Institutions and Ethnic Politics in Africa
Abstract
This book presents a theory to account for why and when politics revolves around one axis of social cleavage instead of another. It does so by examining the case of Zambia, where people identify themselves either as members of one of the country's seventy-three tribes or as members of one of its four principal language groups. The book accounts for the conditions under which Zambian political competition revolves around tribal differences and under which it revolves around language group differences. Drawing on a simple model of identity choice, it shows that the answer depends on whether the country operates under single-party or multi-party rule. During periods of single-party rule, tribal identities serve as the axis of electoral mobilization and self-identification; during periods of multi-party rule, broader language group identities play this role. The book thus demonstrates how formal institutional rules determine the kinds of social cleavages that matter in politics.
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In Kenya, the relatively even balance among several major ethnic groups has generated incentives for shifting ethnic coalitions, with the principal parties reorganizing across cycles to match the size requirements of presidential electoral competition.
“In Kenya, the relatively even balance among several major ethnic groups has generated incentives for shifting ethnic coalitions, with the principal parties reorganizing across cycles to match the size requirements of presidential electoral competition.”
From THE LIMITS OF ELECTORAL COMPETITION: HOW POLITICAL OPENINGS CAN FUEL PATRONAGE AND INSTABILITY IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA - A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SIERRA LEONE, GHANA, AND KENYA (2026) · cites this paper as Posner's (2005)
Ethnic identities are politically mobilized when they correspond to the size at which electoral coalitions can be efficiently constructed within the prevailing institutional rules.
“Posner argues that ethnic identities are politically mobilized when they correspond to the size at which electoral coalitions can be efficiently constructed within the prevailing institutional rules.”
From THE LIMITS OF ELECTORAL COMPETITION: HOW POLITICAL OPENINGS CAN FUEL PATRONAGE AND INSTABILITY IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA - A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SIERRA LEONE, GHANA, AND KENYA (2026) · cites this paper as Posner's (2005)
In Sierra Leone, the partial north-south ethnic division has stabilized two-party competition around regional bases while generating intense competition for non-aligned swing voters through clientelist mobilization.
“In Sierra Leone, the partial north-south ethnic division has stabilized two-party competition around regional bases while generating intense competition for non-aligned swing voters through clientelist mobilization.”
From THE LIMITS OF ELECTORAL COMPETITION: HOW POLITICAL OPENINGS CAN FUEL PATRONAGE AND INSTABILITY IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA - A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SIERRA LEONE, GHANA, AND KENYA (2026) · cites this paper as Posner's (2005)
In Ghana, the relatively balanced two-party system and the absence of a single dominant ethnic group have generated incentives for both major parties to construct broad cross-ethnic coalitions, with programmatic differentiation serving as the basis for competition where ethnic appeals would be insufficient.
“In Ghana, the relatively balanced two-party system and the absence of a single dominant ethnic group have generated incentives for both major parties to construct broad cross-ethnic coalitions, with programmatic differentiation serving as the basis for competition where ethnic appeals would be insufficient.”
From THE LIMITS OF ELECTORAL COMPETITION: HOW POLITICAL OPENINGS CAN FUEL PATRONAGE AND INSTABILITY IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA - A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SIERRA LEONE, GHANA, AND KENYA (2026) · cites this paper as Posner's (2005)
In small-scale electoral arenas, sub-ethnic identities are mobilized; in larger arenas, broader ethnolinguistic categories become salient.
“In small-scale electoral arenas, sub-ethnic identities are mobilized; in larger arenas, broader ethnolinguistic categories become salient.”
From THE LIMITS OF ELECTORAL COMPETITION: HOW POLITICAL OPENINGS CAN FUEL PATRONAGE AND INSTABILITY IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA - A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SIERRA LEONE, GHANA, AND KENYA (2026) · cites this paper as Posner's (2005)
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The Making and Unmaking of Ethnic Boundaries: A Multilevel Process Theory
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How Do Immigrants Respond to Discrimination? The Case of Germans in the US During World War I
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Self-citationHow Exposure to Violence Affects Ethnic Voting
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- Authors
- Posner, D. N.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Corresponding author
- Posner, Daniel N.
- ORCID
- Posner, Daniel N.
- Venue
- Cambridge University Press eBooks
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press
- Published
- 2005-06-06
- OpenAlex
- W4211113828
- Cited by
- 1,113
- References
- 204
- Citations by year
- 2026: 25 · 2025: 50 · 2024: 93 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 58 · 2021: 81 · 2020: 98 · 2019: 143 · 2018: 131 · 2017: 49 · 2016: 62 · 2015: 47 · 2014: 43 · 2013: 42 · 2012: 28
- FWCI
- 21.66
- Type
- book
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Cambridge University Press eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › African Studies and Ethnography
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Political Conflict and Governance
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Electoral Systems and Political Participation
- Keywords
- ethnic politics, social cleavages, tribal identity, language groups, identity choice, one-party rule, voter mobilization, political institutions, Zambia, ethnic voting
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