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Cited by 567Attention Deficit Hyperactivity DisorderPsychopathy, Forensic Psychiatry, Sexual OffendingSubstance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes

Young adult follow‐up of hyperactive children: antisocial activities and drug use

Barkley, Russell A., Fischer, Mariellen, Smallish, Lori, Fletcher, Kenneth·2004·Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry
DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00214.x
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Abstract

Background: Hyperactive/ADHD children are believed to be a greater risk for adolescent and young adult antisocial activity and drug use/abuse, particularly that subset having comorbid conduct problems/disorder. Method: We report on the lifetime antisocial activities and illegal drug use self‐reported at young adult follow‐up (mean age 20–21 years; 13+ year follow‐up) for a large sample of hyperactive (H; N = 147) and community control (CC; N = 73) children. Parent reports of childhood hyperactivity and conduct problems at study entry, parent and self‐reports of ADHD and conduct disorder at adolescence, and parent reports of ADHD at young adulthood are examined for their contribution to antisocial behavior and drug use at adulthood. Results: More of the H group committed a variety of antisocial acts and had been arrested for doing so (corroborated through official arrest records) than did the CC group. The H group also committed a higher frequency of property theft, disorderly conduct, assault with fists, carrying a concealed weapon, and illegal drug possession, as well as more arrests. These activities reduced to two dimensions corresponding to predatory‐overt and drug‐related antisocial conduct. The H group differed from the CC group only on the latter dimension. Childhood, adolescent, and adult ADHD predicted higher drug‐related activities, as did childhood conduct problems. The H group with conduct disorder (CD) reported greater use of most substances than did the H only or CC groups, who did not differ from each other. Severity of teen ADHD and especially lifetime CD predicted use of hard drugs while just lifetime CD predicted marijuana/LSD use. Teen drug use seemed to potentiate increased drug‐related antisocial activities beyond the contribution made by teen CD. Conclusions: Hyperactive children are at greater risk for antisocial activities and arrests by young adulthood that appear to be principally associated with illegal drug possession, use, and sale. Those having CD, however, appear to engage in greater and more diverse substance use.

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Authors
Barkley, R. A., Fischer, M., Smallish, L., & Fletcher, K.
Affiliations
  • Medical University of South Carolina (US)
  • Medical College of Wisconsin (US)
  • University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School (US)
Corresponding author
Barkley, Russell A.
Venue
Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2004-01-22
Volume
45
Issue
2
Pages
195-211
ISSN
  • 0021-9630 (ISSN-L)
  • 1469-7610
DOI
10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00214.x
OpenAlex
W1971569077
Cited by
567
References
42
Citations by year
2026: 5 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 33 · 2015: 35 · 2014: 35 · 2013: 30 · 2012: 46
FWCI
16.59
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations
  • Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH042181, MH42181)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychopathy, Forensic Psychiatry, Sexual Offending
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
Keywords
hyperactivity, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, conduct disorder, antisocial behavior, illicit drug use, young adults, arrests, property crime, substance use, cannabis, LSD, child conduct problems, long-term follow-up
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Adult, Analysis of Variance, Antisocial Personality Disorder, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Crime, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Interviews as Topic, Male, Parents, Risk Factors, Self Disclosure, Diagnosis, Dual (Psychiatry), Conduct Disorder, Substance-Related Disorders

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