641 · Cited by 329
What can Functional Neuroimaging Tell the Experimental Psychologist?
Henson, R. (2005) · The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A · doi:10.1080/02724980443000502 · Cited by 327
Can Face Recognition Really be Dissociated from Object Recognition?
Gauthier, L., Behrmann, M., & Tarr, M. J. (1999) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/089892999563472 · Cited by 324
Role of prefrontal cortex and the midbrain dopamine system in working memory updating
D’Ardenne, K., Eshel, N., Luka, J., Lenartowicz, A., Nystrom, L. E., & Cohen, J. D. (2012) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1116727109 · Cited by 323
Brain nicotinic receptors: structure and regulation, role in learning and reinforcement
Changeux, J.-P., Bertrand, D., Corringer, P.-J., Dehaene, S., Edelstein, S., Léna, C., Le Novère, N., Marubio, L., Picciotto, M., & Zoli, M. (1998) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0165-0173(97)00040-4 · Cited by 322
Ventromedial prefrontal volume predicts understanding of others and social network size
Lewis, P. A., Rezaie, R., Brown, R., Roberts, N., & Dunbar, R. I. M. (2011) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.05.030 · Cited by 321
The functional neuroanatomy of episodic memory
Fletcher, P. C., Frith, C., & Rugg, M. D. (1997) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/s0166-2236(96)01013-2 · Cited by 321
Anatomy of deductive reasoning
Goel, V. (2007) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2007.09.003 · Cited by 318
A Developmental Functional MRI Study of Spatial Working Memory
Thomas, K. M., King, S. W., Franzen, P. L., Welsh, T. F., Berkowitz, A. L., Noll, D. C., Birmaher, V., & Casey, B. J. (1999) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.1999.0466 · Cited by 317
Effect of age on event-based and time-based prospective memory.
Park, D. C., Hertzog, C., Kidder, D. P., Morrell, R. W., & Mayhorn, C. B. (1997) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/0882-7974.12.2.314 · Cited by 316
Impaired spatial working memory across saccades contributes to abnormal search in parietal neglect
Husain, M. (2001) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/124.5.941 · Cited by 316
Associative Engines: Connectionism, Concepts and Representational Change.
McCauley, R. N., & Clark, A. (1995) · The Philosophical Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2220426 · Cited by 315
Metadata
- Authors
- Shallice, T.
- Affiliations
- Medical Research Council (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Shallice, Tim
- Venue
- Cambridge University Press eBooks
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press
- Published
- 1988-10-28
- OpenAlex
- W1503404806
- Cited by
- 4,072
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 37 · 2024: 31 · 2023: 32 · 2022: 38 · 2021: 50 · 2020: 64 · 2019: 77 · 2018: 62 · 2017: 78 · 2016: 66 · 2015: 82 · 2014: 87 · 2013: 94 · 2012: 107
- FWCI
- 18.27
- Type
- book
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Cambridge University Press eBooks (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- SDL (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
- Keywords
- neuropsychology, modularity, brain damage, short-term memory, reading, writing, visual perception, language processing, semantic system, visual attention, concentration, episodic memory, consciousness, theory development, individual case studies, group study
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
