On the impacts of working memory training on executive functioning
Open accessAbstract
Recent studies have reported improvements in a variety of cognitive functions following sole working memory (WM) training. In spite of the emergence of several successful training paradigms, the scope of transfer effects has remained mixed. This is most likely due to the heterogeneity of cognitive functions that have been measured and tasks that have been applied. In the present study, we approached this issue systematically by investigating transfer effects from WM training to different aspects of executive functioning. Our training task was a demanding WM task that requires simultaneous performance of a visual and an auditory n-back task, while the transfer tasks tapped WM updating, coordination of the performance of multiple simultaneous tasks (i.e., dual-tasks) and sequential tasks (i.e., task switching), and the temporal distribution of attentional processing. Additionally, we examined whether WM training improves reasoning abilities; a hypothesis that has so far gained mixed support. Following training, participants showed improvements in the trained task as well as in the transfer WM updating task. As for the other executive functions, trained participants improved in a task switching situation and in attentional processing. There was no transfer to the dual-task situation or to reasoning skills. These results, therefore, confirm previous findings that WM can be trained, and additionally, they show that the training effects can generalize to various other tasks tapping on executive functions.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
A lack of transfer effects from WMU training to fluid intelligence has been reported in a number of studies, and some meta-analyses have addressed this issue.
“A lack of transfer effects from WMU training to fluid intelligence has been reported in a number of studies too (e.g., [14–17, 27]), and some meta-analyses have addressed this issue.”
From Nearest transfer effects of working memory training: A comparison of two programs focused on working memory updating (2019) · cites this paper as [14]
Studies reporting performance gains in digit span and reading span after dual n-back training suggest that training increases ability on untrained, closely related tasks (near transfer effects).
“Studies reporting performance gains in tasks such as digit span and reading span [6–8, 10,12] after dual n-back training suggest that training increases ability not only on the trained task (i.e., practice effects), but also on untrained, closely related tasks (near transfer effects).”
From Dual N-back working memory training in healthy adults: A randomized comparison to processing speed training. (2016) · cites this paper as [10]
Dual n-back working memory training has been associated with improvement on similar dual n-back tasks, other tasks of working memory, and fluid intelligence.
“Dual n-back working memory training has been associated with improvement on similar dual n-back tasks, other tasks of working memory, and the broader construct of fluid intelligence [5–18]”
From Dual N-back working memory training in healthy adults: A randomized comparison to processing speed training. (2016) · cites this paper as [10]
Other studies demonstrated improvement in near-transfer tasks although no improvement in far transfer.
“Other studies demonstrated improvement in near-transfer tasks although no improvement in far transfer [6,8,10,12,15].”
From Dual N-back working memory training in healthy adults: A randomized comparison to processing speed training. (2016) · cites this paper as [10]
Near and far transfer effects, albeit mixed, have been demonstrated after dual n-back training in younger (e.g., under 30) and older (e.g., over 60) age groups.
“Although near and far transfer effects, albeit mixed, have been demonstrated after dual n-back training in younger (e.g., under 30) and older (e.g., over 60) age groups [5–12,15,17,18] effects were not previously investigated in a middle age-range sample.”
From Dual N-back working memory training in healthy adults: A randomized comparison to processing speed training. (2016) · cites this paper as [10]
Effects of dual n-back training were not previously investigated in a middle age-range sample.
“Although near and far transfer effects, albeit mixed, have been demonstrated after dual n-back training in younger (e.g., under 30) and older (e.g., over 60) age groups [5–12,15,17,18] effects were not previously investigated in a middle age-range sample.”
From Dual N-back working memory training in healthy adults: A randomized comparison to processing speed training. (2016) · cites this paper as [10]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., & Buchner, A. (2007) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/bf03193146 · Cited by 65,971 · see citing works
Statistical power analyses using G∗Power 3.1: tests for correlation and regression analyses
Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Buchner, A., & Lang, A.-G. (2009) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/brm.41.4.1149 · Cited by 37,615 · see citing works
Miyake, A., Friedman, N. P., Emerson, M. J., Witzki, A. H., Howerter, A., & Wager, T. D. (2000) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1006/cogp.1999.0734 · Cited by 15,798 · see citing works
Individual differences in working memory and reading
Daneman, M., & Carpenter, P. A. (1980) · Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0022-5371(80)90312-6 · Cited by 6,336 · see citing works
Working memory: Looking back and looking forward
Baddeley, A. (2003) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn1201 · Cited by 5,200 · see citing works
Costs of a predictible switch between simple cognitive tasks.
Rogers, R. D., & Monsell, S. (1995) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.124.2.207 · Cited by 3,170 · see citing works
Dual-task interference in simple tasks: data and theory
Pashler, H. (1994) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.116.2.220 · Cited by 3,112 · see citing works
Monsell, S. (2003) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(03)00028-7 · Cited by 2,984 · see citing works
Action video game modifies visual selective attention
Green, C. S., & Bavelier, D. (2003) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature01647 · Cited by 2,540 · see citing works
Exploring the Central Executive
Baddeley, A. (1996) · The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A · doi:10.1080/713755608 · Cited by 2,390 · see citing works
Improving fluid intelligence with training on working memory
Jaeggi, S. M., Buschkuehl, M., Jonides, J., & Perrig, W. J. (2008) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0801268105 · Cited by 2,187 · see citing works
Computerized training of working memory in children with ADHD – a randomized, controlled trial
Klingberg, T., Fernell, E., Olesen, P. J., Johnson, M., Gustafsson, P., Dahlström, K., Gillberg, C. G., Forssberg, H., & Westerberg, H. (2005) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200502000-00010 · Cited by 1,949 · cited 9× · see citing works
“Moreover, WM training seems to be effective for different participant groups, including young adults (Klingberg et al., 2002; Dahlin et al., 2008a; Jaeggi et al., 2008, 2010; Chein and Morrison, 2010), older adults (Schmiedek et al., 2010; Richmond et al., 2011), stroke patients (Westerberg et al., 2007), children wit…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialReasoning ability is (little more than) working-memory capacity?!
Kyllonen, P. C., & Christal, R. E. (1990) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/s0160-2896(05)80012-1 · Cited by 1,810 · see citing works
Kane, M. J., Hambrick, D. Z., Tuholski, S. W., Wilhelm, O., Payne, T. W., & Engle, R. W. (2004) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.133.2.189 · Cited by 1,679 · see citing works
Control and interference in task switching—A review
Kiesel, A., Steinhauser, M., Wendt, M., Falkenstein, M., Jost, K., Philipp, A. M., & Koch, I. (2010) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0019842 · Cited by 1,485 · see citing works
A two-stage model for multiple target detection in rapid serial visual presentation.
Chun, M. M., & Potter, M. C. (1995) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037//0096-1523.21.1.109 · Cited by 1,431 · see citing works
A controlled-attention view of working-memory capacity.
Kane, M. J., Bleckley, M. K., Conway, A. R. A., & Engle, R. W. (2001) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.130.2.169 · Cited by 1,414 · see citing works
Shifting Intentional Set: Exploring the Dynamic Control of Tasks
(1994) · The MIT Press eBooks · doi:10.7551/mitpress/1478.003.0025 · Cited by 1,317 · see citing works
Increased prefrontal and parietal activity after training of working memory
Olesen, P. J., Westerberg, H., & Klingberg, T. (2004) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1165 · Cited by 1,317 · see citing works
Training of Working Memory in Children With ADHD
Klingberg, T., Forssberg, H., & Westerberg, H. (2002) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1076/jcen.24.6.781.8395 · Cited by 1,225 · cited 10× · see citing works
“Moreover, WM training seems to be effective for different participant groups, including young adults (Klingberg et al., 2002; Dahlin et al., 2008a; Jaeggi et al., 2008, 2010; Chein and Morrison, 2010), older adults (Schmiedek et al., 2010; Richmond et al., 2011), stroke patients (Westerberg et al., 2007), children wit…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialEngle, R. W., Kane, M. J., & Tuholski, S. W. (1999) · Models of Working Memory · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139174909.007 · Cited by 1,195 · see citing works
Miyake, A., Friedman, N. P., Rettinger, D. A., Shah, P., & Hegarty, M. (2001) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.130.4.621 · Cited by 1,139 · see citing works
Miyake, A., Friedman, N. P., Rettinger, D. A., Shah, P., & Hegarty, M. (2001) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037//0096-3445.130.4.621 · Cited by 1,137 · see citing works
Neural mechanisms of general fluid intelligence
Gray, J. R., Chabris, C. F., & Braver, T. S. (2003) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1014 · Cited by 1,080 · see citing works
Training and transfer effects of executive functions in preschool children
Thorell, L. B., Lindqvist, S., Bergman Nutley, S., Bohlin, G., & Klingberg, T. (2009) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2008.00745.x · Cited by 1,041 · see citing works
The effects of video game playing on attention, memory, and executive control
Boot, W. R., Kramer, A. F., Simons, D. J., Fabiani, M., & Gratton, G. (2008) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2008.09.005 · Cited by 994 · see citing works
Kane, M. J., Brown, L. H., McVay, J. C., Silvia, P. J., Myin-Germeys, I., & Kwapil, T. R. (2007) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01948.x · Cited by 979 · see citing works
Adaptive training leads to sustained enhancement of poor working memory in children
Holmes, J., Gathercole, S. E., & Dunning, D. L. (2009) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2009.00848.x · Cited by 961 · see citing works
A two-stage model for multiple target detection in rapid serial visual presentation.
Chun, M. M., & Potter, M. C. (1995) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/0096-1523.21.1.109 · Cited by 906 · see citing works
Transfer of Learning After Updating Training Mediated by the Striatum
Dahlin, E., Neely, A. S., Larsson, A., Bäckman, L., & Nyberg, L. (2008) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1155466 · Cited by 892 · see citing works
Neural mechanisms of transient and sustained cognitive control during task switching.
Braver, T. S., Reynolds, J. R., & Donaldson, D. I. (2003) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(03)00466-5 · Cited by 826 · see citing works
Processing Speed, Working Memory, and Fluid Intelligence: Evidence for a Developmental Cascade
Fry, A. F., & Hale, S. (1996) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1996.tb00366.x · Cited by 776 · see citing works
Mental Training Affects Distribution of Limited Brain Resources
Slagter, H. A., Lutz, A., Greischar, L. L., Francis, A. D., Nieuwenhuis, S., Davis, J. M., & Davidson, R. J. (2007) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0050138 · Cited by 757 · see citing works
Memory updating in working memory: The role of the central executive
Morris, N., & Jones, D. M. (1990) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8295.1990.tb02349.x · Cited by 737 · see citing works
Morrison, A. B., & Chein, J. M. (2011) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-010-0034-0 · Cited by 723 · see citing works
Changing internal constraints on action: The role of backward inhibition.
Mayr, U., & Keele, S. W. (2000) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.129.1.4 · Cited by 710 · see citing works
The fractionation of working memory
Baddeley, A. (1996) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.93.24.13468 · Cited by 709 · see citing works
Karbach, J., & Kray, J. (2009) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2009.00846.x · Cited by 694 · see citing works
Shapiro, K. L., Raymond, J. E., & Arnell, K. M. (1997) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(97)01094-2 · Cited by 654 · see citing works
Schmeichel, B. J. (2007) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.136.2.241 · Cited by 644 · see citing works
Advanced progressive matrices : sets I and II
Raven, J. (1962) · H. K. Lewis eBooks · Cited by 643 · see citing works
Component Processes in Task Switching
Meiran, N., Chorev, Z., & Sapir, A. (2000) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1006/cogp.2000.0736 · Cited by 616 · see citing works
Schmiedek (2010) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2010.00027 · Cited by 607 · see citing works
Shapiro, K. L., Raymond, J. E., & Arnell, K. M. (1994) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037//0096-1523.20.2.357 · Cited by 522 · see citing works
Jaeggi, S. M., Studer-Luethi, B., Buschkuehl, M., Su, Y.-F., Jonides, J., & Perrig, W. J. (2010) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2010.09.001 · Cited by 509 · see citing works
Dahlin, E., Nyberg, L., Bäckman, L., & Neely, A. S. (2008) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/a0014296 · Cited by 457 · see citing works
Computerized working memory training after stroke–A pilot study
Westerberg, H., Jacobaeus, H., Hirvikoski, T., Clevberger, P., Östensson, M.-L., Bartfai, A., & Klingberg, T. (2007) · Brain Injury · doi:10.1080/02699050601148726 · Cited by 439 · see citing works
Holmes, J., Gathercole, S. E., Place, M., Dunning, D. L., Hilton, K. A., & Elliott, J. G. (2010) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.1589 · Cited by 370 · see citing works
Human Variation in Overriding Attentional Capture
Fukuda, K., & Vogel, E. K. (2009) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2145-09.2009 · Cited by 363 · see citing works
Chein, J. M., & Morrison, A. B. (2010) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/pbr.17.2.193 · Cited by 362 · see citing works
Separating cognitive capacity from knowledge: a new hypothesis
Halford, G. S., Cowan, N., & Andrews, G. (2007) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2007.04.001 · Cited by 324 · see citing works
Shapiro, K. L., Raymond, J. E., & Arnell, K. M. (1994) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/0096-1523.20.2.357 · Cited by 309 · see citing works
Video game practice optimizes executive control skills in dual-task and task switching situations
Strobach, T., Frensch, P. A., & Schubert, T. (2012) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2012.02.001 · Cited by 275 · see citing works
Self-citationChanges in cortical activity after training of working memory — a single-subject analysis
Westerberg, H., & Klingberg, T. (2007) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.05.041 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
Working memory training and transfer in older adults.
Richmond, L. L., Morrison, A. B., Chein, J. M., & Olson, I. R. (2011) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/a0023631 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
Does working memory training generalize?
Shipstead, Z., Redick, T. S., & Engle, R. W. (2010) · Psychologica Belgica · doi:10.5334/pb-50-3-4-245 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Jolicœur, P. (1998) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03201180 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Individual Differences in Working Memory for Comprehension and Following Directions
Engle, R. W., Carullo, J. J., & Collins, K. W. (1991) · The Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1080/00220671.1991.10886025 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
The attentional blink across stimulus modalities: Evidence for central processing limitations.
Arnell, K. M., & Jolicœur, P. (1999) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/0096-1523.25.3.630 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Mental Models in Conditional Reasoning and Working Memory
Barrouillet, P., & Lecas, J.-F. (1999) · Thinking & Reasoning · doi:10.1080/135467899393940 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
On how high performers keep cool brains in situations of cognitive overload
JAEGGI, S. M., BUSCHKUEHL, M., ETIENNE, A., OZDOBA, C., PERRIG, W. J., & NIRKKO, A. C. (2007) · Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/cabn.7.2.75 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Individual differences in working memory capacity predict visual attention allocation
Bleckley, M. K., Durso, F. T., Crutchfield, J. M., Engle, R. W., & Khanna, M. M. (2003) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/bf03196548 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Resource sharing in the attentional blink
Shapiro, K. L., Schmitz, F., Martens, S., Hommel, B., & Schnitzler, A. (2006) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/01.wnr.0000195670.37892.1a · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Schubert, T. (1999) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/0096-1523.25.2.408 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Self-citationTraining and transfer effects in task switching
Minear, M. E., & Shah, P. (2008) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/mc.336.8.1470 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Task switching: effects of practice on switch and mixing costs
Strobach, T., Liepelt, R., Schubert, T., & Kiesel, A. (2011) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/s00426-011-0323-x · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Self-citationImproved Intertask Coordination after Extensive Dual-Task Practice
Liepelt, R., Strobach, T., Frensch, P. A., & Schubert, T. (2010) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1080/17470218.2010.543284 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Self-citationThe central attentional limitation and executive control
Schubert, T. (2008) · Frontiers in bioscience · doi:10.2741/2950 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Self-citationInvestigation on the improvement and transfer of dual-task coordination skills
Strobach, T., Frensch, P. A., Soutschek, A., & Schubert, T. (2011) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/s00426-011-0381-0 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Self-citationIs the focus of attention in working memory expanded through practice?
Oberauer, K. (2006) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.32.2.197 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
On the failure of distractor inhibition in the attentional blink
Dux, P. E., & Harris, I. M. (2007) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/bf03196828 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Melby-Lervåg, M., Redick, T. S., & Hulme, C. (2016) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691616635612 · Cited by 910 · see citing works
Improving fluid intelligence with training on working memory: a meta-analysis
Au, J., Sheehan, E., Tsai, N., Duncan, G. J., Buschkuehl, M., & Jaeggi, S. M. (2015) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-014-0699-x · Cited by 671 · see citing works
Executive Functioning in Highly Talented Soccer Players
Verburgh, L., Scherder, E., Lange, P. A. M. V., & Oosterlaan, J. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0091254 · Cited by 563 · see citing works
The role of individual differences in cognitive training and transfer
Jaeggi, S. M., Buschkuehl, M., Shah, P., & Jonides, J. (2014) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/s13421-013-0364-z · Cited by 432 · see citing works
Working memory and executive functions: effects of training on academic achievement
Titz, C., & Karbach, J. (2014) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/s00426-013-0537-1 · Cited by 388 · see citing works
Working memory training revisited: A multi-level meta-analysis of n-back training studies
Soveri, A., Antfolk, J., Karlsson, L., Salo, B., & Laine, M. (2017) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-016-1217-0 · Cited by 350 · see citing works
Does Working Memory Training Transfer? A Meta-Analysis Including Training Conditions as Moderators
Schwaighofer, M., Fischer, F., & Bühner, M. (2015) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00461520.2015.1036274 · Cited by 332 · see citing works
Motter, J. N., Pimontel, M. A., Rindskopf, D., Devanand, D. P., Doraiswamy, P. M., & Sneed, J. R. (2016) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.09.022 · Cited by 303 · see citing works
Effects and mechanisms of working memory training: a review
von Bastian, C. C., & Oberauer, K. (2014) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/s00426-013-0524-6 · Cited by 318 · see citing works
Cognitive Training for Improving Executive Function in Chemotherapy-Treated Breast Cancer Survivors
Kesler, S., Hadi Hosseini, S. M., Heckler, C., Janelsins, M., Palesh, O., Mustian, K., & Morrow, G. (2013) · Clinical Breast Cancer · doi:10.1016/j.clbc.2013.02.004 · Cited by 300 · see citing works
Melby-Lervåg, M., & Hulme, C. (2016) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-015-0862-z · Cited by 189 · see citing works
On methodological standards in training and transfer experiments
Green, C. S., Strobach, T., & Schubert, T. (2013) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/s00426-013-0535-3 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Self-citationAdaptive working-memory training benefits reading, but not mathematics in middle childhood
Karbach, J., Strobach, T., & Schubert, T. (2015) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297049.2014.899336 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Self-citationRetest effects in cognitive ability tests: A meta-analysis
Scharfen, J., Peters, J. M., & Holling, H. (2018) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2018.01.003 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Enriquez‐Geppert, S., Huster, R. J., & Herrmann, C. S. (2013) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2013.02.001 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Weicker, J., Villringer, A., & Thöne-Otto, A. (2016) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/neu0000227 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Does working memory training promote the use of strategies on untrained working memory tasks?
Dunning, D. L., & Holmes, J. (2014) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/s13421-014-0410-5 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Strobach, T., Salminen, T. M., Karbach, J., & Schubert, T. (2014) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/s00426-014-0563-7 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Self-citationTraining-induced cognitive and neural plasticity
Karbach, J., & Schubert, T. (2013) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00048 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Self-citationOn the validity and generality of transfer effects in cognitive training research
Noack, H., Lövdén, M., & Schmiedek, F. (2014) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/s00426-014-0564-6 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Neural correlates of chemotherapy-related cognitive impairment
Kaiser, J., Bledowski, C., & Dietrich, J. (2014) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2014.01.010 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Dougherty, M. R., Hamovitz, T., & Tidwell, J. W. (2016) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-015-0865-9 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
The impact of bilingualism on executive functions and working memory in young adults
Antón, E., Carreiras, M., & Duñabeitia, J. A. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0206770 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
How to build better memory training games
Deveau, J., Jaeggi, S. M., Zordan, V. B., Phung, C., & Seitz, A. R. (2015) · Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnsys.2014.00243 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Plasticity of brain and cognition in older adults
Brehmer, Y., Kalpouzos, G., Wenger, E., & Lövdén, M. (2014) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/s00426-014-0587-z · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Does working memory training have to be adaptive?
von Bastian, C. C., & Eschen, A. (2016) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/s00426-015-0655-z · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Lawlor-Savage, L., & Goghari, V. M. (2016) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0151817 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Transfer after Dual <i>n</i> -Back Training Depends on Striatal Activation Change
Salminen, T., Kühn, S., Frensch, P. A., & Schubert, T. (2016) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2305-15.2016 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Self-citationBetter dual-task processing in simultaneous interpreters
Strobach, T., Becker, M., Schubert, T., & Kühn, S. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01590 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Self-citationWorking memory training in children: Effectiveness depends on temperament
Studer-Luethi, B., Bauer, C. E., & Perrig, W. J. (2015) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/s13421-015-0548-9 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
García-Madruga, J. A., Veiga, I. G., & Chaves, J. Ó. V. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00058 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Long-term brain effects of N-back training: an fMRI study
Miró‐Padilla, A., Bueichekú, E., Ventura‐Campos, N., Flores-Compañ, M.-J., Parcet, M. A., & Ávila, C. (2018) · Brain Imaging and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11682-018-9925-x · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Dai, C., Zhang, Y., Cai, X., Peng, Z., Zhang, L., Shao, Y., & Wang, C. (2020) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2020.00360 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Divergent Research Methods Limit Understanding of Working Memory Training
Pergher, V., Shalchy, M. A., Pahor, A., Van Hulle, M. M., Jaeggi, S. M., & Seitz, A. R. (2020) · Journal of Cognitive Enhancement · doi:10.1007/s41465-019-00134-7 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Cognitive training as a component of treatment of alcohol use disorder: A review.
Nixon, S. J., & Lewis, B. (2019) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/neu0000575 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Transfer after working memory updating training
Waris, O., Soveri, A., & Laine, M. (2015) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0138734 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Age-specific differences of dualn-back training
Salminen, T. M., Frensch, P. A., Strobach, T., & Schubert, T. (2015) · Aging Neuropsychology and Cognition · doi:10.1080/13825585.2015.1031723 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Self-citationCombined Cognitive Training vs. Memory Strategy Training in Healthy Older Adults
Li, B., Zhu, X., Hou, J., Chen, T., Wang, P., & Li, J. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00834 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Schubert, T., & Strobach, T. (2012) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2012.06.010 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Self-citationIncreased integrity of white matter pathways after dual n-back training
Salminen, T., Mårtensson, J., Schubert, T., & Kühn, S. (2016) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.03.028 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citationLinares, R., Borella, E., Lechuga, M. T., Carretti, B., & Pelegrina, S. (2019) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0211321 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Neurocognition in PTSD: Treatment Insights and Implications
Jak, A. J., Crocker, L. D., Aupperle, R. L., Clausen, A. N., & Bomyea, J. A. (2016) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2016_62 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Transfer of training from one working memory task to another: behavioural and neural evidence
Beatty, E. L., Jobidon, M.-E., Bouak, F., Nakashima, A., Smith, I., Lam, Q., Blackler, K., Cheung, B., & Vartanian, O. (2015) · Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnsys.2015.00086 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Miró‐Padilla, A., Bueichekú, E., & Ávila, C. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-62067-y · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Pattern of Near Transfer Effects Following Working Memory Training With a Dual <i>N</i>-Back Task
Soveri, A., Karlsson, E. P. A., Waris, O., Grönholm-Nyman, P., & Laine, M. (2017) · Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1027/1618-3169/a000370 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Küper, K., & Karbach, J. (2016) · Journal of Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1080/20445911.2015.1118106 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Donohoe, G. J., Dillon, R., Hargreaves, A., Mothersill, O., Castorina, M., Furey, E., Fagan, A. J., Meaney, J. F., Fitzmaurice, B., Hallahan, B. P., et al. (2017) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291717001982 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Effects of task repetition but no transfer of inhibitory control training in healthy adults
Talanow, T., & Ettinger, U. (2018) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2018.04.016 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Hargreaves, A., Dillon, R., Anderson‐Schmidt, H., Corvin, A. P., Fitzmaurice, B., Castorina, M., Robertson, I. H., & Donohoe, G. J. (2015) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2015.09.004 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Brooks, S. J., Mackenzie-Phelan, R., Tully, J. L., & Schiöth, H. B. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.512761 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Fard, E. K., Keelor, J., Baghban, A. A., & Keith, R. W. (2016) · Iranian journal of child neurology. · doi:10.22037/ijcn.v10i2.7974 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Working Memory Training in Schizophrenia and Healthy Populations
Lawlor‐Savage, L., & Goghari, V. M. (2014) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs4030301 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Zhao, Y., Tang, D., Hu, L., Zhang, L., Hitchman, G., Wang, L., & Chen, A. (2014) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.12.052 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Transfer of working memory training to the inhibitory control of auditory distraction
Kattner, F. (2021) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/s00426-020-01468-0 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Issues and advances in research methods on video games and cognitive abilities
Sobczyk, B., Dobrowolski, P., Skorko, M., Michalak, J., & Brzezicka, A. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01451 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Can we enhance working memory? Bias and effectiveness in cognitive training studies
Rodas, J. A., Asimakopoulou, A. A., & Greene, C. M. (2024) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-024-02466-8 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Response Time Reduction Due to Retesting in Mental Speed Tests: A Meta-Analysis
Scharfen, J., Blum, D., & Holling, H. (2018) · Journal of Intelligence · doi:10.3390/jintelligence6010006 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Cassetta, B. D., & Goghari, V. M. (2016) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-016-1188-5 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Cará, V. M., Esper, N. B., de Azeredo, L. A., Iochpe, V., Dalfovo, N. P., Santos, R. C., Sanvicente‐Vieira, B., Grassi‐Oliveira, R., Franco, A. R., & Buchweitz, A. (2019) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsz092 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Weicker, J., Hudl, N., Frisch, S., Lepsien, J., Mueller, K., Villringer, A., & Thöne-Otto, A. I. T. (2018) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2018.00247 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Working Memory Training and Transfer: Theoretical and Practical Considerations
Jaeggi, S. M., & Buschkuehl, M. (2014) · Springer proceedings in mathematics & statistics · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-07755-0_2 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Visuospatial working memory training facilitates visually-aided explicit sequence learning
Chan, J. S. Y., Wu, Q., Liang, D., & Yan, J. H. (2015) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2015.09.008 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Clinical significance of knowledge about the structure, function, and impairments of working memory
Bajor, G. (2013) · Medical Science Monitor · doi:10.12659/msm.883900 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Discrete memories of a continuous world: A working memory perspective on event segmentation
Güler, B., Adıgüzel, Z., Uysal, B., & Günseli, E. (2023) · Current Research in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.crbeha.2023.100145 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
In Search of Memory Tests Equivalent for Experiments on Animals and Humans
Różyk-Myrta, A. (2014) · Medical Science Monitor · doi:10.12659/msm.891056 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Aguirre, N., Cruz-Gómez, Á. J., Miró‐Padilla, A., Bueichekú, E., Torres, R. B., Ávila, C., Sanchís-Segura, C., & Forn, C. (2019) · Multiple Sclerosis International · doi:10.1155/2019/2657902 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Pfeffer, I., & Strobach, T. (2020) · International Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12529-020-09864-x · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationPredicting Physical Activity Behavior by Automatic and Reflective Self-Regulatory Processes
Pfeffer, I., & Strobach, T. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.714608 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationFacial Emotion Recognition and Executive Functions in Fibromyalgia
de Guevara, C. M. L., del Paso, G. A. R., Fernández-Serrano, M. J., & Duschek, S. (2021) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1093/pm/pnab024 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Training of Working Memory Impacts Neural Processing of Vocal Pitch Regulation
Li, W., Guo, Z., Jones, J. A., Huang, X., Chen, X., Liu, P., Chen, S., & Liu, H. (2015) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep16562 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-Regulation: Learning Across Disciplines
Booth, A., Hennessy, E., & Doyle, O. (2018) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-018-1202-5 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Urbánek, T., & Marček, V. (2015) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/s00426-015-0687-4 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Aasvik, J. K., Woodhouse, A., Stiles, T. C., Jacobsen, H. B., Landmark, T., Glette, M., Borchgrevink, P. C., & Landrø, N. I. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.02003 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Working Memory Training in Adolescents Decreases Laboratory Risk Taking in the Presence of Peers
Rosenbaum, G. M., Botdorf, M., Patrianakos, J. L., Steinberg, L. D., & Chein, J. M. (2017) · Journal of Cognitive Enhancement · doi:10.1007/s41465-017-0045-0 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Improving innovative decision-making: Training-induced changes in fronto-parietal networks
Crespi, C., Martinez, D. L., Dodich, A., Cappa, S. F., Brusoni, S., Zollo, M., Falini, A., & Canessa, N. (2018) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2018.11.004 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Training working memory updating in young adults
Linares, R., Borella, E., Lechuga, M. T., Carretti, B., & Pelegrina, S. (2017) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/s00426-017-0843-0 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
McLoughlin, S., Tyndall, I. T., & Pereira, A. (2020) · Journal of Behavioral Education · doi:10.1007/s10864-020-09399-x · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Lange, S., & Süß, H. (2015) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.3126 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Dual n-back training improves functional connectivity of the right inferior frontal gyrus at rest
Salminen, T., Forlim, C. G., Schubert, T., & Kühn, S. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-77310-9 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citationKönen, T., Strobach, T., & Karbach, J. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-42662-4_6 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationPark, S., Dotan, P. L., & Esposito, A. G. (2022) · International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism · doi:10.1080/13670050.2022.2116973 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Tzuriel, D., Weiss, T., & Kashy‐Rosenbaum, G. (2024) · British Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjep.12709 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Working Memory Training Improves Dual-Task Performance on Motor Tasks
Kimura, T., Kaneko, F., Nagahata, K., Shibata, E., & Aoki, N. (2016) · Journal of Motor Behavior · doi:10.1080/00222895.2016.1219306 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Response abilities of children with Down Syndrome and other intellectual developmental disorders
Rao, P. T., Guddattu, V., & Solomon, J. M. (2017) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-017-4889-4 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Alrwaita, N., Meteyard, L., Houston‐Price, C., & Pliatsikas, C. (2022) · Languages · doi:10.3390/languages7040312 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
López-Higes, R., Rodríguez‐Rojo, I. C., Prados, J. M., Carrasco, P. M., del Río, D., Delgado‐Losada, M. L., Montenegro, M., López‐Sanz, D., & Barabash, A. (2017) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-161014 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Show me and I’ll remember: association between instructional modality and memory for learning
Michael, B., & Michael, R. (2019) · Journal of International Education in Business · doi:10.1108/jieb-06-2018-0020 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Espino, L. A. V., Gómez, A. B. S., & Durán, D. A. B. (2019) · Synapse · doi:10.1002/syn.22140 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Funcionamiento cognitivo y rendimiento deportivo en jóvenes futbolistas: una revisión sistemática
Sabarit-Peñalosa, A., López, E. R., Reigal, R. E., Morillo-Baro, J. P., Vázquez-Diz, J. A., Hernández-Mendo, A., & Morales‐Sánchez, V. (2022) · Cuadernos de Psicología del Deporte · doi:10.6018/cpd.494741 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Pereg, M., Shahar, N., & Meiran, N. (2018) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/s00426-018-1122-4 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Cross-modal transfer after auditory task-switching training
Kattner, F., Samaan, L., & Schubert, T. (2019) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/s13421-019-00911-x · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationKardys, C., Küper, K., Getzmann, S., Falkenstein, M., & Voelcker‐Rehage, C. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19127506 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Klaffehn, A. L., Schwarz, K. A., Kunde, W., & Pfister, R. (2018) · Journal of Cognitive Enhancement · doi:10.1007/s41465-018-0066-3 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Spawton-Rice, J. H., & Walker, Z. (2020) · Applied Neuropsychology Child · doi:10.1080/21622965.2020.1854094 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Hilbert, S., Schwaighofer, M., Zech, A., Sarubin, N., Arendasy, M. E., & Bühner, M. (2017) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2017.01.010 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Wang, W., Yang, J., Yu, Y., Wu, Q., Yu, J., Takahashi, S., Ejima, Y., & Wu, J. (2019) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00161.2019 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Stavroulaki, V., Giakoumaki, S. G., & Sidiropoulou, K. (2020) · Mechanisms of Ageing and Development · doi:10.1016/j.mad.2020.111415 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Mazaheri-Tehrani, E., Nejati, V., SeyedAlinaghi, S., Dadras, O., Cossarizza, A., Mussini, C., Ahsani, N., Sadeghi, L., Gholami, M., Golchehregan, H., et al. (2020) · Psihologija · doi:10.2298/psi190414001m · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Rudner, T., Hume, D. J., Larmuth, K., Atterbury, E. M., Rauch, L., & Kroff, J. (2021) · Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2021.108689 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Verbal fluency tasks and attention problems in children with ADHD: evidence from fNIRS
Bian, Z., Ma, X., Ya, W., & Yu, X. (2025) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2025.1541589 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
- Authors
- Salminen, T., Strobach, T., & Schubert, T.
- Affiliations
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (DE)
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Salminen, Tiina
- Venue
- Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2012
- Volume
- 6
- Pages
- 166-166
- ISSN
- 1662-5161 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3368385
- OpenAlex
- W2017733648
- Cited by
- 148
- References
- 71
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 20.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- Frontiers in Human Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- edoc Publication server (Humboldt University of Berlin) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nd)
- Open access LMU (Ludwid Maxmilian's Universitat Munchen) (submittedVersion)
- edoc Publication server (Humboldt University of Berlin)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
- Keywords
- working memory training, executive function, transfer effects, n-back task, dual-task performance, task switching, attentional processes, reasoning skills, cognitive training
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
