Iron Age Mediterranean Chronology: A Reply
Open accessAbstract
This article is a reply to the preceding rejoinder by Fantalkin et al., which they wrote in response to our article concerning radiocarbon dates of Iron Age sites in the Mediterranean region measured at Groningen (van der Plicht et al. 2009). We do not agree with much of their criticism. Our reply is presented in detail with new viewpoints and evaluations concerning a number of sites in the Levant, including Tel Dan, Megiddo Stratum VIA (= K/4), Horvat Haluqim, Tell el-Qudeirat, Khirbet en-Nahas, Tel Rehov, as well as sites in the central and western Mediterranean region, particularly Carthage and Huelva. Our main conclusions are that 14 C dating supports an Iron Age High Chronology for the above sites, though more 14 C dating is required, particularly in Greece and the central and western Mediterranean region, to substantiate and refine the current state of knowledge. We prefer detailed investigations per individual site, evaluating both 14 C dates and site stratigraphy, rather than the wholesale averaging of strata over many sites, which may lead to oversimplification and erroneous results, also on stratigraphic grounds. Contrary to Fantalkin et al. (2011), we emphasize the importance of 14 C dating as an independent methodology—chronostratigraphy—to evaluate site stratigraphy. The 14 C dates of Megiddo Stratum VIA (=K/4) clearly indicate field-stratigraphic problems at this site.
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Hodos, T. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9780511979316.004
(2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9780511979316.010
Hodos, T. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9780511979316.007
Hodos, T. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9780511979316.006
Hodos, T. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9780511979316.008
Hodos, T. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9780511979316.011
Hodos, T. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9780511979316.009
Time and Paradigm at Tel Megiddo: David, Shoshenq I, Hazael and Radiocarbon Dating
Bruins, H. J. (2023) · Interdisciplinary Contributions to Archaeology/Interdisciplinary contributions to archaeology · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-27330-8_35
Self-citationMulti-scalar Lenses on the Mediterranean in the First Millennium BC
Riva, C. (2025) · Journal of Archaeological Research · doi:10.1007/s10814-025-09210-3
- Authors
- Bruins, H. J., Nijboer, A. J., & van der Plicht, J.
- Affiliations
- Ben-Gurion University of the Negev (IL)
- University of Groningen (NL)
- Venue
- Radiocarbon
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2011
- Volume
- 53
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 199-220
- ISSN
- 0033-8222 (ISSN-L)
- 1945-5755
- OpenAlex
- W2113311619
- Cited by
- 39
- References
- 102
- Citations by year
- 2025: 2 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 1 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 3.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Radiocarbon (publishedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- UA Campus Repository (The University of Arizona) (acceptedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Archaeology and ancient environmental studies
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Archeology › Ancient Mediterranean Archaeology and History
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Archeology › Ancient and Medieval Archaeology Studies
- Keywords
- Iron Age chronology, radiocarbon dating, Mediterranean archaeology, Levant, Tel Dan, Tel Rehov, Carthage, Huelva, chronostratigraphy, site stratigraphy
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