Effect of Probiotics on Blood Pressure: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized, Controlled Trials
Open accessAbstract
Previous human clinical trials have shown that probiotic consumption may improve blood pressure (BP) control. The aim of the present systematic review was to clarify the effects of probiotics on BP using a meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials. PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Library (Central), Physiotherapy Evidence Database, and Clinicaltrial.gov databases were searched until January 2014 to identify eligible articles. Meta-analysis using a random-effects model was chosen to analyze the impact of combined trials. Nine trials were included. Probiotic consumption significantly changed systolic BP by −3.56 mm Hg (95% confidence interval, −6.46 to −0.66) and diastolic BP by −2.38 mm Hg (95% confidence interval, −2.38 to −0.93) compared with control groups. A greater reduction was found with multiple as compared with single species of probiotics, for both systolic and diastolic BP. Subgroup analysis of trials with baseline BP ≥130/85 mm Hg compared with <130/85 mm Hg found a more significant improvement in diastolic BP. Duration of intervention <8 weeks did not result in a significant reduction in systolic or diastolic BP. Furthermore, subgroup analysis of trials with daily dose of probiotics <10 11 colony-forming units did not result in a significant meta-analysis effect. The present meta-analysis suggests that consuming probiotics may improve BP by a modest degree, with a potentially greater effect when baseline BP is elevated, multiple species of probiotics are consumed, the duration of intervention is ≥8 weeks, or daily consumption dose is ≥10 11 colony-forming units.
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A meta-analysis of nine randomized trials showed a significant decrease in both systolic and diastolic BP in patients that consumed a daily dose of 10^9 CFU of probiotics.
“A meta-analysis of nine randomized trials showed a significant decrease in both systolic and diastolic BP in patients that consumed a daily dose of 109 CFU of probiotics17.”
From Gut Dysbiosis Is Linked to Hypertension (2015) · cites this paper as [17]
Interventions that target the gut microbiota, such as a high-fibre diet, probiotics and antibiotics, have blood-pressure lowering effects in animal models and in patients with hypertension.
“Finally, studies in animal models and in patients with hypertension have reported that interventions that target the gut microbiota, such as a high-fibre diet, probiotics and antibiotics, have blood-pressure lowering effects87,92–99.”
From The gut microbiota and the brain–gut–kidney axis in hypertension and chronic kidney disease (2018) · cites this paper as [98]
The conclusions of individual trials included in the probiotic meta-analysis were inconsistent, likely owing to substantial differences in participant numbers, baseline blood pressures, treatment durations, and type and dose of probiotics.
“Notably, the conclusions of the individual trials included in this meta-analysis were inconsistent, likely owing to substantial differences in participant numbers, baseline blood pressures, treatment durations and type and dose of probiotics.”
From The gut microbiota and the brain–gut–kidney axis in hypertension and chronic kidney disease (2018) · cites this paper as [98]
Probiotics containing multiple rather than single species, a longer duration of intervention (≥8 weeks), and higher daily doses (≥10^11 colony-forming units) are associated with more effective blood-pressure lowering.
“Probiotics that contained multiple rather than single species of bacteria, a longer duration of the intervention (≥8 weeks) and higher daily doses (≥1011 colony-forming units) were associated with more effective blood-pressure lowering in this study.”
From The gut microbiota and the brain–gut–kidney axis in hypertension and chronic kidney disease (2018) · cites this paper as [98]
A meta-analysis of nine clinical trials with 543 participants demonstrated that probiotic consumption modestly but significantly reduces both systolic blood pressure (3.65 mmHg) and diastolic blood pressure (2.38 mmHg) in populations with baseline blood pressure ≥135/85 mmHg.
“A meta-analysis of nine clinical trials with a total of 543 participants demonstrated that probiotic consumption modestly but significantly reduced both SBP (3.65 mmHg) and DBP (2.38 mmHg) in populations with baseline BP ≥135/85 mmHg98.”
From The gut microbiota and the brain–gut–kidney axis in hypertension and chronic kidney disease (2018) · cites this paper as [98]
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- Authors
- Khalesi, S., Sun, J., Buys, N., & Jayasinghe, R.
- Affiliations
- Griffith University (AU)
- Venue
- Hypertension
- Published
- 2014-10
- Volume
- 64
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 897-903
- ISSN
- 0194-911X (ISSN-L)
- 1524-4563
- OpenAlex
- W2529491968
- Semantic Scholar
- 4dc4609c47fe8f69cfde88663446fce5bcc26ab1
- Cited by
- 516
- References
- 60
- Citations by year
- 2026: 29 · 2025: 39 · 2024: 45 · 2023: 46 · 2022: 57 · 2021: 59 · 2020: 65 · 2019: 56 · 2018: 34 · 2017: 39 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 41.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.cqu.edu.au
- Licence
- other-oa
- Locations
- Hypertension (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Acquire (CQUniversity) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Griffith Research Online (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Probiotics and Fermented Foods
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Blood Pressure and Hypertension Studies
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Sodium Intake and Health
- Keywords
- probiotics, blood pressure, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, colony-forming units, intervention duration, baseline blood pressure
- MeSH terms
- Blood Pressure, Humans, Hypertension, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Treatment Outcome, Probiotics
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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