Glucose- and glycaemic factor-lowering effects of probiotics on diabetes: A meta-analysis of randomised placebo-controlled trials
Open accessAbstract
This meta-analysis examined the effect of probiotics on glucose and glycaemic factors in diabetes and its associated risk factors. All randomised-controlled trials published in English in multiple databases from January 2000 to June 2015 were systematically searched. Only studies that addressed glucose- and glycaemic-related factors as outcome variables were included. The main outcomes of interest in trials were mean changes in glucose, HbA1c, insulin and homoeostasis model assessment-estimated insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale to assess the quality of studies, a total of eleven studies with 614 subjects were included. The pooled mean difference and effect size with a 95 % CI were extracted using a random-effect model. It was found that there are statistically significant pooled mean differences between the probiotics and the placebo-controlled groups on the reduction of glucose (−0·52 mmol/l, 95 % CI −0·92, −0·11 mmol/l; P=0·01) and HbA1c (−0·32 %, 95 % CI −0·57, −0·07 %; P=0·01). There was no statistically significant pooled mean difference between the probiotics and the placebo-controlled groups on the reduction of insulin (−0·48 µIU/ml, 95 % CI −1·34, 0·38 µIU/ml; P=0·27) and HOMA-IR (pooled effect of –0·44, 95 % CI −1·57, 0·70; P=0·45). Meta-regression analysis identified that probiotics had significant effects on reduction of glucose, HbA1c, insulin and HOMA-IR in participants with diabetes, but not in participants with other risk factors. The present meta-analysis suggested that probiotics may be used as an important dietary supplement in reducing the glucose metabolic factors associated with diabetes.
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The FAA policy permits special issuance of medical certification to some applicants who provide medical documentation from an endocrinologist about treatment history, accidents, and current status.
“This policy permits special issuance of medical certification to some applicants who provide medical documentation of their history of treatment, accidents, and current medical status by an endocrinologist.”
From American Association of Clinical Endocrinology Clinical Practice Guideline: Developing a Diabetes Mellitus Comprehensive Care Plan-2022 Update. (2022) · cites this paper as [1694]
The Inclusion criteria and Conclusions (pages unavailable) address probiotic trials and glucose metabolism, not aviation medical certification. Searches for FAA special issuance, endocrinologist documentation, and applicant medical history found no passage addressing the claimed policy. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn 2019, the Federal Aviation Administration outlined considerations for insulin-treated type 1 or type 2 diabetes with a CGM option.
“Similarly, in 2019, the Federal Aviation Administration outlined considerations for insulin-treated T1D or T2D with a CGM option.”
From American Association of Clinical Endocrinology Clinical Practice Guideline: Developing a Diabetes Mellitus Comprehensive Care Plan-2022 Update. (2022) · cites this paper as [1694]
The Discussion and Conclusions address probiotic supplementation and glucose metabolism, not aviation policy. Searches for the Federal Aviation Administration, a 2019 policy, and a continuous glucose monitoring option found no relevant passage in our copy (page numbers unavailable). (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredFor FAA first- and second-class airman certification, CGM data is required, while third-class airmen may use a non-CGM protocol.
“For first- and second-class airman certification, CGM data is a requirement, whereas third-class airmen may use non-CGM protocol.1694”
From American Association of Clinical Endocrinology Clinical Practice Guideline: Developing a Diabetes Mellitus Comprehensive Care Plan-2022 Update. (2022) · cites this paper as [1694]
The Data extraction and quality assessment and Conclusions sections address probiotics and glucose metabolism, not airman certification. Searches for CGM requirements, first- and second-class certification, and a third-class non-CGM protocol found no relevant passage in our copy (page numbers unavailable). (LLM, conf=0.78)
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- Authors
- Sun, J., & Buys, N. J.
- Affiliations
- Griffith University (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Sun, Jing
- Venue
- British Journal of Nutrition
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2016-02-22
- Volume
- 115
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 1167-1177
- ISSN
- 0007-1145 (ISSN-L)
- 1475-2662
- OpenAlex
- W2273827122
- Cited by
- 122
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 6
- FWCI
- 1.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- British Journal Of Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Griffith Research Online (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Probiotics and Fermented Foods
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Natural Antidiabetic Agents Studies
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Keywords
- probiotics, diabetes mellitus, blood glucose, HbA1c, insulin, insulin resistance, HOMA-IR, glycemic control, dietary supplements, diabetes risk factors
- MeSH terms
- Blood Glucose, Diabetes Mellitus, Fasting, Glycated Hemoglobin, Homeostasis, Humans, Insulin, Insulin Resistance, Placebos, Risk Factors, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Dietary Supplements, Probiotics
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