The DOI matches its Crossref record; 22 of the 22 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Authoritarian Dynamic
Abstract
What is the basis for intolerance? This book addresses that question by developing a universal theory about what causes intolerance of difference in general, which includes racism, political intolerance (e.g. restriction of free speech), moral intolerance (e.g. homophobia, supporting censorship, opposing abortion) and punitiveness. It demonstrates that all these seemingly disparate attitudes are principally caused by just two factors: individuals' innate psychological predispositions to intolerance ('authoritarianism') interacting with changing conditions of societal threat. The threatening conditions, resonant particularly in the present political climate, that exacerbate authoritarian attitudes include national economic downturn, rapidly rising crime rates, civil dissent and unrest, loss of confidence in social institutions, presidential unpopularity, divisive presidential campaigns, and internal or external crises that undermine national pride or confidence. Using purpose-built experimental manipulations, cross-national survey data and in-depth personal interviews with extreme authoritarians, the book shows that this simple model provides the most complete account of intolerance.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173 · Cited by 91,532
The case for motivated reasoning.
Kunda, Z. (1990) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.108.3.480 · Cited by 9,022
The Nature and Origins of Mass Opinion
Zaller, J. R. (1992) · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511818691 · Cited by 7,785
Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components
Devine, P. G. (1989) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.56.1.5 · Cited by 5,673
The Social Self: On Being the Same and Different at the Same Time
Brewer, M. B. (1991) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167291175001 · Cited by 5,107
Lerner, M. J. (1980) · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-0448-5 · Cited by 2,656
Motivated closing of the mind: “Seizing” and “freezing”
Kruglanski, A. W., & Webster, D. M. (1996) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.103.2.263 · Cited by 2,379
Jones, E. E., & Harris, V. A. (1967) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/0022-1031(67)90034-0 · Cited by 1,783
Greenberg, J., Pyszczynski, T., Solomon, S., Rosenblatt, A., Veeder, M., Kirkland, S., & Lyon, D. (1990) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.58.2.308 · Cited by 1,412
Stealth Democracy: Americans' Beliefs About How Government Should Work
Hibbing, J. R., & Theiss-Morse, E. (2002) · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511613722 · Cited by 1,349
Research works printed but not linked: 347
- Staub, 1989, The Roots of Evil
- Sniderman, 1997, Reaching beyond Race, 10.2307/420124 · doi:10.2307/420124
- 10.1086/266948 · DOI
- 10.1017/CBO9780511720468 · DOI · Paper page
- Williams, 1964, Strangers Next Door: Ethnic Relations in American Communities
- 10.1086/269080 · doi:10.1086/269080
- Sears, 2000, Racialized Politics: Values, Ideology, and Prejudice in American Public Opinion
- Sansone, Sage Handbook of Methods in Social Psychology, 10.4135/9781412976190 · DOI
- Sears, 2000, Racialized Politics: Values, Ideology, and Prejudice in American Public Opinion
- 10.2307/2111542 · DOI · Paper page
- Sniderman, 2000, The Outsider: Prejudice and Politics in Italy
- Silverman, 1992, Deconstructing the Nation: Immigration, Racism and Citizenship in Modern France
- 10.1037/h0030839 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1086/297785 · DOI · Paper page
- Berghe, 1967, Race and Racism: A Comparative Perspective
- Rydgren, 2003, The Populist Challenge: Political Protest and Ethno–Nationalist Mobilization in France, 10.2307/j.ctv287sk1w · DOI
- Zanna, 1992, Advances in Experimental Social Psychology
- 10.1093/019829610X.001.0001 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.2307/3791626 · DOI
- 10.2307/1964226 · DOI
- Smelser, 1962, Theory of Collective Behavior
- Sherif, 1953, Groups in Harmony and Tension: An Integration of Studies on Intergroup Relations
- 10.1017/CBO9780511499975 · DOI
- 10.1037/h0033157 · DOI
- Rosenberg, 1960, Attitude Organization and Change
- Cloninger, 1999, Personality and Psychopathology, 10.1176/appi.books.9781615376322 · DOI
- 10.2307/1955404 · DOI · Paper page
- Smith, 1956, Opinions and Personality
- 10.1111/j.1548-2456.2003.tb00235.x · doi:10.1111/j.1548-2456.2003.tb00235.x
- Russell, 1936, Liberty vs. Equality
- 10.1111/j.1540-4560.1986.tb00229.x · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1111/j.1540-4560.1994.tb01196.x · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1080/00224545.1989.9711697 · doi:10.1080/00224545.1989.9711697
- Abelson, 1968, Theories of Cognitive Consistency: A Sourcebook
- Sullivan, 1985, Political Tolerance in Context
- Stimson, 1991, Public Opinion in America: Moods, Cycles, and Swings
- Rowe, 1994, The Limits of Family Influence: Genes, Experience and Behavior
- 10.1017/CBO9780511625480 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1016/S0191-8869(99)00135-X · DOI
- Stimson, 1994, Domestic Policy Mood: An Update, The Political Methodologist, 6, 20
- 10.1111/j.2044-8260.1968.tb00568.x · DOI · Paper page
- Wilson, 1973, The Psychology of Conservatism
- Storandt, 1978, The Clinical Psychology of Aging, 10.1007/978-1-4684-3342-5 · DOI
- Sears, 2000, Racialized Politics: The Debate about Racism in America
- 10.1002/bs.3830180304 · DOI
- 10.1111/1467-9477.00062 · DOI
- Smith, 1997, Mastered by the Clock: Time, Slavery, and Freedom in the American South
- Snyder, 1991, Handbook of Social and Clinical Psychology: The Health Perspective
- Robertson, 1979, Identity and Authority
- Tajfel, 1978, Differentiation between Social Groups
- 10.1177/002200277602000106 · DOI · Paper page
- Shock, 1984, Normal Human Aging: The Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging
- Wald, 1987, Religion and Politics in the United States
- Sniderman, 1989, Principled Tolerance and the American Mass Public, British Journal of Political Science, 19, 25, 10.1017/S0007123400005305 · DOI
- Woodward, 1966, The Strange Career of Jim Crow
- Worchel, 1986, Psychology of Intergroup Relations
- Sniderman, 1999, 1998–1999 Multi-Investigator Study
- Schuman, 1985, Racial Attitudes in America: Trends and Interpretations
- Sidanius, 1992, A Comparison of Symbolic Racism and Social Dominance Theory as Explanations for Racial Policy Attitudes, Journal of Social Psychology, 132, 377, 10.1080/00224545.1992.9924713 · DOI
- Rokeach, 1973, The Nature of Human Values
- Norman, 1987, Free and Equal: A Philosophical Examination of Political Values
- 10.1016/S0191-8869(99)00048-3 · DOI
- LeVine, 1972, Ethnocentrism: Theories of Conflict, Ethnic Attitudes, and Group Behavior
- 10.1037/0033-2909.120.3.323 · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.120.3.323 · Paper page
- 10.2307/3792222 · DOI
- 10.1080/00049539008260105 · doi:10.1080/00049539008260105
- 10.1016/0022-1031(77)90049-X · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1006/jrpe.1995.1026 · DOI
- Dovidio, 1986, Prejudice, Discrimination and Racism
- 10.1002/ejsp.2420250106 · DOI · Paper page
- Spencer, 2000, The Lessons of Yugoslavia
- Tajfel, 1978, Differentiation between Social Groups
- Tajfel, 1981, Human Groups and Social Categories: Studies in Social Psychology
- Lipset, 1970, The Politics of Unreason: Right-Wing Extremism in America, 1790–1970
- Rokeach, 1960, The Open and Closed Mind
- 10.1177/001872677602900401 · DOI
- Windlesham, 1998, Politics, Punishment, and Populism, 10.1093/oso/9780195115307.001.0001 · DOI
- 10.1111/1467-8721.00166 · DOI · Paper page
- Briggs, 1992, Handbook of Personality Psychology
- Sniderman, 1979, Personality and Democratic Politics
- Olzak, 1992, The Dynamics of Ethnic Competition and Conflict
- Rokeach, 1979, Understanding Human Values
- 10.1002/ejsp.2420080311 · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2420080311
- Spencer, 2000, The Lessons of Yugoslavia
- 10.2307/1386743 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1080/00223980.1991.10543287 · doi:10.1080/00223980.1991.10543287
- 10.1111/0162-895X.00223 · DOI
- Wagner, 1986, Political Tolerance and Stages of Moral Development: A Conceptual and Empirical Alternative, Political Behavior, 8, 45, 10.1007/BF00987592 · DOI
- Lipset, 1960, Political Man: The Social Bases of Politics
- Martin, 1964, The Tolerant Personality
- Mueller, 1973, War, Presidents, and Public Opinion
- 10.1086/297786 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1037/h0029603 · DOI
- 10.2307/2620829 · doi:10.2307/2620829
- 10.2307/1953011 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1016/0191-8869(88)90166-3 · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(88)90166-3
- 10.4159/harvard.9780674428522 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1002/ejsp.2420010205 · DOI
- 10.2307/2089539 · DOI · Paper page
- Newton, 1991, Racial and Religious Violence in America: A Chronology
- Loehlin, 1992, Genes and Environment in Personality Development
- 10.2307/2111402 · DOI · Paper page
- Himmelweit, 1985, How Voters Decide
- McClosky, 1983, Dimensions of Tolerance
- 10.2307/2111491 · DOI · Paper page
- Burke, 1790, Reflections on the French Revolution
- 10.1016/0191-8869(92)90236-I · DOI · Paper page
- Brody, 1991, Assessing the President, 10.1515/9780804779876 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1037/0003-066X.48.1.26 · DOI · Paper page
- Erickson, 1966, Wayward Puritans
- Davis, 1994, General Social Surveys, 1972–1994
- 10.1007/BF01498783 · doi:10.1007/bf01498783
- Bar-Tal, 1997, Patriotism in the Lives of Individuals and Nations
- 10.1007/BF00988796 · doi:10.1007/bf00988796
- 10.1111/0022-4537.00126 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.2307/2960145 · doi:10.2307/2960145
- 10.1177/000271620157300107 · doi:10.1177/000271620157300107
- Prentice, 1999, Cultural Divides: Understanding and Overcoming Group Conflict
- McCrae, 1990, Personality in Adulthood
- 10.2307/1955282 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.2307/591118 · DOI · Paper page
- Stouffer, 1955, Communism, Conformity, and Civil Liberties: A Cross-section of the Nation Speaks Its Mind
- 10.1080/00224545.1983.9924470 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1177/0022002182013003002 · doi:10.1177/0022002182013003002
- 10.1017/S0007123498000143 · DOI
- 10.1080/00224545.1983.9924488 · doi:10.1080/00224545.1983.9924488
- 10.1146/annurev.ps.44.020193.001001 · DOI · Paper page
- Feierabend, 1972, Anger, Violence, and Politics: Theories and Research
- 10.1093/019829610X.001.0001 · DOI · Paper page
- Hartz, 1955, The Liberal Tradition in America: An Interpretation of American Political Thought since the Revolution
- Hurwitz, 1998, Perception and Prejudice: Race and Politics in the United States
- Sears, 2003, Oxford Handbook of Political Psychology
- 2003, Sage Handbook of Methods in Social Psychology
- Marcus, 2000, Affective Intelligence and Political Judgment
- 2002, Annual Report, Part 2: Trends, Developments and Good Practice in 2002
- 10.1111/0162-895X.00181 · DOI
- 10.1007/978-1-4899-0818-6 · DOI
- 10.1016/0191-8869(91)90177-D · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1037/0022-3514.48.2.297 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1093/oxfordjournals.pubjof.a029861 · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.pubjof.a029861
- Allport, 1954, The Nature of Prejudice
- 10.1111/j.2044-8260.1979.tb00320.x · DOI
- 1964, Ideology and Discontent
- 10.1111/j.1467-6494.1993.tb01030.x · DOI · Paper page
- Berkowitz, 1972, Advances in Experimental Social Psychology
- Campbell, 1963, Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs for Research
- 10.4135/9781412984744 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.2224/sbp.2000.28.1.1 · DOI
- Altemeyer, 1981, Right-Wing Authoritarianism
- Hunter, 1983, American Evangelicalism: Conservative Religion and the Quandary of Modernity
- 10.2307/1954107 · DOI · Paper page
- Brown, 1965, Social Psychology
- Christie, 1954, Studies in the Scope and Method of “The Authoritarian Personality”: Continuities in Social Research
- Selznick, 1969, The Tenacity of Prejudice: Anti-Semitism in Contemporary America
- Balibar, 1991, Race, Nation, Class: Ambiguous Identities
- 10.2307/2130597 · doi:10.2307/2130597
- 10.2307/2111436 · DOI
- 10.1007/BF01498955 · doi:10.1007/bf01498955
- Ammerman, 1987, Bible Believers
- 10.3998/mpub.12224 · doi:10.3998/mpub.12224
- Janis, 1982, Groupthink: Psychological Studies of Policy Decisions and Fiascoes
- Fromm, 1941, Escape from Freedom
- 10.1007/BF01101898 · DOI
- 10.1086/269108 · doi:10.1086/269108
- 10.2307/2111693 · DOI
- 10.1007/BF03393787 · DOI
- Gurr, 1970, Why Men Rebel
- 10.2307/1962161 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.2307/2111245 · DOI
- 10.1007/978-1-4613-9180-7 · DOI
- Eagly, 1993, The Psychology of Attitudes
- 1990, Capital Punishment in the United States, 1973–1990
- 10.1007/BF01541641 · DOI
- Schank, 1994, Beliefs, Reasoning, and Decision Making: Psycho-logic in Honor of Bob Abelson
- 10.1037/h0045320 · doi:10.1037/h0045320
- Bobbio, 1997, Left and Right: The Significance of a Political Distinction
- 10.2307/2111583 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1086/268902 · doi:10.1086/268902
- Sniderman, 1993, Prejudice, Politics and the American Dilemma
- Tuch, 1997, Racial Attitudes in the 1990s: Continuity and Change
- 10.1207/s15327965pli0401_3 · DOI
- 1978, CITIBASE: Citibank economic database
- Robertson, 1984, Class and the British Electorate
- Cook, 1979, Quasi-Experimentation: Design and Analysis Issues for Field Settings
- 10.1146/annurev.ps.41.020190.002221 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1111/j.2044-8309.1982.tb00541.x · DOI
- Bandura, 1977, Social Learning Theory
- Turner, 1987, Rediscovering the Social Group: A Self-Categorization Theory
- 10.2307/2111768 · DOI · Paper page
- Wilkinson, 1972, The Broken Rebel: A Study of Culture, Politics, and Authoritarian Character
- Kluckhohn, 1967, Personality in Nature, Society and Culture
- Cohen, 1993, Broken Bonds: The Disintegration of Yugoslavia.
- Stenner, K. 1997. “Societal Threat and Authoritarianism: Racism, Intolerance and Punitiveness in America, 1960–1994.” Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Political Science, State University of New York at Stony Brook
- 10.2307/2111669 · DOI · Paper page
- Katz, 1976, Towards the Elimination of Racism
- Bar-Tal, 1997, Patriotism in the Lives of Individuals and Nations
- Altemeyer, 1988, Enemies of Freedom: Understanding Right-Wing Authoritarianism
- 10.1177/008124638101100406 · doi:10.1177/008124638101100406
- 10.1177/002200275800200104 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1017/S0007123400003343 · DOI
200 of 347 shown
Cited by
Cultural Backlash: Trump, Brexit, and Authoritarian Populism
Norris, P., & Inglehart, R. (2019) · doi:10.1017/9781108595841 · Cited by 2,986
Political Ideology: Its Structure, Functions, and Elective Affinities
Jost, J. T., Federico, C. M., & Napier, J. L. (2009) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.60.110707.163600 · Cited by 2,125
Status threat, not economic hardship, explains the 2016 presidential vote
Mutz, D. C. (2018) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1718155115 · Cited by 1,236
Politicized Places: Explaining Where and When Immigrants Provoke Local Opposition
HOPKINS, D. J. (2010) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s0003055409990360 · Cited by 1,223
The Theory of Dyadic Morality: Reinventing Moral Judgment by Redefining Harm
Schein, C., & Gray, K. (2018) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868317698288 · Cited by 659
Metadata
- Authors
- Stenner, K.
- Venue
- Cambridge University Press eBooks
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press
- Published
- 2005-07-25
- OpenAlex
- W4211123939
- Cited by
- 920
- References
- 22
- FWCI
- 8.90
- Type
- book
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: The Authoritarian Dynamic. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1017/cbo9780511614712
- The paper
- Stenner, K. (2005). The Authoritarian Dynamic. Cambridge University Press eBooks. https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511614712
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.