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Adolescent alcohol use is a risk factor for adult alcohol and drug dependence: evidence from a twin design
Open accessAbstract
Background. Early alcohol use is associated with abuse and dependence of licit and illicit substances later in life. The role of genetic and environmental factors in this association is not conclusive. Method. In 1992, data on substance use, abuse/dependence and psychiatric disorders were collected from 8169 male twin members of the Vietnam Era Twin Registry. The interview obtained age of onset of regular drinking (one drink/month for 6 or more months). Regression analyses of twin pairs discordant for early alcohol use tested whether the association between early drinking (before age 17) and adult substance use and abuse/dependence remained after controlling for genetic factors, family environment and covariates. Twin models tested for common genetic and/or environmental influences on early drinking and adult alcohol dependence and ever use and abuse/dependence on marijuana and other drugs. Results. Co-twin analyses suggested the association between early regular alcohol use and adult alcohol dependence, marijuana and other drug use, and marijuana and other drug abuse/dependence could not be entirely explained by common genetic and shared family environmental factors. Genetic contributions to early regular drinking were significantly correlated with those on use of marijuana (rA=0·59), use of other drugs (rA=0·64), alcohol dependence (rA=0·54) and abuse/dependence of marijuana and other drugs (rA=0·63 and 0·66). Small but significant unique environmental correlations (rE range 0·11–0·22) indicated that familial factors could not entirely explain the association between early alcohol use and later substance use, abuse and dependence. Conclusions. Early regular drinking is associated with later alcohol dependence and use, abuse/dependence on drugs. The association is not entirely explained by genetic or shared family environmental factors. This suggests unique environmental factors contribute to transitions from early regular alcohol drinking to use, abuse and dependence on alcohol and other substances.
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“There is a robust association between age of onset and risk for subsequent alcohol and drug problems”
From Addiction, adolescence, and the integration of control and motivation (2011) · cites this paper as Grant et al., 2006
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“Thus, investigation of AmED use within this age group may be warranted, particularly in light of the later-life impact of alcohol consumption within this critical period (Grant et al., 2006).”
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“This work is driven by a well-established and still growing list of risks of excessive alcohol use for this population, for example, increased risk of depression, suicide, and other problems during adolescence (Reifman & Windle, 1995; Windle, Miller-Tutzauer, & Domenico, 1992), as well as risk for heavier drinking and…”
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“Alcohol abuse is a public health concern that significantly impacts individuals and has far-reaching effects on modern society (Koob 2003; Room 1997; Grant et al. 2006; Whiteford et al. 2013).”
BackgroundSubstance use and teen pregnancy in the United States: Evidence from the NSDUH 2002–2012
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“Additionally, both adolescent substance use and pregnancy have been found to place youth at risk for a host of adverse academic, socioeconomic, interpersonal, and health outcomes during adolescence and subsequent developmental stages (Boden, Fergusson, & Horwood, 2008; Grant et al., 2006; Klein, 2005; Paranjothy, Brou…”
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Self-citationTiming of first alcohol use and alcohol dependence: evidence of common genetic influences
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Self-citationPositive and Negative Effects of Alcohol and Nicotine and Their Interactions: A Mechanistic Review
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“The strength of this effect is dynamic and can be altered by a number of factors including age and gender (Acheson et al. 2006; Grant et al. 2006).”
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Earlier Alcohol Use Onset Predicts Poorer Neuropsychological Functioning in Young Adults
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“Youth who initiated ongoing patterns of alcohol use are at greater risk for psychosocial difficulties than occasional drinkers, as evidenced by increased rates of conduct disorder, negative drinking consequences, and other substance use (Grant et al., 2005; Pechansky et al., 2004).”
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“…(e.g., DeWit et al., 2000; Kraus et al., 2000; Livingston et al., 2008), prospective studies (e.g., Warner et al., 2007), and twin studies (e.g., Grant et al., 2006) suggest that an early AO confers risk for numerous problems (e.g., legal problems and alcohol use disorders [AUDs]; Hingson et…”
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“…risk for developing alcohol-use disorders (Enoch, 2006) but familial alcoholism is also linked with adolescent alcohol use, which in turn appears to be a risk factor for later alcohol-use disorders regardless of family history (Grant and Dawson, 1998; Grant et al., 2006; King and Chassin, 2007).”
Grant, J. D., Lynskey, M. T., Scherrer, J. F., Arpana Agrawal, A., Heath, A. C., & Bucholz, K. K. (2009) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2009.08.006 · Cited by 54
Self-citationMonkeys that Voluntarily and Chronically Drink Alcohol Damage their Brains: a Longitudinal MRI Study
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“The second factor is that human epidemiological studies (Dawson et al, 2008; Grant et al, 2006) report that young adults, commensurate with the younger monkeys studied herein, are at greater risk than older adults to drink at hazardous levels.”
BackgroundTests of the effects of adolescent early alcohol exposures on adult outcomes
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“However, more recent studies using CTC have found that the relationship between earlier alcohol use and measures of adult alcohol involvement [18], adult alcohol dependence, and the use and abuse of other substances [19], may not be entirely attributable to familial factors shared between twins.”
BackgroundThe validity of the Substance Use Risk Profile Scale (SURPS) among Australian adolescents
Newton, N. C., Barrett, E. L., Ryan, N. C., Kelly, E. V., Champion, K. E., Stapinski, L. A., Conrod, P., Slade, T. N., Nair, N. K., & Teesson, M. (2015) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.09.015 · Cited by 57
“substance use and mental health disorders, poor school performance, and juvenile offending (3-5).”
BackgroundDefinición del concepto de consumo intensivo de alcohol adolescente (binge drinking)
Parada, M., Corral, M., Caamaño‐Isorna, F., Mota, N., Crego, A., Holguı́n, S. R., & Cadaveira, F. (2011) · Adicciones · doi:10.20882/adicciones.167 · Cited by 54
Alcohol Use and Religiousness/Spirituality Among Adolescents
Knight, J. R., Sherritt, L., Harris, S. K., Holder, D. W., Kulig, J. W., Shrier, L. A., Gabrielli, J., & Chang, G. (2007) · Southern Medical Journal · doi:10.1097/smj.0b013e3180316a32 · Cited by 54
Adolescence and Alcohol: a review of the literature
Skala, K., & Walter, H. (2013) · Neuropsychiatrie · doi:10.1007/s40211-013-0066-6 · Cited by 54
Newton, N. C., Andrews, G., Champion, K. E., & Teesson, M. (2014) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.05.003 · Cited by 55
Atwell, K., Abraham, C., & Duka, T. (2011) · Alcohol and Alcoholism · doi:10.1093/alcalc/agr016 · Cited by 54
Dinesen, P. T., Dawes, C. T., Johannesson, M., Klemmensen, R., Magnusson, P. K. E., Nørgaard, A. S., Petersen, I., & Oskarsson, S. (2016) · Political Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11109-015-9328-2 · Cited by 47
“as a way of assessing the effect of early-life risk behavior (Lynskey et al. 2003; Grant et al. 2006) or stressful life events (Kendler & Gardner 2001; Osler et al.”
BackgroundMethodBerk, L., Stewart, J. L., May, A. C., Wiers, R. W., Davenport, P. W., Paulus, M. P., & Tapert, S. F. (2015) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.13090 · Cited by 42
Attitude and risk of substance use in adolescents diagnosed with Asperger syndrome
Ramos, M., Boada, L., Moreno, C., Llorente, C. D. M., Romo, J., & Parellada, M. (2013) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.07.022 · Cited by 46
Migliorini, R., Stewart, J. L., May, A. C., Tapert, S. F., & Paulus, M. P. (2013) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.08.015 · Cited by 46
Cook, W. K., Karriker‐Jaffe, K. J., Bond, J. C., & Lui, C. K. (2014) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2014.302196 · Cited by 45
AlHaqwi, A. I. (2010) · Substance Abuse Treatment Prevention and Policy · doi:10.1186/1747-597x-5-2 · Cited by 46
Reporting Bias in the Association Between Age at First Alcohol Use and Heavy Episodic Drinking
Sartor, C. E., Bucholz, K. K., Nelson, E. C., Madden, P. A. F., Lynskey, M. T., & Heath, A. C. (2011) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2011.01477.x · Cited by 46
“, 2005; Warner and White, 2003), a large number of investigations of this pathway of risk are based on retrospective reports (Chou and Pickering, 1992; DeWit et al., 2000; Grant and Dawson, 1997; Grant et al., 2006; Hingson et al., 2006; McGue et al., 2001; Prescott and Kendler, 1999; Vieira et al., 2007).”
BackgroundSelf-citationMontesinos, J., Gil, A., & Guerri, C. (2017) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.13416 · Cited by 49
Salas‐Wright, C. P., Hernández, L., Maynard, B. R., Saltzman, L. Y., & Vaughn, M. G. (2014) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.3109/10826084.2014.880725 · Cited by 44
“…given that research in the general population suggests that adolescent alcohol use is associated with a variety of externalizing behaviors (Vaughn et al., 2014) as well as the development of substance use disorders during subsequent developmental periods (Dawson et al., 2008; Grant et al., 2006).”
BackgroundPhysician Advice to Adolescents About Drinking and Other Health Behaviors
Hingson, R., Zha, W., Iannotti, R. J., & Simons‐Morton, B. G. (2013) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2012-1496 · Cited by 44
Risk profiles for heavy drinking in adolescence: differential effects of gender
Seo, S., Beck, A., Matthis, C., Genauck, A., Banaschewski, T., Bokde, A. L. W., Bromberg, U., Büchel, C., Quinlan, E. B., Flor, H., et al. (2018) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/adb.12636 · Cited by 43
Grucza, R. A., Johnson, E. O., Krueger, R. F., Breslau, N., Saccone, N. L., Chen, L., Derringer, J. L., Arpana Agrawal, A., Lynskey, M. T., & Bierut, L. J. (2010) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1369-1600.2010.00220.x · Cited by 42
“One of the key risk factors for addiction in general, as well as for nicotine dependence in particular, is early onset of substance use, as assessed by retrospectively reported age at first use or age at onset of regular use (Robins & Przybeck 1985; Breslau, Fenn & Peterson 1993; Breslau & Peterson 1996; Grant & Dawso…”
Self-citationMoure-Rodríguez, L., Piñeiro‐Lamas, M., Corral, M., Holguı́n, S. R., Cadaveira, F., & Caamaño‐Isorna, F. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0165514 · Cited by 42
Adolescent rats are resistant to forming ethanol seeking habits
Serlin, H., & Torregrossa, M. M. (2015) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2014.12.002 · Cited by 41
Newton, N. C., Havard, A., & Teesson, M. (2011) · Addiction Research & Theory · doi:10.3109/16066359.2011.614976 · Cited by 40
Alcohol and Drug Prevention in Nightlife Settings: A Review of Experimental Studies
Bolier, L., Voorham, L., Monshouwer, K., van Hasselt, N., & Bellis, M. A. (2011) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.3109/10826084.2011.606868 · Cited by 40
Khan, M. R., Cleland, C. M., Scheidell, J. D., & Berger, A. (2014) · The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse · doi:10.3109/00952990.2014.892950 · Cited by 39
Olfson, E., Edenberg, H. J., Nürnberger, J. I., Arpana Agrawal, A., Bucholz, K. K., Almasy, L. A., Chorlian, D. B., Dick, D. M., HESSELBROCK, V. M., Kramer, J., et al. (2014) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.12524 · Cited by 39
“Alcohol use behaviors established during adolescence are important contributing factors for the later progression to alcohol dependence (Grant et al., 2006; Pitkanen et al., 2005).”
BackgroundSelf-citationHelms, C. M., Rau, A. R., Shaw, J. K., Stull, C., Gonzales, S. W., & Grant, K. A. (2014) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-013-3417-x · Cited by 37
“Early age at the onset of ethanol drinking is associated with increased likelihood of future dependence (Dawson et al. 2008; Grant and Dawson 1997; Grant et al. 2001, 2006) and predicts ethanolrelated problems (Schuckit and Russell 1983; Hingson et al. 2006).”
BackgroundMiranda, R., Reynolds, E. K., Ray, L. A., Justus, A. N., Knopik, V. S., McGeary, J. E., & Meyerson, L. A. (2012) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2012.01897.x · Cited by 38
“ALCOHOL USE DURING adolescence is associated with sharp increases in the risk of myriad adverse outcomes, including alcohol dependence (Grant et al., 2006).”
Lee, B. H., & Lee, H. K. (2016) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1111/apa.13706 · Cited by 39
“Consequently, the addiction risk in adulthood increases (21,22).”
BackgroundOECD Reviews of Health Systems: Brazil 2021
OECD (2021) · OECD Reviews of Health Systems · doi:10.1787/146d0dea-en · Cited by 64
Alcohol and Drug Use among College Student Adult Children of Alcoholics.
Braitman, A. L., Kelley, M. L., Ladage, J., Schroeder, V. M., Gumienny, L. A., Morrow, J. A., & Klostermann, K. C. (2009) · Journal of alcohol and drug education · Cited by 37
Studies using macaque monkeys to address excessive alcohol drinking and stress interactions
Jimenez, V. A., & Grant, K. A. (2017) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.03.027 · Cited by 38
Baldwin, P., Shrestha, R., Potrepka, J., & Copenhaver, M. (2013) · ISRN AIDS · doi:10.1155/2013/976035 · Cited by 36
“Like other types of substance use in adolescence, drinking alcohol at an early age remains a serious health concern since it may interfere with brain development and lead to cognitive and behavioral dysfunctions that foster risk taking [56] and later substance use problems [6, 57].”
BackgroundBehavioral and brain signatures of substance use vulnerability in childhood
Rapuano, K. M., Rosenberg, M. D., Maza, M. T., Dennis, N. J., Dorji, M., Greene, A. S., Horien, C. L., Scheinost, D., Constable, R. T., & Casey, B. J. (2020) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2020.100878 · Cited by 42
“Indeed, other studies in twins report early alcohol consumption to be a risk factor for later dependence, independent of genetic or shared family environmental factors (Grant et al., 2006).”
BackgroundPomfrey, R. L., Bostwick, T. A., Wetzell, B., & Riley, A. L. (2015) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2015.08.004 · Cited by 34
Correlates of Alcohol Abuse/Dependence in Early-Onset Alcohol-Using Women
Jenkins, M. B., Arpana Agrawal, A., Lynskey, M. T., Nelson, E. C., Madden, P. A. F., Bucholz, K. K., & Heath, A. C. (2011) · American Journal on Addictions · doi:10.1111/j.1521-0391.2011.00151.x · Cited by 35
Self-citationPrendergast, M., & Mulholland, P. J. (2011) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1369-1600.2011.00375.x · Cited by 37
“…apparent that exposure to EtOH for 10 days itself is a stressor, but that withdrawal from EtOH is also a marked stressor, producing rises in plasma cortisol and CORT levels that reach new micromolar concentrations in humans and rats (Kutscher et al. 2002; Rasmussen et al. 2002; Grant et al. 2006).”
BackgroundStressful Life Events and Relapse Among Formerly Alcohol Dependent Adults
Pilowsky, D. J., Keyes, K. M., Geier, T. J., Grant, B. F., & Hasin, D. S. (2013) · Social Work in Mental Health · doi:10.1080/15332985.2012.711278 · Cited by 35
Valuation of peers’ safe choices is associated with substance-naïveté in adolescents
Chung, D., Orloff, M. A., Lauharatanahirun, N., Chiu, P. H., & King‐Casas, B. (2020) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1919111117 · Cited by 35
Metadata
- Authors
- GRANT, J. D., SCHERRER, J. F., LYNSKEY, M. T., LYONS, M. J., EISEN, S. A., TSUANG, M. T., TRUE, W. R., & BUCHOLZ, K. K.
- Affiliations
- Washington University in St. Louis (US)
- Boston University (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- Saint Louis University (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Psychological Medicine
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2005-09-29
- Volume
- 36
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 109-118
- ISSN
- 0033-2917 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-8978
- OpenAlex
- W2122953373
- Cited by
- 321
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 23
- FWCI
- 7.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Locations
- Psychological Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Digital Commons@Becker (Washington University School of Medicine) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Defense
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs
- Health Services Research and Development
- Temple University
- National Institutes of Health (AA11998)
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (AA11998, AA 12640, R01AA012640)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (DA-14363, R01DA014632, DA 14632, R01DA014363)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Alcohol Consumption and Health Effects
- Keywords
- adolescent alcohol use, alcoholism, cannabis use, drug addiction, substance abuse, genetic factors, family environment, unique environmental factors, twin discordance, Vietnam Era Twin Registry, age of onset of drinking
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Alcohol Drinking, Alcoholism, Female, Humans, Male, Registries, Risk Factors, Social Environment, Illicit Drugs, Twins, Disease Progression, Substance-Related Disorders
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