Neuroimaging effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on the developing human brain: a magnetic resonance imaging review

Donald, Kirsten Ann; Eastman, Emma; Howells, Fleur Margaret; Adnams, Colleen; Riley, Edward Patrick; Woods, Roger Paul; Narr, Katherine Louise; Stein, Dan Joseph

doi:10.1017/neu.2015.12

Cited by 185Prenatal Substance Exposure EffectsFetal and Pediatric Neurological DisordersSubstance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes

Neuroimaging effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on the developing human brain: a magnetic resonance imaging review

Donald, Kirsten Ann, Eastman, Emma, Howells, Fleur Margaret, Adnams, Colleen, Riley, Edward Patrick, Woods, Roger Paul, Narr, Katherine Louise, Stein, Dan Joseph·2015·Acta Neuropsychiatrica

DOI 10.1017/neu.2015.12

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Objective: This paper reviews the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) literature on the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on the developing human brain. Method: A literature search was conducted through the following databases: PubMed, PsycINFO and Google Scholar. Combinations of the following search terms and keywords were used to identify relevant studies: ‘alcohol’, ‘fetal alcohol spectrum disorders’, ‘fetal alcohol syndrome’, ‘FAS’, ‘FASD’, ‘MRI’, ‘DTI’, ‘MRS’, ‘neuroimaging’, ‘children’ and ‘infants’. Results: A total of 64 relevant articles were identified across all modalities. Overall, studies reported smaller total brain volume as well as smaller volume of both the white and grey matter in specific cortical regions. The most consistently reported structural MRI findings were alterations in the shape and volume of the corpus callosum, as well as smaller volume in the basal ganglia and hippocampi. The most consistent finding from diffusion tensor imaging studies was lower fractional anisotropy in the corpus callosum. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies are few to date, but showed altered neurometabolic profiles in the frontal and parietal cortex, thalamus and dentate nuclei. Resting-state functional MRI studies reported reduced functional connectivity between cortical and deep grey matter structures. Discussion: There is a critical gap in the literature of MRI studies in alcohol-exposed children under 5 years of age across all MRI modalities. The dynamic nature of brain maturation and appreciation of the effects of alcohol exposure on the developing trajectory of the structural and functional network argue for the prioritisation of studies that include a longitudinal approach to understanding this spectrum of effects and potential therapeutic time points.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1017/neu.2015.12

Cites

110 of 110 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Prenatal exposure to alcohol or other drugs of abuse has important effects on developing brain structure.
“Prenatal exposure to alcohol or other drugs of abuse also have important effects on developing brain structure”
From Imaging structural and functional brain development in early childhood (2018) · cites this paper as [181]

Functional connectivity in the motor cortex of resting human brain using echo‐planar mri
Biswal, B., Zerrin Yetkin, F., Haughton, V. M., & Hyde, J. S. (1995) · Magnetic Resonance in Medicine · doi:10.1002/mrm.1910340409 · Cited by 9,812 · see citing works
The basis of anisotropic water diffusion in the nervous system—A technical review.
Beaulieu, C. (2002) · NMR in Biomedicine · doi:10.1002/nbm.782 · Cited by 4,653 · see citing works
RECOGNITION OF THE FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME IN EARLY INFANCY
Jones, K., & Smith, D. (1973) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(73)91092-1 · Cited by 2,780 · see citing works
PATTERN OF MALFORMATION IN OFFSPRING OF CHRONIC ALCOHOLIC MOTHERS
Jones, K., Smith, D., Ulleland, C. N., & Streissguth, A. (1973) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(73)91291-9 · Cited by 2,178 · see citing works
Neurodevelopmental Trajectories of the Human Cerebral Cortex
Shaw, P., Kabani, N. J., Lerch, J. P., Eckstrand, K., Lenroot, R., Gogtay, N., Greenstein, D., Clasen, L., Evans, A., Rapoport, J. L., et al. (2008) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5309-07.2008 · Cited by 1,644 · see citing works
Ethanol-Induced Apoptotic Neurodegeneration and Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Ikonomidou, C., Bittigau, P., Ishimaru, M. J., Wozniak, D. F., Koch, C. A., Genz, K., Price, M. T., Stefovska, V. G., Hörster, F., Tenkova, T., et al. (2000) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.287.5455.1056 · Cited by 1,357 · see citing works
Prevalence and epidemiologic characteristics of FASD from various research methods with an emphasis on recent in‐school studies
May, P. A., Gossage, J. P., Kalberg, W. O., Robinson, L. K., Buckley, D. G., Manning, M. A., & Hoyme, H. E. (2009) · Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews · doi:10.1002/ddrr.68 · Cited by 905 · see citing works
The early development of brain white matter: a review of imaging studies in fetuses, newborns and infants
Dubois, J., Dehaene-Lambertz, G., Kulikova, S., Poupon, C., Hüppi, P. S., & Hertz-Pannier, L. (2014) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.12.044 · Cited by 851 · see citing works
Emergence of resting state networks in the preterm human brain
Doria, V., Beckmann, C. F., Arichi, T., Merchant, N., Groppo, M., Turkheimer, F. E., Counsell, S. J., Murgasova, M., Aljabar, P., Nunes, R. G., et al. (2010) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1007921107 · Cited by 574 · see citing works
Prevalence and Characteristics of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders
May, P. A., Baete, A., Russo, J., Elliott, A. J., Blankenship, J., Kalberg, W. O., Buckley, D. G., Brooks, M., Hasken, J. M., Abdul-Rahman, O. A., et al. (2014) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2013-3319 · Cited by 564 · see citing works
Brain dysmorphology in individuals with severe prenatal alcohol exposure
Archibald, S. L., Fennema‐Notestine, C., Gamst, A. C., Riley, E. P., Mattson, S. N., & Jernigan, T. L. (2001) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.2001.tb00179.x · Cited by 510 · see citing works
Self-citation
Longitudinal Development of Cortical and Subcortical Gray Matter from Birth to 2 Years
Gilmore, J. H., Shi, F., Woolson, S. L., Knickmeyer, R. C., Short, S. J., Lin, W., Zhu, H., Hamer, R. M., Styner, M., & Shen, D. (2012) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhr327 · Cited by 456 · see citing works
Pediatric diffusion tensor imaging: Normal database and observation of the white matter maturation in early childhood
Hermoye, L., Saint‐Martin, C., Cosnard, G., Lee, S., Kim, J., Nassogne, M., Menten, R., Clapuyt, P. R. M., Donohue, P., Hua, K., et al. (2005) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.08.017 · Cited by 422 · see citing works
Clinical magnetic resonance imaging
Edelman, R. R., Hesselink, J. R., & Zlatkin, M. B. (1990) · Saunders eBooks · Cited by 389 · see citing works
Cost of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders
Lupton, C., Burd, L., & Harwood, R. (2004) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part C: Seminars in Medical Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.c.30015 · Cited by 351 · see citing works
Abnormalities of the Corpus Callosum in Children Prenatally Exposed to Alcohol
Riley, E. P., Mattson, S. N., Sowell, E. R., Jernigan, T. L., Sobel, D. F., & Jones, K. L. (1995) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1995.tb01600.x · Cited by 345 · see citing works
Self-citation
The epidemiology of fetal alcohol syndrome and partial FAS in a South African community
May, P. A., Gossage, J. P., Marais, A., Adnams, C. M., Hoyme, H. E., Jones, K. L., Robinson, L. K., Khaole, N., Snell, C. L., Kalberg, W. O., et al. (2006) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2006.11.007 · Cited by 324 · see citing works
Self-citation
Corpus Callosum Shape and Neuropsychological Deficits in Adult Males with Heavy Fetal Alcohol Exposure
Bookstein, F. L., Streissguth, A. P., Sampson, P. D., Connor, P. D., & Barr, H. M. (2002) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.2001.0977 · Cited by 309 · see citing works
Imaging the Impact of Prenatal Alcohol Exposure on the Structure of the Developing Human Brain
Lebel, C., Roussotte, F., & Sowell, E. R. (2011) · Neuropsychology Review · doi:10.1007/s11065-011-9163-0 · Cited by 290 · see citing works
A Decrease in the Size of the Basal Ganglia in Children with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Mattson, S. N., Riley, E. P., Sowell, E. R., Jernigan, T. L., Sobel, D. F., & Jones, K. L. (1996) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1996.tb01951.x · Cited by 265 · see citing works
Self-citation
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Brain Anomalies in Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Swayze, V. W., Johnson, V. P., Hanson, J. W., Piven, J., Satō, Y., Giedd, J. N., Mosnik, D. M., & Andreasen, N. C. (1997) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.99.2.232 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
Mapping callosal morphology and cognitive correlates
Sowell, E. R., Mattson, S. N., Thompson, P. M., Jernigan, T. L., Riley, E. P., & Toga, A. W. (2001) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.57.2.235 · Cited by 254 · see citing works
Self-citation
Neuroimaging and fetal alcohol spectrum disorders
Norman, A. L., Crocker, N., Mattson, S. N., & Riley, E. P. (2009) · Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews · doi:10.1002/ddrr.72 · Cited by 253 · see citing works
Self-citation
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Outcomes From a Comprehensive Magnetic Resonance Study of Children With Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders
Astley, S. J., Aylward, E., Olson, H. C., Kerns, K. A., Brooks, A., Coggins, T. E., Davies, J. K., Dorn, S., Gendler, B., Jirikowic, T., et al. (2009) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2009.01004.x · Cited by 243 · see citing works
Abnormal Development of the Cerebellar Vermis in Children Prenatally Exposed to Alcohol: Size Reduction in Lobules I–V
Sowell, E. R., Jernigan, T. L., Mattson, S. N., Riley, E. P., Sobel, D. F., & Jones, K. L. (1996) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1996.tb01039.x · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Self-citation
Fetal alcohol syndrome epidemiology in a South African community: a second study of a very high prevalence area.
Viljoen, D. L., Gossage, J. P., Brooke, L. E., Adnams, C. M., Jones, K. L., Robinson, L. K., Hoyme, H. E., Snell, C. L., Khaole, N., Kodituwakku, P. W., et al. (2005) · Journal of Studies on Alcohol · doi:10.15288/jsa.2005.66.593 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Self-citation
Approaching the Prevalence of the Full Spectrum of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders in a <scp>S</scp> outh <scp>A</scp> frican Population‐Based Study
May, P. A., Blankenship, J., Marais, A., Gossage, J. P., Kalberg, W. O., Barnard, R., De Vries, M., Robinson, L. K., Adnams, C. M., Buckley, D., et al. (2013) · Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.12033 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Self-citation
Clinical Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Ehman, R. L. (1990) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.1016/s0025-6196(12)62732-3 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Maternal alcohol consumption producing fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD): Quantity, frequency, and timing of drinking
May, P. A., Blankenship, J., Marais, A., Gossage, J. P., Kalberg, W. O., Joubert, B., Cloete, M., Barnard, R., de Vries, M. M., Hasken, J. M., et al. (2013) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.07.013 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
Self-citation
Abnormal Cortical Thickness and Brain-Behavior Correlation Patterns in Individuals with Heavy Prenatal Alcohol Exposure
Sowell, E. R., Mattson, S. N., Kan, E., Thompson, P. M., Riley, E. P., & Toga, A. W. (2007) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhm039 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Self-citation
Brain Diffusion Abnormalities in Children With Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder
Lebel, C. A., Rasmussen, C., Wyper, K., Walker, L., Andrew, G., Yager, J. Y., & Beaulieu, C. (2008) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2008.00750.x · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Quantitative tract-based white matter development from birth to age 2 years
Geng, X., Gouttard, S., Sharma, A., Gu, H., Styner, M., Lin, W., Gerig, G., & Gilmore, J. H. (2012) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.03.057 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on hippocampal volume, verbal learning, and verbal and spatial recall in late childhood
Willoughby, K. A., Sheard, E. D., NASH, K., & ROVET, J. F. (2008) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617708081368 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Voxel-based morphometric analyses of the brain in children and adolescents prenatally exposed to alcohol
Sowell, E. R., Thompson, P. M., Mattson, S. N., Tessner, K. D., Jernigan, T. L., Riley, E. P., & Toga, A. W. (2001) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/00001756-200103050-00018 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Self-citation
Mapping White Matter Integrity and Neurobehavioral Correlates in Children with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders
Sowell, E. R., Johnson, A., Kan, E., Lu, L. H., Horn, J. D. V., Toga, A. W., O’Connor, M. J., & Bookheimer, S. Y. (2008) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5067-07.2008 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Epidemiology of FASD in a Province in Italy: Prevalence and Characteristics of Children in a Random Sample of Schools
May, P. A., Fiorentino, D., Gossage, J. P., Kalberg, W. O., Hoyme, H. E., Robinson, L. K., Coriale, G., Jones, K. L., Campo, M. D., Tarani, L., et al. (2006) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2006.00188.x · Cited by 190 · see citing works
MRI findings in children with school problems who had been exposed prenatally to alcohol
Autti‐Rämö, I., Autti, T. H., Korkman, M., Kettunen, S., Salonen, O. L. M., & Valanne, L. K. (2002) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1017/s0012162201001748 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Prenatal Alcohol Exposure Affects Frontal–Striatal BOLD Response During Inhibitory Control
Fryer, S. L., Tapert, S. F., Mattson, S. N., Paulus, M. P., Spadoni, A. D., & Riley, E. P. (2007) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2007.00443.x · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Self-citation
Ethanol-Induced Face-Brain Dysmorphology Patterns Are Correlative and Exposure-Stage Dependent
Lipinski, R. J., Hammond, P., O’Leary‐Moore, S. K., Ament, J. J., Pecevich, S. J., Jiang, Y., Budin, F., Parnell, S. E., Suttie, M., Godin, E. A., et al. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0043067 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Longitudinal MRI Reveals Altered Trajectory of Brain Development during Childhood and Adolescence in Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders
Treit, S., Lebel, C. A., Baugh, L. A., Rasmussen, C., Andrew, G., & Beaulieu, C. (2013) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5004-12.2013 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
A Longitudinal Study of the Long-Term Consequences of Drinking during Pregnancy: Heavy<i>In Utero</i>Alcohol Exposure Disrupts the Normal Processes of Brain Development
Lebel, C., Mattson, S. N., Riley, E. P., Jones, K. L., Adnams, C. M., May, P. A., Bookheimer, S. Y., O'Connor, M. J., Narr, K. L., Kan, E., et al. (2012) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1161-12.2012 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Self-citation
Magnetic Resonance Microscopy Defines Ethanol‐Induced Brain Abnormalities in Prenatal Mice: Effects of Acute Insult on Gestational Day 8
Parnell, S. E., O’Leary‐Moore, S. K., Godin, E. A., Dehart, D. B., Johnson, B. W., Johnson, G. A., Styner, M. A., & Sulik, K. K. (2009) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2009.00921.x · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: A Case Report of Neuropsychological, MRI, and EEG Assessment of Two Children
Mattson, S. N., Riley, E. P., Jernigan, T. L., Ehlers, C. L., Delis, D. C., Jones, K. L., Stern, C., Johnson, K. A., Hesselink, J. R., & Bellugi, U. (1992) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1992.tb01909.x · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Self-citation
Metabolic Maturation of the Human Brain From Birth Through Adolescence: Insights From In Vivo Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Blüml, S., Wisnowski, J. L., Nelson, M. D., Paquette, L. B., Gilles, F. H., Kinney, H. C., & Panigrahy, A. (2012) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhs283 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Midline corpus callosum is a neuroanatomical focus of fetal alcohol damage
Bookstein, F. L., Sampson, P. D., Connor, P. D., & Streissguth, A. P. (2002) · The Anatomical Record · doi:10.1002/ar.10110 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Brain perfusion SPECT and MRI in foetal alcohol syndrome
Riikonen, R., Salonen, I., Partanen, K. P. L., & Verho, S. (1999) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1017/s0012162299001358 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Environmental Causes of Central Nervous System Maldevelopment
Rodier, P. M. (2004) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.113.s3.1076 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Vulnerable periods and processes during central nervous system development.
Rodier, P. M. (1994) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.94102121 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Extensive Deep Gray Matter Volume Reductions in Children and Adolescents with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders
Nardelli, A., Lebel, C. A., Rasmussen, C., Andrew, G., & Beaulieu, C. (2011) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2011.01476.x · Cited by 143 · see citing works
A decrease in the size of the basal ganglia following prenatal alcohol exposure: A preliminary report
Mattson, S. N., Riley, E. P., Jernigan, T. L., Garcia, A., Kaneko, W. M., Ehlers, C. L., & Jones, K. L. (1994) · Neurotoxicology and Teratology · doi:10.1016/0892-0362(94)90050-7 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Self-citation
Prevalence of Children with Severe Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders in Communities Near Rome, Italy: New Estimated Rates Are Higher than Previous Estimates
May, P. A., Fiorentino, D., Coriale, G., et al. (2011) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph8062331 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Mapping Cortical Gray Matter Asymmetry Patterns in Adolescents with Heavy Prenatal Alcohol Exposure
Sowell, E. R. (2002) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.2002.1328 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Regional brain volume reductions relate to facial dysmorphology and neurocognitive function in fetal alcohol spectrum disorders
Roussotte, F. F., Sulik, K. K., Mattson, S. N., Riley, E. P., Jones, K. L., Adnams, C. M., May, P. A., O’Connor, M. J., Narr, K. L., & Sowell, E. R. (2011) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.21260 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Self-citation
Evaluation of Corpus Callosum Anisotropy in Young Adults With Fetal Alcohol Syndrome According to Diffusion Tensor Imaging
Ma, X., Coles, C. D., Lynch, M. E., LaConte, S. M., Zurkiya, O., Wang, D., & Hu, X. P. (2005) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1097/01.alc.0000171934.22755.6d · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Microstructural Corpus Callosum Anomalies in Children With Prenatal Alcohol Exposure: An Extension of Previous Diffusion Tensor Imaging Findings
Wozniak, J. R., Muetzel, R. L., Mueller, B. A., Petrenko, C. L. M., Freerks, M. A., Ward, E. E., Nelson, M. L., Chang, P., & Lim, K. O. (2009) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2009.01021.x · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Mapping cerebellar vermal morphology and cognitive correlates in prenatal alcohol exposure
O’Hare, E. D., Kan, E., Yoshii, J., Mattson, S. N., Riley, E. P., Thompson, P. M., Toga, A. W., & Sowell, E. R. (2005) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/01.wnr.0000176515.11723.a2 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Self-citation
Midline Cerebral Dysgenesis, Dysfunction of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis, and Fetal Alcohol Effects
Coulter, C. L., Leech, R. W., Schaefer, G. B., Scheithauer, B. W., & Brumback, R. A. (1993) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.1993.00540070083022 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Diffusion tensor imaging in children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders.
Wozniak, J., Mueller, B., Chang, P., Muetzel, R., Caros, L., & Lim, K. (2006) · Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2006.00213.x · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Alcohol consumption and other maternal risk factors for fetal alcohol syndrome among three distinct samples of women before, during, and after pregnancy: The risk is relative
May, P. A., Gossage, J. P., White‐Country, M., Goodhart, K. A., Decoteau, S., Trujillo, P. M., Kalberg, W. O., Viljoen, D. L., & Hoyme, H. E. (2004) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part C Seminars in Medical Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.c.30011 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Abnormal Cortical Thickness Alterations in Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders and Their Relationships with Facial Dysmorphology
Yang, Y., Roussotte, F. F., Kan, E., Sulik, K. K., Mattson, S. N., Riley, E. P., Jones, K. L., Adnams, C. M., May, P. A., O'Connor, M. J., et al. (2011) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhr193 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Self-citation
Evaluation of Spatial Working Memory Function in Children and Adults with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study
Malisza, K. L., Allman, A.-A., Shiloff, D., Jakobson, L. S., Longstaffe, S. E. A., & Chudley, A. E. (2005) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1203/01.pdr.0000185479.92484.a1 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
What Do We Know about the Economic Impact of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder? A Systematic Literature Review
Popova, S., Stade, B. C., Bekmuradov, D., Lange, S., & Rehm, J. T. (2011) · Alcohol and Alcoholism · doi:10.1093/alcalc/agr029 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Developmental cortical thinning in fetal alcohol spectrum disorders
Zhou, D., Lebel, C. A., Lepage, C., Rasmussen, C., Evans, A. C., Wyper, K., Pei, J. R., Andrew, G., Massey, A., Massey, D., et al. (2011) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.06.026 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
What Does Diffusion Tensor Imaging Reveal About the Brain and Cognition in Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders?
Wozniak, J. R., & Muetzel, R. L. (2011) · Neuropsychology Review · doi:10.1007/s11065-011-9162-1 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Characterization of White Matter Microstructure in Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders
Fryer, S. L., Schweinsburg, B. C., Bjorkquist, O. A., Frank, L. R., Mattson, S. N., Spadoni, A. D., & Riley, E. P. (2008) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2008.00864.x · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Self-citation
Brain Microstructure Is Related to Math Ability in Children With Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder
Lebel, C. A., Rasmussen, C., Wyper, K., Andrew, G., & Beaulieu, C. (2009) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2009.01097.x · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Global Functional Connectivity Abnormalities in Children with F etal A lcohol S pectrum D isorders
Wozniak, J. R., Mueller, B. A., Bell, C. J., Muetzel, R. L., Hoecker, H. L., Boys, C. J., & Lim, K. O. (2012) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.12024 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
MR connectomics: a conceptual framework for studying the developing brain
Hagmann, P., Grant, P. E., & Fair, D. A. (2012) · Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnsys.2012.00043 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Magnetic resonance and spectroscopic imaging in prenatal alcohol-exposed children: preliminary findings in the caudate nucleus.
Cortese, B., Moore, G. J., Bailey, B., Jacobson, S., Delaney‐Black, V., & Hannigan, J. (2006) · Neurotoxicology and Teratology · doi:10.1016/j.ntt.2006.08.002 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Functional magnetic resonance imaging of verbal learning in children with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure
Sowell, E. R., Lu, L. H., O’Hare, E. D., et al. (2007) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/wnr.0b013e3280bad8dc · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Voxelwise and skeleton‐based region of interest analysis of fetal alcohol syndrome and fetal alcohol spectrum disorders in young adults
Li, L., Coles, C. D., Lynch, M. E., & Hu, X. P. (2009) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.20747 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Measuring costs of alcohol harm to others: A review of the literature
Navarro, H. J., Doran, C. M., & Shakeshaft, A. P. (2010) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.11.009 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Brain Metabolic Alterations in Adolescents and Young Adults With Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders
Fagerlund, Å., Heikkinen, S., Autti‐Rämö, I., Korkman, M., Timonen, M. H., Kuusi, T., Riley, E. P., & Lundbom, N. M. I. (2006) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2006.00257.x · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Self-citation
Altered frontal‐parietal functioning during verbal working memory in children and adolescents with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure
O’Hare, E. D., Lu, L. H., Houston, S. M., Bookheimer, S. Y., Mattson, S. N., O’Connor, M. J., & Sowell, E. R. (2009) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.20741 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Magnetic Resonance-Based Imaging in Animal Models of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder
O’Leary-Moore, S. K., Parnell, S. E., Lipinski, R. J., & Sulik, K. K. (2011) · Neuropsychology Review · doi:10.1007/s11065-011-9164-z · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Deep Serotonergic and Dopaminergic Structures in Fetal Alcoholic Syndrome: A Study with nor-β-CIT-Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Volumetry
Riikonen, R., Nokelainen, P. T., Valkonen, K., Lehikoinen, A., Kumpulainen, K., Könönen, M., Vanninen, R., & Kuikka, J. T. (2005) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.01.029 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Callosal Thickness Reductions Relate to Facial Dysmorphology in Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders
Yang, Y., Phillips, O. R., Kan, E., Sulik, K. K., Mattson, S. N., Riley, E. P., Jones, K. L., Adnams, C. M., May, P. A., O’Connor, M. J., et al. (2011) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2011.01679.x · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Self-citation
A tensor-based morphometry analysis of regional differences in brain volume in relation to prenatal alcohol exposure
Meintjes, E. M., Narr, K. L., van der Kouwe, A. J. W., Molteno, C. D., Pirnia, T., Gutman, B. A., Woods, R. P., Thompson, P. M., Jacobson, J. L., & Jacobson, S. W. (2014) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2014.04.001 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Self-citation
Three‐dimensional surface deformation‐based shape analysis of hippocampus and caudate nucleus in children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders
Joseph, J., Warton, C. M. R., Jacobson, S. W., et al. (2012) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.22209 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy outcomes from a comprehensive magnetic resonance study of children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders
Astley, S. J., Richards, T. L., Aylward, E., Olson, H. C., Kerns, K. A., Brooks, A., Coggins, T. E., Davies, J. K., Dorn, S., Gendler, B., et al. (2009) · Magnetic Resonance Imaging · doi:10.1016/j.mri.2009.01.003 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
An fMRI Study of Number Processing in Children With Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Meintjes, E. M., Jacobson, J. L., Molteno, C. D., Gatenby, J. C., Warton, C. M. R., Cannistraci, C. J., Hoyme, H. E., Robinson, L. K., Khaole, N., Gore, J. C., et al. (2010) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2010.01230.x · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Understanding specific effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on brain structure in young adults
Chen, X., Coles, C. D., Lynch, M. E., & Hu, X. P. (2011) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.21313 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Abnormal brain activation during working memory in children with prenatal exposure to drugs of abuse: The effects of methamphetamine, alcohol, and polydrug exposure
Roussotte, F. F., Bramen, J. E., Nuñez, S. C., Quandt, L. C., Smith, L. M., O’Connor, M. J., Bookheimer, S. Y., & Sowell, E. R. (2010) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.10.072 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Many Infants Prenatally Exposed to High Levels of Alcohol Show One Particular Anomaly of the Corpus Callosum
Bookstein, F. L., Connor, P. D., Huggins, J. E., et al. (2007) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2007.00367.x · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Association of a long‐chain fatty acid‐CoA ligase 4 gene polymorphism with depression and with enhanced niacin‐induced dermal erythema
Covault, J., Pettinati, H. M., Moak, D. H., Mueller, T., & Kranzler, H. R. (2004) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.20156 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
BOLD Response During Spatial Working Memory in Youth With Heavy Prenatal Alcohol Exposure
Spadoni, A. D., Bazinet, A. D., Fryer, S. L., Tapert, S. F., Mattson, S. N., & Riley, E. P. (2009) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2009.01046.x · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Self-citation
Functional magnetic resonance imaging outcomes from a comprehensive magnetic resonance study of children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders
Astley, S. J., Aylward, E., Olson, H. C., Kerns, K. A., Brooks, A., Coggins, T. E., Davies, J. K., Dorn, S., Gendler, B., Jirikowic, T., et al. (2009) · Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s11689-009-9004-0 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Diffusion Tensor Imaging of the Cerebellum and Eyeblink Conditioning in Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder
Spottiswoode, B. S., Meintjes, E. M., Anderson, A. W., Molteno, C. D., Stanton, M. E., Dodge, N. C., Gore, J. C., Peterson, B. S., Jacobson, J. L., & Jacobson, S. W. (2011) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2011.01566.x · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Structural, Metabolic, and Functional Brain Abnormalities as a Result of Prenatal Exposure to Drugs of Abuse: Evidence from Neuroimaging
Roussotte, F. F., Soderberg, L., & Sowell, E. R. (2010) · Neuropsychology Review · doi:10.1007/s11065-010-9150-x · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Magnetic resonance microscopy‐based analyses of the brains of normal and ethanol‐exposed fetal mice
O’Leary‐Moore, S. K., Parnell, S. E., Godin, E. A., Dehart, D. B., Ament, J. J., Khan, A. A., Johnson, G. A., Styner, M. A., & Sulik, K. K. (2010) · Birth Defects Research Part A Clinical and Molecular Teratology · doi:10.1002/bdra.20719 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Differences in cortico‐striatal‐cerebellar activation during working memory in syndromal and nonsyndromal children with prenatal alcohol exposure
Diwadkar, V. A., Meintjes, E. M., Goradia, D. D., Dodge, N. C., Warton, C. M. R., Molteno, C. D., Jacobson, S. W., & Jacobson, J. L. (2012) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.22042 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
White matter as a transport system
Paus, T., Pesaresi, M., & French, L. (2014) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.01.055 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Cortical morphology in children with alcohol‐related neurodevelopmental disorder
Rajaprakash, M., Chakravarty, M. M., Lerch, J. P., & ROVET, J. F. (2013) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.191 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Postnatal day 7 ethanol treatment causes persistent reductions in adult mouse brain volume and cortical neurons with sex specific effects on neurogenesis
Coleman, L. G., Oğuz, İ., Lee, J., Styner, M. A., & Crews, F. T. (2012) · Alcohol · doi:10.1016/j.alcohol.2012.01.003 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Neuronal reduction in frontal cortex of primates after prenatal alcohol exposure
Burke, M., Palmour, R. M., Ervin, F. R., et al. (2008) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/wnr.0b013e32831b449c · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Inter-Hemispheric Functional Connectivity Disruption in Children With Prenatal Alcohol Exposure
Wozniak, J. R., Mueller, B. A., Muetzel, R. L., Bell, C. J., Hoecker, H. L., Nelson, M. L., Chang, P., & Lim, K. O. (2011) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2010.01415.x · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Default mode network dysfunction in adults with prenatal alcohol exposure
Santhanam, P., Coles, C. D., Li, Z., Li, L., Lynch, M. E., & Hu, X. P. (2011) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2011.05.004 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Combining patch-clamping of cells in brain slices with immunocytochemical labeling to define cell type and developmental stage
Káradóttir, R. T., & Attwell, D. (2006) · Nature Protocols · doi:10.1038/nprot.2006.261 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Spatial cognition and sexually dimorphic synaptic plasticity balance impairment in rats with chronic prenatal ethanol exposure
An, L., & Zhang, T. (2013) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2013.09.017 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Diffusion MRI of the neonate brain: acquisition, processing and analysis techniques
Pannek, K., Guzzetta, A., Colditz, P. B., & Rose, S. (2012) · Pediatric Radiology · doi:10.1007/s00247-012-2427-x · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Frontostriatal Connectivity in Children during Working Memory and the Effects of Prenatal Methamphetamine, Alcohol, and Polydrug Exposure
Roussotte, F. F., Rudie, J. D., Smith, L. M., O’Connor, M. J., Bookheimer, S. Y., Narr, K. L., & Sowell, E. R. (2012) · Developmental Neuroscience · doi:10.1159/000336242 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Self-citation
Occipital-temporal Reduction and Sustained Visual Attention Deficit in Prenatal Alcohol Exposed Adults
Li, Z., Coles, C. D., Lynch, M. E., Ma, X., Peltier, S., & Hu, X. P. (2007) · Brain Imaging and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11682-007-9013-0 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study of Spatial Working Memory in Children with Prenatal Alcohol Exposure: Contribution of Familial History of Alcohol Use Disorders
Norman, A. L., O’Brien, J. W., Spadoni, A. D., Tapert, S. F., Jones, K. L., Riley, E. P., & Mattson, S. N. (2012) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2012.01880.x · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Self-citation
The Influence of Fetal Ethanol Exposure on Subsequent Development of the Cerebral Cortex as Revealed by Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Leigland, L. A., Ford, M. M., Lerch, J. P., & Kroenke, C. D. (2013) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.12051 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
X-inactivation patterns in female Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy patients do not support a strong X-linked determinant
Pegoraro, E., Carelli, V., Zeviani, M., Cortelli, P., Montagna, P., Barboni, P., Angelini, C. I., & Hoffman, E. P. (1996) · American Journal of Medical Genetics · doi:10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19960202)61:4 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
An In Vivo1H Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Study of the Deep Cerebellar Nuclei in Children with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders
Plessis, L. D., Jacobson, J. L., Jacobson, S. W., et al. (2014) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.12380 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Effect of Predictive Cuing on Response Inhibition in Children with Heavy Prenatal Alcohol Exposure
O’Brien, J. W., Norman, A. L., Fryer, S. L., Tapert, S. F., Paulus, M. P., Jones, K. L., Riley, E. P., & Mattson, S. N. (2012) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.12017 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Self-citation
Diffusion MRI of the developing cerebral cortical gray matter can be used to detect abnormalities in tissue microstructure associated with fetal ethanol exposure
Leigland, L. A., Budde, M. D., Cornea, A. M., & Kroenke, C. D. (2013) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.07.068 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Neonatal Alcohol‐Induced Region‐Dependent Changes in Rat Brain Neurochemistry Measured by High‐Resolution Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
O’Leary‐Moore, S. K., McMechan, A. P., Galloway, M. P., & Hannigan, J. H. (2008) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2008.00747.x · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders
Gonçalves, R. D. C. F., Vasconcelos, M. M., Faleiros, L. O., da Cruz, L. C. H., Domingues, R. C., Brito, A. R., Werner, J., & Herdy, G. V. H. (2009) · Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria · doi:10.1590/s0004-282x2009000200015 · Cited by 15 · see citing works

Flagged first, then by citations

Sorted by citations

Imaging structural and functional brain development in early childhood
Gilmore, J. H., Knickmeyer, R. C., & Gao, W. (2018) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn.2018.1 · Cited by 1,013 · see citing works
Role of Prenatal Hypoxia in Brain Development, Cognitive Functions, and Neurodegeneration
Nalivaeva, N. N., Turner, A. J., & Zhuravin, I. A. (2018) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2018.00825 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Biospecimens and the ABCD study: Rationale, methods of collection, measurement and early data
Uban, K. A., Horton, M. K., Jacobus, J., Heyser, C., Thompson, W. K., Tapert, S. F., Madden, P. A. F., & Sowell, E. R. (2018) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2018.03.005 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Neuroanatomical characteristics of youths with prenatal opioid and poly-drug exposure
Nygaard, E., Slinning, K., Moe, V., Due-Tønnessen, P., Fjell, A., & Walhovd, K. B. (2018) · Neurotoxicology and Teratology · doi:10.1016/j.ntt.2018.04.004 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
In utero MRI identifies consequences of early-gestation alcohol drinking on fetal brain development in rhesus macaques
Wang, X., Cuzon Carlson, V. C., Studholme, C., Newman, N., Ford, M. M., Grant, K. A., & Kroenke, C. D. (2020) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1919048117 · Cited by 31 · see citing works

Altered white matter integrity in the corpus callosum in adults with HIV: a systematic review of diffusion tensor imaging studies
Ahmed-Leitao, F., du Plessis, S. S., Konkiewitz, E. C., Spies, G., & Seedat, S. (2022) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2022.111543 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Diffusion tensor imaging of the corpus callosum in Autism
Alexander, A. L., Lee, J. E., Lazar, M., Boudos, R., DuBray, M. B., Oakes, T. R., Miller, J. N., Lu, J. K., Jeong, E., McMahon, W. M., et al. (2006) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.08.032 · Cited by 593 · see citing works
Usefulness of Diffusion Tensor Imaging for Evaluation of Motor Function in Patients With Traumatic Brain Injury: Three Case Studies
Lee, J.-W., Choi, C., & Chun, M. H. (2006) · The journal of head trauma rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/00001199-200605000-00007 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Whole brain and corpus callosum diffusion tensor metrics: How do they correlate with visual and verbal memory performance in chronic traumatic brain injury
Yiannakkaras, C., Konstantinou, N., Constantinidou, F., Pettemeridou, E., Eracleous, E., Papacostas, S., & Seimenis, I. (2019) · Journal of Integrative Neuroscience · doi:10.31083/j.jin.2019.02.144 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Integrative Structural Brain Network Analysis In Diffusion Tensor ImagingPreprint
Chung, M. K., Hanson, J. L., Adluru, N., et al. (2017) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/129015 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Authors: Donald, K. A., Eastman, E., Howells, F. M., Adnams, C., Riley, E. P., Woods, R. P., Narr, K. L., & Stein, D. J.
Affiliations: University of Cape Town (ZA)
San Diego State University (US)
University of California, Los Angeles (US)
Corresponding author: Donald, Kirsten Ann
ORCID: Donald, Kirsten Ann
Eastman, Emma
Howells, Fleur Margaret
Riley, Edward Patrick
Woods, Roger Paul
Narr, Katherine Louise
Stein, Dan Joseph
Venue: Acta Neuropsychiatrica
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Published: 2015-03-17
Volume: 27
Issue: 5
Pages: 251-269
ISSN: 0924-2708 (ISSN-L)
1601-5215
DOI: 10.1017/neu.2015.12
OpenAlex: W2108986540
Cited by: 185
References: 110
Citations by year: 2026: 8 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 5
FWCI: 2.63
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.cambridge.org/core/terms (unspecified)
Locations: Acta Neuropsychiatrica (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Prenatal Substance Exposure Effects
Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Fetal and Pediatric Neurological Disorders
Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
Keywords: prenatal alcohol exposure, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, fetal alcohol syndrome, brain development, corpus callosum, basal ganglia, hippocampus, fractional anisotropy, brain volume, functional connectivity, neurometabolism, children, infants, therapeutic time window
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Alcohol Drinking, Brain, Child, Female, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Infant, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Substance-Related Disorders, Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Diffusion Tensor Imaging, Neuroimaging, Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Neuroimaging effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on the developing human brain: a magnetic resonance imaging review

Abstract

Integrity signals

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Cites

Cited by

Related

Record

About these checks