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Inhibition of non-haem iron absorption in man by polyphenolic-containing beverages
Open accessAbstract
The effects of different polyphenol-containing beverages on Fe absorption from a bread meal were estimated in adult human subjects from the erythrocyte incorporation of radio-Fe. The test beverages contained different polyphenol structures and were rich in either phenolic acids (chlorogenic acid in coffee), monomeric flavonoids (herb teas, camomile ( Matricaria recutita L.)), vervain ( Verbena officinalis L.), lime flower ( Tilia cordata Mill.), pennyroyal ( Mentha pulegium L.) and peppermint ( Mentha piperita L.), or complex polyphenol polymerization products (black tea and cocoa). All beverages were potent inhibitors of Fe absorption and reduced absorption in a dose-dependent fashion depending on the content of total polyphenols. Compared with a water control meal, beverages containing 20–50 mg total polyphenols/serving reduced Fe absorption from the bread meal by 50–70 %, whereas beverages containing 100–400 mg total polyphenols/serving reduced Fe absorption by 60–90 %. Inhibition by black tea was 79–94 %, peppermint tea 84 %, pennyroyal 73 %, cocoa 71 %, vervain 59 %, lime flower 52 % and camomile 47 %. At an identical concentration of total polyphenols, black tea was more inhibitory than cocoa, and more inhibitory than herb teas camomile, vervain, lime flower and pennyroyal, but was of equal inhibition to peppermint tea. Adding milk to coffee and tea had little or no influence on their inhibitory nature. Our findings demonstrate that herb teas, as well as black tea, coffee and cocoa can be potent inhibitors of Fe absorption. This property should be considered when giving dietary advice in relation to Fe nutrition.
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TL;DR
In adult volunteers, polyphenol-containing beverages—black tea, herb teas, coffee and cocoa—strongly inhibited non-haem iron absorption from a bread meal in a dose-dependent manner. Black tea was generally most inhibitory, and adding milk had little or no effect.
Key findings
- All test beverages inhibited Fe absorption dose-dependently: beverages with 20–50 mg total polyphenols/serving reduced absorption by 50–70%, while those with 100–400 mg/serving reduced absorption by 60–90%.
- Compared with water control meals, absorption ratios were black tea 0.06–0.21, peppermint 0.16, pennyroyal 0.27, cocoa 0.29, vervain 0.41, lime flower 0.48 and camomile 0.53; corresponding inhibition was black tea 79–94%, peppermint 84%, pennyroyal 73%, cocoa 71%, vervain 59%, lime flower 52% and camomile 47%.
- At identical total polyphenol concentrations, black tea was more inhibitory than cocoa and the herb teas camomile, vervain, lime flower and pennyroyal, but equal to peppermint tea. Even 5% black tea, containing only 20 mg polyphenol/serving, reduced Fe absorption by almost 70% (absorption ratio 0.34).
- Adding milk had little or no influence: milk slightly increased Fe absorption from tea (0.71% to 0.96%; ratio 1.36, P<0.05) but had no effect on coffee (ratio 1.04, P>0.05). Coffee was less inhibitory than tea (2.81% vs 0.71% in study 6).
Methods
- Eight separate Fe absorption studies were performed in 77 volunteers (23 males, 54 females, aged 19–40 years), with 8–10 subjects per study; all were healthy and non-anaemic, serum ferritin ranged from 9 to 193 g/l, and five female subjects were Fe-deficient (serum ferritin ≤12 g/l).
- Fe absorption was measured by the extrinsic tag radio-Fe technique using 55Fe and 59Fe, with test meals of Fe-fortified bread rolls plus beverages or water, and absorption estimated from erythrocyte incorporation at 2 weeks; four measurements were made per subject.
- Total polyphenols in tea, herb teas and cocoa were measured by the Folin-Ciocalteau method with catechin as standard; coffee was analysed for chlorogenic acid by the AOAC method; Fe was determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Statistical analysis used log-transformed absorption values and paired tests.
Limitations
- The authors state that their studies used a simple bread meal and may not extrapolate directly to more complex meals containing a wider range of Fe absorption inhibitors and enhancers; they also note that different herb tea concentrations contained different polyphenol types, which may explain the less clear polyphenol–absorption relationship for herb teas.
- The authors state that the important public-health question is whether regular consumption affects Fe status, but their single-meal studies cannot resolve this, and population evidence is mixed.
- Evident from the text: the findings are short-term absorption measurements rather than clinical iron-status outcomes, each study had only 8–10 subjects, and the wide serum ferritin range with five Fe-deficient women may influence absorption responses.
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Claims the paper makes
31 Own result · 7 No full text of the sources · 5 Own interpretation · 2 Supported · 2 Supported so far · 2 Partly supported · 2 Not checked yet · 2 Own method · 1 Sources not found · 1 No basis given · accuracy not yet measured
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Fe absorption from other vegetables rich in polyphenols, such as spinach and aubergine, has also been observed to be low and a significant negative correlation has been reported between the total polyphenol content of vegetable foods and absorption of their Fe content in man (Gillooly et al. 1983).”
§ Inhibition of non-haem iron absorption in man by polyphenolic-containing beverages > Iron absorption: Polyphenols: Coffee: Tea
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Gillooly et al. 1983 source
The Discussion reports a strong inverse correlation between total polyphenol content and Fe absorption across the vegetables tested (r = −0.859, P < 0.001). It also identifies aubergine and spinach as vegetables with poor Fe absorption. This supports the attributed claim, with the correlation bounded to the vegetables studied. (LLM, conf=0.95)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“A major cause of Fe deficiency is the impaired absorption of non-haem Fe (Charlton & Bothwell, 1983) due to the presence of potent inhibitors of absorption such as phytic acid or polyphenol compounds in many plant foods (Fairweather-Tait & Hurrell, 1996).”
§ Inhibition of non-haem iron absorption in man by polyphenolic-containing beverages > Iron absorption: Polyphenols: Coffee: Tea
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Charlton & Bothwell, 1983 source
- Supportedcites Fairweather-Tait & Hurrell, 1996 source
The Phytic acid section identifies phytic acid in cereal grains and legumes as a major determinant of their low Fe bioavailability. The Polyphenols section identifies inhibitory phenolic compounds in plant foods, and the Conclusions state that both inhibit non-haem Fe absorption. The sentence cites Charlton & Bothwell, not this source, for the broader claim about a major cause of Fe deficiency. (LLM, conf=0.94)
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The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The added radio-Fe uniformly labels all the non-haem food Fe in the meal.”
§ Inhibition of non-haem iron absorption in man by polyphenolic-containing beverages > Absorption measurements
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Cook et al. 1972 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction and Discussion (pages unavailable in our copy) say the extrinsic radioiron tag can assess absorption from a common pool of nonheme iron in a meal. They do not show that added radioiron uniformly labels all nonheme food iron; the Discussion reports that absorption of the extrinsic tag was about 10% greater than absorption of the intrinsic tag. (LLM, conf=0.87)
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- Partly supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In studies 1-3 (Table 2) which compared peppermint teas, cocoa and black tea, the black tea had the greatest inhibitory effect on Fe absorption.”
§ Inhibition of non-haem iron absorption in man by polyphenolic-containing beverages > Results
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Compared with a water control meal, beverages containing 20-50 mg total polyphenols/serving reduced Fe absorption from the bread meal by 50-70 %, whereas beverages containing 100-400 mg total polyphenols/serving reduced Fe absorption by 60-90 %.”
- Also stated in: § Influence of polyphenols on iron absorption · hedged
“Despite these differences, our results would indicate that any beverage providing 20-50 mg total polyphenols would reduce Fe absorption from a bread meal by 50-70 %, whereas beverages containing 100-400 mg total polyphenols would reduce Fe absorption by 60-90 %.”
§ Inhibition of non-haem iron absorption in man by polyphenolic-containing beverages > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Also stated in: § Influence of polyphenols on iron absorption · hedged
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Percentage Fe absorption from black tea with bread (0⋅83 %) (study 7, Table 2) was slightly but not significantly (P Ͼ 0⋅05) lower than from black tea alone (1⋅00 %).”
§ Inhibition of non-haem iron absorption in man by polyphenolic-containing beverages > Iron absorption from beverages alone
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Inhibition by black tea was 79-94 %, peppermint tea 84 %, pennyroyal 73 %, cocoa 71 %, vervain 59 %, lime flower 52 % and camomile 47 %.”
§ Inhibition of non-haem iron absorption in man by polyphenolic-containing beverages > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“However, even a 5 % concentration of the original black tea, containing only 20 mg polyphenol/ serving, still reduced Fe absorption by almost 70 % (absorption ratio compared with the water meal 0⋅34), demonstrating the potent inhibitory effect of black tea polyphenols on Fe absorption.”
§ Inhibition of non-haem iron absorption in man by polyphenolic-containing beverages > Results
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“At low polyphenol concentrations (about 50 mg/serving) black tea was more inhibitory to Fe absorption than the herb teas, camomile and lime flower, however, at higher polyphenol concentrations (about 200 mg/serving), black tea and peppermint tea were equally inhibitory.”
§ Inhibition of non-haem iron absorption in man by polyphenolic-containing beverages > Results
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At low polyphenol concentrations (about 50 mg/serving) black tea was more inhibitory to Fe absorption than the herb teas, camomile and lime flower, however, at higher polyphenol concentrations (about 200 mg/serving), black tea and peppermint tea were equally inhibitory.”
§ Inhibition of non-haem iron absorption in man by polyphenolic-containing beverages > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“Adding milk to tea increased absorption slightly to 0⋅96 % (absorption ratio 1⋅36; P Ͻ 0⋅05) but had no influence on Fe absorption from coffee (absorption ratio 1⋅04; P Ͼ 0⋅05).”
§ Inhibition of non-haem iron absorption in man by polyphenolic-containing beverages > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Inhibition by black tea was 79-94 %, peppermint tea 84 %, pennyroyal 73 %, cocoa 71 %, vervain 59 %, lime flower 52 % and camomile 47 %.”
§ Inhibition of non-haem iron absorption in man by polyphenolic-containing beverages > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fe absorption from bread and water however (8⋅64 %) was 3-fold lower than from water alone (29⋅4 %; absorption ratio 3⋅40; P Ͻ 0⋅001).”
- Also stated in: § Iron absorption from beverages alone · plain
“Although the white bread rolls would be expected to contain little or no phytic acid, Fe absorption from water was reduced from 29⋅4 to 8⋅6 % when consumed with bread.”
§ Inhibition of non-haem iron absorption in man by polyphenolic-containing beverages > Results
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Also stated in: § Iron absorption from beverages alone · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At an identical concentration of total polyphenols, black tea was more inhibitory than cocoa, and more inhibitory than herb teas camomile, vervain, lime flower and pennyroyal, but was of equal inhibition to peppermint tea.”
§ Inhibition of non-haem iron absorption in man by polyphenolic-containing beverages > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Adding milk to coffee and tea had little or no influence on their inhibitory nature.”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“The addition of milk had little or no effect on the inhibitory nature of tea or coffee (study 6).”
§ Inhibition of non-haem iron absorption in man by polyphenolic-containing beverages > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Results · plain
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Assam tea, peppermint tea and cocoa inhibited Fe absorption by 84-97 % in the absence of the bread roll (study 8, Table 2).”
§ Inhibition of non-haem iron absorption in man by polyphenolic-containing beverages > Iron absorption from beverages alone
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At an identical concentration of total polyphenols, black tea was more inhibitory than cocoa, and more inhibitory than herb teas camomile, vervain, lime flower and pennyroyal, but was of equal inhibition to peppermint tea.”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“At equivalent polyphenol concentrations, black tea was more inhibitory than white wine, red wine and cocoa.”
§ Inhibition of non-haem iron absorption in man by polyphenolic-containing beverages > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Results · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Black tea was very inhibitory even at low concentrations.”
§ Inhibition of non-haem iron absorption in man by polyphenolic-containing beverages > Results
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Inhibition by black tea was 79-94 %, peppermint tea 84 %, pennyroyal 73 %, cocoa 71 %, vervain 59 %, lime flower 52 % and camomile 47 %.”
§ Inhibition of non-haem iron absorption in man by polyphenolic-containing beverages > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Inhibition by black tea was 79-94 %, peppermint tea 84 %, pennyroyal 73 %, cocoa 71 %, vervain 59 %, lime flower 52 % and camomile 47 %.”
§ Inhibition of non-haem iron absorption in man by polyphenolic-containing beverages > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At an identical concentration of total polyphenols, black tea was more inhibitory than cocoa, and more inhibitory than herb teas camomile, vervain, lime flower and pennyroyal, but was of equal inhibition to peppermint tea.”
§ Inhibition of non-haem iron absorption in man by polyphenolic-containing beverages > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Compared with a water control meal, beverages containing 20-50 mg total polyphenols/serving reduced Fe absorption from the bread meal by 50-70 %, whereas beverages containing 100-400 mg total polyphenols/serving reduced Fe absorption by 60-90 %.”
- Also stated in: § Influence of polyphenols on iron absorption · hedged
“Despite these differences, our results would indicate that any beverage providing 20-50 mg total polyphenols would reduce Fe absorption from a bread meal by 50-70 %, whereas beverages containing 100-400 mg total polyphenols would reduce Fe absorption by 60-90 %.”
§ Inhibition of non-haem iron absorption in man by polyphenolic-containing beverages > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Also stated in: § Influence of polyphenols on iron absorption · hedged
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fe absorption from the bread meal with black tea was 0⋅71 % compared with 2⋅81 % with coffee.”
§ Inhibition of non-haem iron absorption in man by polyphenolic-containing beverages > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All beverages were potent inhibitors of Fe absorption and reduced absorption in a dose-dependent fashion depending on the content of total polyphenols.”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · boosted
“Our findings demonstrate that herb teas, as well as black tea, coffee and cocoa can be potent inhibitors of Fe absorption.”
§ Inhibition of non-haem iron absorption in man by polyphenolic-containing beverages > Abstract
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Abstract · boosted
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Inhibition by black tea was 79-94 %, peppermint tea 84 %, pennyroyal 73 %, cocoa 71 %, vervain 59 %, lime flower 52 % and camomile 47 %.”
§ Inhibition of non-haem iron absorption in man by polyphenolic-containing beverages > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“As in other studies (Hallberg & Rossander, 1982;Morck et al. 1983), we found coffee to be less inhibitory to Fe absorption than tea.”
§ Inhibition of non-haem iron absorption in man by polyphenolic-containing beverages > Influence of milk on iron absorption from tea or coffee
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Hallberg & Rossander, 1982
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Morck et al. 1983 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Adding milk to tea increased absorption slightly to 0⋅96 % (absorption ratio 1⋅36; P Ͻ 0⋅05) but had no influence on Fe absorption from coffee (absorption ratio 1⋅04; P Ͼ 0⋅05).”
§ Inhibition of non-haem iron absorption in man by polyphenolic-containing beverages > Results
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Bread likewise had little influence on the inhibitory effect of black tea although adding it to water greatly reduced Fe absorption (study 7).”
§ Inhibition of non-haem iron absorption in man by polyphenolic-containing beverages > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All herb teas and cocoa also significantly reduced Fe absorption from the bread meal.”
§ Inhibition of non-haem iron absorption in man by polyphenolic-containing beverages > Results
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Inhibition by black tea was 79-94 %, peppermint tea 84 %, pennyroyal 73 %, cocoa 71 %, vervain 59 %, lime flower 52 % and camomile 47 %.”
§ Inhibition of non-haem iron absorption in man by polyphenolic-containing beverages > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fe absorption from black tea and bread was similar to that from tea alone (0⋅83 v. 1⋅00 %; absorption ratio 1⋅21; NS).”
§ Inhibition of non-haem iron absorption in man by polyphenolic-containing beverages > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At equivalent polyphenol concentrations, black tea was more inhibitory than white wine, red wine and cocoa.”
§ Inhibition of non-haem iron absorption in man by polyphenolic-containing beverages > Results
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Inhibition by black tea was 79-94 %, peppermint tea 84 %, pennyroyal 73 %, cocoa 71 %, vervain 59 %, lime flower 52 % and camomile 47 %.”
§ Inhibition of non-haem iron absorption in man by polyphenolic-containing beverages > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All beverages were potent inhibitors of Fe absorption and reduced absorption in a dose-dependent fashion depending on the content of total polyphenols.”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“Polyphenols from the different beverages inhibited Fe absorption in a dose-dependent fashion and relative Fe absorption from different concentrations of polyphenols fitted best onto the curve following a potential law (relative Fe absorption ¼ 2 × (mg polyphenol/serving) -0⋅5 ).”
§ Inhibition of non-haem iron absorption in man by polyphenolic-containing beverages > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Results · plain
In the paper
“Our results with cocoa, red wine and herb teas would not support this conclusion.”
§ Inhibition of non-haem iron absorption in man by polyphenolic-containing beverages > Influence of polyphenols on iron absorption
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Brune et al. (1989)
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Red wine polyphenols would appear to be less inhibitory than the phenolics of tea or coffee.”
§ Inhibition of non-haem iron absorption in man by polyphenolic-containing beverages > Iron absorption: Polyphenols: Coffee: Tea
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“On the other hand a serving of yod kratin (leaves of the lead tree, Leucaena glauca), a vegetable consumed widely in Thailand and that is high in phenolics, reduced Fe absorption from a composite meal of rice, fish and vegetables by almost 90 % (Tuntawiroon et al. 1991).”
§ Inhibition of non-haem iron absorption in man by polyphenolic-containing beverages > Iron absorption: Polyphenols: Coffee: Tea
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Tuntawiroon et al. 1991 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our studies, however, were made using a simple bread meal and it may not be possible to extrapolate our results directly to more complex meals containing a wider range of Fe absorption inhibitors and enhancers.”
§ Inhibition of non-haem iron absorption in man by polyphenolic-containing beverages > Influence of polyphenols on iron absorption
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In the USA, coffee and tea drinking could not be found to contribute significantly to the 5⋅3 % anaemia that was diagnosed in the Ͼ11 000 participants of the Second National Health and Nutrition Education Survey (NHANES II) (Mehta et al. 1992).”
§ Inhibition of non-haem iron absorption in man by polyphenolic-containing beverages > Influence of polyphenolic-containing beverages on iron status
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Mehta et al. 1992 source
hedgedn = 11,000- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our results indicate that all major types of food polyphenols can strongly inhibit dietary non-haem Fe absorption.”
§ Inhibition of non-haem iron absorption in man by polyphenolic-containing beverages > Influence of polyphenols on iron absorption
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our results (Fig. 1) indicate that black tea polyphenols are more inhibitory than the polyphenols from herb teas, cocoa or wine.”
§ Inhibition of non-haem iron absorption in man by polyphenolic-containing beverages > Influence of polyphenols on iron absorption
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 9
- Probably not a substantial claim. 5
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The consumption of black tea and coffee has been shown to strongly inhibit Fe absorption from composite meals (Disler et al. 1975;Hallberg & Rossander, 1982;Morck et al. 1983), with coffee having about half the inhibitory effect of tea.”
§ Inhibition of non-haem iron absorption in man by polyphenolic-containing beverages > Iron absorption: Polyphenols: Coffee: Tea
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Disler et al. 1975 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract and the section on non-haem food iron report that tea inhibited iron absorption from bread and a rice meal with potato and onion soup. The Discussion mentions only unpublished preliminary observations that coffee has a similar effect; it does not establish coffee’s effect on composite meals or say it is half as inhibitory as tea. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Hallberg & Rossander, 1982
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Morck et al. 1983 source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Fe absorption was measured using the extrinsic tag radio-Fe technique with 55 Fe and 59 Fe (Cook et al. 1972).”
§ Inhibition of non-haem iron absorption in man by polyphenolic-containing beverages > Absorption measurements
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Cook et al. 1972 source
The Methods section describes radioiron-labeled foods and an extrinsic radioiron tag, and the Discussion reports dual-isotope measurements of absorption from the same test meal. The isotope superscripts are garbled in our copy, but the described intrinsic and extrinsic labels support the cited technique using 55Fe and 59Fe. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.90)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Other beverages such as red wine (Bezwoda et al. 1985;Cook et al. 1995) and cocoa (Gillooly et al. 1984), as well as various vegetables with a high polyphenol content (Gillooly et al. 1983;Tuntawiroon et al. 1991), have also been reported to inhibit Fe absorption.”
§ Inhibition of non-haem iron absorption in man by polyphenolic-containing beverages > Iron absorption: Polyphenols: Coffee: Tea
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Bezwoda et al. 1985 source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Cook et al. 1995 source
- Supportedcites Gillooly et al. 1984 source
Gillooly et al. (1984) is cited for cocoa, not for red wine or vegetables. The Abstract reports that adding cocoa to milk significantly reduced iron absorption, and the Discussion describes the same finding. (LLM, conf=0.94)
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Compared with the water control meal, the absorption ratios were: peppermint 0⋅16, pennyroyal 0⋅27, cocoa 0⋅29, vervain 0⋅41, lime flower 0⋅48 and camomile 0⋅53.”
§ Inhibition of non-haem iron absorption in man by polyphenolic-containing beverages > Results
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This is much higher than the 20-25 % inhibition reported for red wine in our previous study (Cook et al. 1995) but indicates that a polyphenol-Fe complex was formed in the intestinal lumen and that Fe within the complex was unavailable for absorption.”
§ Inhibition of non-haem iron absorption in man by polyphenolic-containing beverages > Iron absorption from beverages alone
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Cook et al. 1995 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Polyphenols from the different beverages inhibited Fe absorption in a dose-dependent fashion and relative Fe absorption from different concentrations of polyphenols fitted best onto the curve following a potential law (relative Fe absorption ¼ 2 × (mg polyphenol/serving) -0⋅5 ).”
§ Inhibition of non-haem iron absorption in man by polyphenolic-containing beverages > Results
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In the absence of the bread roll, Fe absorption from black tea, peppermint and cocoa was still far lower than from water alone, the absorption ratios being 0⋅03 for black tea, 0⋅16 for peppermint and 0⋅06 for cocoa (study 8).”
§ Inhibition of non-haem iron absorption in man by polyphenolic-containing beverages > Results
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The inhibitory phenolic compounds would appear to include phenolic acids, such as chlorogenic acid from coffee, monomeric flavonoids such as found in herb teas, and the complex polymerization products found in black tea and cocoa.”
§ Inhibition of non-haem iron absorption in man by polyphenolic-containing beverages > Influence of polyphenols on iron absorption
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Paired tests were used to compare absorption from selected test meals within each study by determining whether the mean log absorption ratios differed significantly from zero.”
§ Inhibition of non-haem iron absorption in man by polyphenolic-containing beverages > Statistical methods
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fe was determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy after dry ashing.”
§ Inhibition of non-haem iron absorption in man by polyphenolic-containing beverages > Test beverages
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Tea-drinking by infants in Israel (Merhav et al. 1985) and coffee-drinking by pregnant women in Costa Rica (Munoz et al. 1988) have been shown to have a negative effect on Fe status.”
§ Inhibition of non-haem iron absorption in man by polyphenolic-containing beverages > Influence of polyphenolic-containing beverages on iron status
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Coffee was analysed for chlorogenic acid by the AOAC method (Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 1990).”
§ Inhibition of non-haem iron absorption in man by polyphenolic-containing beverages > Test beverages
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 1990
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Total polyphenols were measured in the tea, herb teas and cocoa beverages using the Folin-Ciocalteau method (Singleton & Rossi, 1965) with catechin as a standard.”
§ Inhibition of non-haem iron absorption in man by polyphenolic-containing beverages > Test beverages
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Singleton & Rossi, 1965 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This is much higher than the 20-25 % inhibition reported for red wine in our previous study (Cook et al. 1995) but indicates that a polyphenol-Fe complex was formed in the intestinal lumen and that Fe within the complex was unavailable for absorption.”
§ Inhibition of non-haem iron absorption in man by polyphenolic-containing beverages > Iron absorption from beverages alone
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Polyphenol compounds can complex with Fe in the intestinal lumen, making Fe unavailable for absorption.
The paper relies on this without support.
Polyphenol compounds can complex with Fe in the intestinal lumen, making Fe unavailable for absorption.
“The phenolic compounds are released from the food or beverage during digestion, and can complex with Fe in the intestinal lumen making it unavailable for absorption.”
Citations
Cites
Colorimetry of Total Phenolics with Phosphomolybdic-Phosphotungstic Acid Reagents
Singleton, V. L., & Rossi, J. A. (1965) · American Journal of Enology and Viticulture · doi:10.5344/ajev.1965.16.3.144 · Cited by 24,852
Clark, L. C. (1996) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1996.03540240035027 · Cited by 3,283
Effects of Selenium Supplementation for Cancer Prevention in Patients With Carcinoma of the Skin
Clark, L. (1996) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.276.24.1957 · Cited by 2,988
The Flavonoids Advances in Research Since 1986
(2017) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.1201/9780203736692 · Cited by 1,580
Phenolics in Food and Nutraceuticals
Shahidi, F., & Naczk, M. (2003) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9780203508732 · Cited by 1,501
The Flavonoids. A Class of Semi-Essential Food Components: Their Role in Human Nutrition
K�hnau, J. (2015) · World review of nutrition and dietetics · doi:10.1159/000399407 · Cited by 1,492
The Flavonoids: Advances in Research.
Richardson, P. M., Harborne, J. B., & Mabry, T. J. (1984) · Brittonia · doi:10.2307/2806301 · Cited by 1,429
The specificity of proanthocyanidin-protein interactions.
Hagerman, A. E., & Butler, L. G. (1981) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(19)69462-7 · Cited by 1,005
Handbook of Nutritionally Essential Mineral Elements
(1997) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781482273106 · Cited by 644
Tannins: their adverse role in ruminant nutrition
Kumar, R., & Singh, M. (1984) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jf00123a006 · Cited by 541
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- 1989, Recommended Dietary Allowances
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Dietary polyphenols and the prevention of diseases
Scalbert, A., Manach, C., Morand, C., Rémésy, C., & Jiménez, L. (2005) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/1040869059096 · Cited by 2,999
White, P. J., & Broadley, M. R. (2009) · New Phytologist · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02738.x · Cited by 2,178
Screening of radical scavenging activity of some medicinal and aromatic plant extracts
Miliauskas, G., Venskutonis, P. R., & van Beek, T. A. (2003) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2003.05.007 · Cited by 2,129
Review on iron and its importance for human health.
Abbaspour, N., Hurrell, R. F., & Kelishadi, R. (2014) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 1,886
Self-citationLopez, A., Cacoub, P., Macdougall, I. C., & Peyrin‐Biroulet, L. (2015) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(15)60865-0 · Cited by 1,603
Metadata
- Authors
- Hurrell, R. F., Reddy, M., & Cook, J. D.
- Affiliations
- ETH Zurich (CH)
- Iowa State University (US)
- University of Kansas Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hurrell, Richard F.
- ORCID
- Hurrell, Richard F.
- Venue
- British Journal of Nutrition
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 1999-04
- Volume
- 81
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 289-295
- ISSN
- 0007-1145 (ISSN-L)
- 1475-2662
- OpenAlex
- W2148247285
- Semantic Scholar
- 23e567ba42e8321bbad2b334f344eea08d5fb6bc
- Cited by
- 490
- References
- 60
- Citations by year
- 2026: 23 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 35 · 2012: 21
- FWCI
- 5.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- British Journal Of Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- reroDoc Digital Library (submittedVersion)
- Repository for Publications and Research Data (ETH Zurich) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Iowa State University Digital Repository (Iowa State University) (submittedVersion)
- ETH Zürich Research Collection
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry (medical) › Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activities
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hematology › Iron Metabolism and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Coffee research and impacts
- Keywords
- polyphenols, iron absorption inhibition, black tea, Theobroma cacao, coffee, peppermint tea, Mentha pulegium, Verbena officinalis, chamomile, flavonoids, phenolic acids, chlorogenic acid, dietary iron, milk
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Animals, Beverages, Bread, Coffee, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Erythrocytes, Female, Humans, Intestinal Absorption, Iron, Male, Milk, Phenols, Tea
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-11-01, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-11-01 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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