Longitudinal Assessment of Neuropsychological Function in Major Depression
Abstract
Neuropsychological impairment is a core component of major depression, yet its relationship to clinical state is unclear. The aims of the present review were to determine which neuropsychological domains and tasks were most sensitive to improvement in clinical state in major depression and to highlight the methodological issues in such research. Studies that included a baseline and at least one follow-up neuropsychological testing session in adults with major depression were identifed using MEDLINE, Web of Science and ScienceDirect databases. Thirty studies were included in the review. Findings in younger adult populations suggested that improvement in mood was most strongly related to improved verbal memory and verbal fluency, while measures of executive functioning and attention tended to remain impaired across treatment. In late-life major depression, improved psychomotor speed was most closely related to treatment response, but there was much inconsistency between study findings, which may be due to methodological issues. In major depression, particular neuropsychological domains are more strongly related to clinical state than others. The findings from the present review suggest that the domains most sensitive to clinical state are verbal learning and memory, verbal fluency and psychomotor speed. In contrast, measures of attention and executive functioning perhaps represent more trait-like markers of major depression. With further methodologically sound research, the changes in neuropsychological function associated with treatment response may provide a means of evaluating different treatment strategies in major depression.
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Cognitive dysfunction in major depressive disorder encompasses several domains, including executive function, verbal memory, and attention.
“Cognitive dysfunction in major depressive disorder (MDD) encompasses several domains, including but not limited to executive function, verbal memory, and attention.”
From Cognitive remission: a novel objective for the treatment of major depression? (2016) · cites this paper as [8]
The most replicated findings indicate that cognitive impairment in major depressive disorder encompasses several domains, notably attention, memory, psychomotor speed, and executive function.
“Notwithstanding the heterogeneity across individual studies, the most replicated findings indicate that cognitive impairment in MDD encompasses several domains, notably attention, memory, psychomotor speed, and executive function [7–9].”
From Cognitive remission: a novel objective for the treatment of major depression? (2016) · cites this paper as [8]
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BackgroundA Systematic Review of Cognitive Predictors of Treatment Outcome in Major Depression
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“Although aspects of these cognitive deficits may resolve following successful treatment for some individuals, it is often the case that they persist beyond remission (7, 8).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationSerafini, G., Pompili, M., Belvederi Murri, M., Respino, M., Ghio, L., Girardi, P., Fitzgerald, P. B., & Amore, M. (2015) · Neuropsychobiology · doi:10.1159/000381351 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
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Patient-centered assessment of cognitive symptoms of depression
Fehnel, S. E., Forsyth, B. H., DiBenedetti, D. B., Danchenko, N., François, C., & Brevig, T. (2016) · CNS Spectrums · doi:10.1017/s1092852913000643 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
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Porter, R. J., Bowie, C. R., Jordan, J., & Malhi, G. S. (2013) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0004867413502090 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
“Douglas and Porter (2009) found that improvement in clinical state was related to improvement in verbal memory and verbal fluency, while measures of executive functioning and attention tended to remain impaired across treatment.”
BackgroundSelf-citationBowie, C. R., Grossman, M., Gupta, M., Holshausen, K., & Best, M. W. (2016) · Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal · doi:10.1037/prj0000189 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Depression and episodic memory across the adult lifespan: A meta-analytic review.
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“The possible effect of prolonged impairment in some measures of processing speed are important to further discuss, given that several researchers find MDD patients to be impaired on these measures, especially in the acute phase of illness (Tsourtos et al., 2002; Den Hartog et al., 2003; Egeland et al., 2003, 2005; Lee…”
BackgroundInfluentialMEASURING COGNITIVE FUNCTION IN MDD: EMERGING ASSESSMENT TOOLS
Russo, M., Mahon, K., & Burdick, K. E. (2014) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22297 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
“There is evidence to suggest that antidepressants may improve cognition in patients with MDD, although this improvement is likely to require several months of treatment[18] and the effects of different antidepressant treatments and how they compare is not known.”
Cognitive Remediation Therapy for Mood Disorders: Rationale, Early Evidence, and Future Directions
Bowie, C. R., Gupta, M., & Holshausen, K. (2013) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674371305800603 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Comparing patients’ and practitioners’ views on epilepsy concerns: A call to address memory concerns
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“Finally, many of the conditions comorbid with epilepsy, especially mood disorders, can affect memory [12].”
BackgroundClinical staging in severe mental disorder: evidence from neurocognition and neuroimaging
Lin, A. P., Reniers, R. L. E. P., & Wood, S. J. (2013) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.112.119156 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Neuropsychological changes and treatment response in severe depression
Douglas, K. M., Porter, R., Knight, R. G., & Maruff, P. T. (2011) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.110.080713 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Serotonin 1A (5-HT1A) Receptor as a Pharmacological Target in Depression
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“However, we also saw improvements in executive function, a domain in which improvements have not been as consistently demonstrated in prior studies (7).”
InfluentialInterleukin-6 and verbal memory in recurrent major depressive disorder.
Grassi‐Oliveira, R., Bauer, M. E., Pezzi, J. C., Teixeira, A. L., & Brietzke, E. M. (2011) · PubMed · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Trait Rumination, Depression, and Executive Functions in Early Adolescence
Wagner, C. A., Alloy, L. B., & Abramson, L. Y. (2014) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-014-0133-8 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“In adults with a lifetime history of unipolar depression currently in remission, deficits have been found in executive functions, attention, memory, and psychomotor speed (for review, see Austin et al. 2001; Douglas and Porter 2009; Hammar and Ardal 2009; Kessing 1998), and there has been some suggestion that deficits…”
InfluentialEffects of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation on the Cognitive Control of Emotion
Lantrip, C., Gunning, F. M., Flashman, L. A., Roth, R. M., & Holtzheimer, P. E. (2017) · Journal of Ect · doi:10.1097/yct.0000000000000386 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Subjective Memory Immediately Following Electroconvulsive Therapy
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“17 The extent to which subjective memory complaints in ECT-treated depression patients relate with the treatment, the disease, or some other factor remains uncertain.”
BackgroundAttention deficits in adults with Major depressive disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Wang, X., Zhou, H., & Zhu, X. (2020) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102359 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Cognitive Effects of Treatment of Depression with Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
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“Given that several other factors such as past psychiatric lifetime diagnoses, alcohol/substance consumption, and smoking could have a deleterious effect on EF (Douglas and Porter, 2009; Eysenck et al., 2007; van Holst and Schilt, 2011; Richards et al., 2003), we attempted to control for the effect of these potential c…”
BackgroundOhtani, T., Nishimura, Y., Takahashi, K., Ikeda‐Sugita, R., Okada, N., & Okazaki, Y. (2015) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.01.042 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Brain morphometry changes and depressive symptoms after traumatic brain injury
Hudak, A. M., Warner, M. A., de la Plata, C. M., Moore, C. B., Harper, C. R., & Diaz-Arrastia, R. R. (2011) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2010.10.003 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“…lists available at ScienceDirect Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging j o u r n a l h o m e p a g e : w w w. e l s ev i e r. c o m / l o c a t e / p syc h r e s n s In both general (Douglas and Porter, 2009) and TBI populations, depressive symptoms have been reported to impair cognitive function.”
Baune, B. T., & Air, T. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00150 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Newly diagnosed epilepsy: Cognitive outcome at 5 years
Taylor, J., & Baker, G. A. (2010) · Epilepsy & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2010.05.007 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“01) [15–78]”
ResultBuschert, V. C., Prochazka, D., Bartl, H., Diemer, J., Malchow, B., Zwanzger, P., & Brunnauer, A. (2018) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-018-0916-0 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“With regard to verbal episodic memory functions, which are considered especially sensitive predictors of the clinical course of depression [6], patients in the EG attained better results in short-term memory than patients in the CG.”
ResultHøifødt, R. S., Waterloo, K. K., Wang, C. E. A., Eisemann, M. R., Figenschau, Y., & Halvorsen, M. B. (2018) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.08.024 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Kuiper, J. S., Smidt, N., Zuidema, S. U., Comijs, H. C., Voshaar, R. C. O., & Zuidersma, M. (2019) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2019.1571012 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“Furthermore, loneliness has been found to precede changes in depressive symptoms (Cacioppo, Hawkley, & Thisted, 2010) and changes in depressive symptoms have been found to covary with changes in cognitive functioning (Douglas & Porter, 2009).”
BackgroundLong-term Sustained Cognitive Benefits of Vagus Nerve Stimulation in Refractory Depression
Jodoin, V. D., Richer, F., Miron, J., Fournier‐Gosselin, M., & Lespérance, P. (2018) · Journal of Ect · doi:10.1097/yct.0000000000000502 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Bastos, A. G., Guimarães, L. S. P., & Trentini, C. M. (2013) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2013.08.036 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“Nevertheless, the general scenario seem related to the idea that the relationship between cognitive deficits and the clinical situation of depressed patients is not yet clear (Douglas and Porter, 2009), although this relationship has been reported very often in researches and by clinicians who treat these patients (Ar…”
ResultPeters, A. T., Jacobs, R. H., Crane, N. A., Ryan, K. A., Weisenbach, S. L., Ajilore, O., Lamar, M., Kassel, M. T., Gabriel, L. B., West, A. E., et al. (2015) · Early Intervention in Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/eip.12253 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“It is also worth noting that only 18 of the 30 studies reviewed included a healthy comparison group.(33) To address these key methodological gaps in the literature, we investigated for trait or scar risk factors in cognitive functions among unmedicated late adolescents in remission from depression with repeated assess…”
BackgroundGroves, S. J., Porter, R., Jordan, J., Knight, R. G., Carter, J. D., McIntosh, V. V. W., Fernando, K., FRAMPTON, C. M. A., Mulder, R., Lacey, C. J., et al. (2015) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22341 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“Considered together, these findings add to previous research suggesting only a limited relationship between mood change and neuropsychological change during treatment of depression.[31] As noted earlier, executive functioning comprises a variety of different neuropsychological processes.”
ResultSelf-citationRelationship between depression and olfactory sensory function: a review
Athanassi, A., Doncel, R. D., Bath, K. G., & Mandairon, N. (2021) · Chemical Senses · doi:10.1093/chemse/bjab044 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Motter, J. N., Grinberg, A., Lieberman, D. H., Iqnaibi, W. B., & Sneed, J. R. (2018) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.10.109 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Porter, R., Bourke, C., Carter, J. D., Douglas, K. M., McIntosh, V. V. W., Jordan, J., Joyce, P. R., & Frampton, C. M. (2015) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291715001907 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“Methodological differences between studies may help to explain the variance in findings, including: severity of depression, treatments used, neuropsychological tests used, length of followup, inclusion of control groups, and statistical analyses conducted (Douglas & Porter, 2009).”
BackgroundSelf-citationAhern, E., Bockting, C., & Semkovska, M. (2019) · Clinical Psychology in Europe · doi:10.32872/cpe.v1i3.34396 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“As a notable exception to the above hypothesis, Douglas and Porter (2009) showed that individuals with MDD can also improve their per‐ formance after perceived failure, albeit to a lesser extent relative to healthy controls. Ad‐ ditionally, Aker, Bø, Harmer, Stiles, and Landrø (2016) demonstrated that remitted MDD ind…”
BackgroundPaolillo, E. W., Pasipanodya, E. C., Moore, R. C., Pence, B. W., Atkinson, J. H., Grelotti, D. J., Grant, I., Heaton, R. K., & Moore, D. J. (2020) · JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes · doi:10.1097/qai.0000000000002346 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Systematic review of neurocognition and occupational functioning in major depressive disorder
Evans, V. C., Chan, S. S., Iverson, G. L., Bond, D. J., Yatham, L. N., & Lam, R. W. (2013) · Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.2217/npy.13.3 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Cognitive predictors of illness course at 12 months after first-episode of depression
Vicent-Gil, M., Keymer-Gausset, A., Serra-Blasco, M., Carceller‐Sindreu, M., de Diego-Adeliño, J., Trujols, J., Mur, M., Pérez, V., Álvarez, E., Cardoner, N., et al. (2018) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2018.02.001 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Exploration of Major Cognitive Deficits in Medication-Free Patients With Major Depressive Disorder
Jin, L., Dong, Q., Lu, X., Sun, J., Zhang, L., Wang, M., Wan, P., Guo, H., Zhao, F., Ju, Y., et al. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00836 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Ahern, E., White, J., & Slattery, E. J. (2024) · Neuropsychology Review · doi:10.1007/s11065-023-09629-9 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“Previous review work on the longitudinal function of MDD (Douglas & Porter, 2009) has concluded that select domains such as verbal learning, verbal memory, and verbal fluency are sensitive to the clinical state, improving with depressive symptom improvement.”
InfluentialDybedal, G. S., Tanum, L., Sundet, K. S., & Bjølseth, T. M. (2015) · The Clinical Neuropsychologist · doi:10.1080/13854046.2015.1050457 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Cognitive Functioning in Psychiatric Disorders Following Deep Brain Stimulation
Bergfeld, I. O., Mantione, M. H. M., Hoogendoorn, M. L. C., & Denys, D. A. J. P. (2013) · Brain stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2013.01.003 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“In OCD and MDD, improvement of symptoms is generally accompanied by improvement of functioning in some cognitive domains, although some cognitive functions might remain below population average [55,56].”
Cognitive Impairment Along the Course of Depression: Non-Pharmacological Treatment Options
Listunova, L., Roth, C., Bartolovic, M., Kienzle, J., Bach, C., Weisbrod, M., & Roesch-Ely, D. (2018) · Psychopathology · doi:10.1159/000492620 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Longitudinal course of cognitive function across treatment in patients with MDD: A meta-analysis
Bernhardt, M., Klauke, S., & Schröder, A. (2019) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.02.021 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Tsujii, N., Mikawa, W., Tsujimoto, E., Akashi, H., Adachi, T., Kirime, E., & Shirakawa, O. (2016) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2016.04.015 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“We used verbal fluency as a cognitive task because it is frequently used in neuroimaging studies to measure the cognitive impairments of psychiatric patients, and it is sensitive to the clinical state of patients with MDD (Douglas and Porter, 2009).”
The interrelationship between attentional and executive deficits in major depressive disorder
Nilsson, J., Thomas, A. J., Stevens, L. H., McAllister-Williams, H., Ferrier, I. N., & Gallagher, P. (2016) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.12570 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“Whilst results relating to clinical factors have been mixed (12), measures of attention and executive function have been put forward as potential trait-like markers in depression (27).”
BackgroundResult“Is It Removed During Dialysis?”—Cognitive Dysfunction in Advanced Kidney Failure—A Review Article
Crowe, K., Quinn, T. J., Mark, P. B., & Findlay, M. (2021) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2021.787370 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“However, even following treatment for the mood disorder, cognitive impairment can persist (75, 76).”
BackgroundBogod, N. M., Sinden, M., Woo, C., DeFreitas, V. G., Torres, I. J., Howard, A. K., Ilcewicz-Klimek, M., Honey, C. R., Yatham, L. N., & Lam, R. W. M. (2014) · Journal of Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.neuropsych.12110287 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Cognitive correlates of hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis in major depression
Schlosser, N., Wolf, O. T., & Wingenfeld, K. (2011) · Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1586/eem.10.79 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
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Zainal, N. H., & Newman, M. G. (2021) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.2217 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Turner, A. D., Furey, M. L., Drevets, W. C., Zarate, C. A., & Nugent, A. C. (2012) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.06.003 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Ronold, E. H., Schmid, M. T., Oedegaard, K. J., & Hammar, Å. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.575867 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“In conclusion, results indicated persisting, stable deficits in both EFs and processing speed.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialAir, T., Weightman, M. J., & Baune, B. T. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01118 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 04 August 2015 doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01118 Frontiers in Psychology | www.frontiersin.org 1 August 2015 | Volume 6 | Article 1118 Edited by: Kathrin Finke, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany Reviewed by: Kristina Hennig-Fast, University of Vienna,…”
BackgroundInfluentialValvassori, S. S., Dal-Pont, G. C., Varela, R. B., Resende, W. R., Gava, F. F., Mina, F., Budni, J., & Quevedo, J. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.12.190 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Liu, L., Lv, X., Zhou, S., Liu, Q., Wang, J., Tian, H., Zhang, K., Wei, J., Wang, C., Chen, Q., et al. (2021) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.06.020 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Investigating the relationship between age of onset of depressive disorder and cognitive function
Eraydin, I. E., Mueller, C., Corbett, A., Ballard, C. G., Brooker, H. J., Wesnes, K. A., Aarsland, D., & Huntley, J. D. (2018) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.4979 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Neurocognitive profile of outpatients with unipolar depressive disorders
Schwert, C., Stohrer, M., Aschenbrenner, S., Weisbrod, M., & Schröder, A. (2019) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803395.2019.1634180 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
A Boosted Machine Learning Approach For Detection of Depression
Arun, V., Prajwal, V., Krishna, M., Arunkumar, B. V., Padma, S. K., & Shyam, V. (2018) · IEEE Symposium Series on Computational Intelligence (SSCI) · doi:10.1109/ssci.2018.8628945 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Bergfeld, I. O., Mantione, M. H. M., Hoogendoorn, M. L. C., Ruhé, H. G., Horst, F., Notten, P., van Laarhoven, J., van den Munckhof, P., Beute, G. N., Schuurman, P. R., et al. (2017) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291717000113 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“This is consistent with literature on verbal memory improvement alongside response to other antidepressant treatment modalities (Douglas & Porter, 2009).”
ResultPerrine, B. W., McGuire, A. P., Spencer, R. J., Drag, L. L., Pangilinan, P. H., & Bieliauskas, L. A. (2012) · Military Medicine · doi:10.7205/milmed-d-12-00169 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
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Knight, M. J., & Baune, B. T. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00539 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“For example, processing speed has been linked with major depression (49, 50), but could not be independently derived from cognitive tests in the CoFaMS study, and hence was not included in the present mediation analyses.”
BackgroundSubtypes of Late-Life Depression: A Data-Driven Approach on Cognitive Domains and Physical Frailty
Lugtenburg, A., Zuidersma, M., Wardenaar, K. J., Aprahamian, I., Rhebergen, D., Schoevers, R. A., & Voshaar, R. C. O. (2020) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glaa110 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Gruber, O., Zilles‐Wegner, D., Kennel, J., Gruber, E., & Falkai, P. (2010) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-010-0165-3 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“Thus, cognitive disturbances and psychopathological symptoms appear to be distinct features of major depressive disorder, and it remains unclear whether and how acuteness of illness and the clinical state of patients with major depression may contribute to the observed cognitive impairment [6].”
BackgroundMikoteit, T., Hemmeter, U., Eckert, A., Brand, S., Bischof, R., Delini-Stula, A., Holsboer-Trachsler, E., & Beck, J. (2015) · Neuropsychobiology · doi:10.1159/000437439 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Predictors of neurocognitive impairment at 2years after a first-episode major depressive disorder
Gu, C., He, H.-L., Duan, H.-F., Su, Z., Chen, H., & Gan, J.-L. (2016) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2016.03.009 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Effects of remission speed and improvement of cognitive functions of depressed patients
Gudayol‐Ferré, E., Guàrdia‐Olmos, J., & Peró, M. (2014) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2014.11.079 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“In addition, some original studies and meta-analyses suggest that cognitive deficits in MDD tend to remain after the remission of depressive symptoms, at least to some degree (Douglas and Porter, 2009; HerreraGuzmán et al., 2010).”
BackgroundGrinberg, A., Egglefield, D. A., Schiff, S., Motter, J. N., & Sneed, J. R. (2021) · Journal of Cognitive Enhancement · doi:10.1007/s41465-021-00209-4 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Immediate and short-term effects of single-task and motor-cognitive dual-task on executive function
Zhang, W., Hua, L., & Zhang, T. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0290171 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Bingaman, N., Ferguson, L., Thompson, N. R., Reyes, A., McDonald, C. R., Hermann, B. P., Arrotta, K., & Busch, R. M. (2023) · Epilepsia · doi:10.1111/epi.17795 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“48,49 Thus future longitudinal studies should seek to determine whether non-pharmaco-logic treatments for mood symptoms alter individual cognitive phenotype classification in adults with TLE.”
BackgroundInternally vs. externally triggered movements in patients with major depression
Hoffstaedter, F., Sarlon, J., Grefkes, C., & Eickhoff, S. B. (2011) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2011.11.024 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“Psychomotor disturbance, cognitive impairment and clinical state In the literature, memory deficits are very consistently linked to depression severity [12,50].”
BackgroundØie, M. G., Sundet, K. S., Haug, E., Zeiner, P., Klungsøyr, O., & Rund, B. R. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.606365 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
- Authors
- Douglas, K. M., & Porter, R. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Otago (NZ)
- Venue
- Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2009-12
- Volume
- 43
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 1105-1117
- ISSN
- 0004-8674 (ISSN-L)
- 1440-1614
- OpenAlex
- W2055084163
- Cited by
- 217
- References
- 60
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 0.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- major depressive disorder, neuropsychological deficits, treatment response, verbal memory, verbal fluency, psychomotor speed, executive function, attention, geriatric depression, longitudinal assessment, trait markers
- MeSH terms
- Age Factors, Attention, Major Depressive Disorder, Depressive Disorder, Major, Humans, Memory, Neuropsychological Tests, Psychomotor Performance, Verbal Learning, Executive Function
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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