Intcal04 Terrestrial Radiocarbon Age Calibration, 0–26 Cal Kyr BP
Open accessAbstract
A new calibration curve for the conversion of radiocarbon ages to calibrated (cal) ages has been constructed and internationally ratified to replace IntCal98, which extended from 0–24 cal kyr BP (Before Present, 0 cal BP = AD 1950). The new calibration data set for terrestrial samples extends from 0–26 cal kyr BP, but with much higher resolution beyond 11.4 cal kyr BP than IntCal98. Dendrochronologically-dated tree-ring samples cover the period from 0–12.4 cal kyr BP. Beyond the end of the tree rings, data from marine records (corals and foraminifera) are converted to the atmospheric equivalent with a site-specific marine reservoir correction to provide terrestrial calibration from 12.4–26.0 cal kyr B P. A substantial enhancement relative to IntCal98 is the introduction of a coherent statistical approach based on a random walk model, which takes into account the uncertainty in both the calendar age and the 14 C age to calculate the underlying calibration curve (Buck and Blackwell, this issue). The tree-ring data sets, sources of uncertainty, and regional offsets are discussed here. The marine data sets and calibration curve for marine samples from the surface mixed layer (Marine04) are discussed in brief, but details are presented in Hughen et al. (this issue a). We do not make a recommendation for calibration beyond 26 cal kyr BP at this time; however, potential calibration data sets are compared in another paper (van der Plicht et al., this issue).
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The Egyptian New Kingdom dataset indicated a seasonal 14C offset of ~19 ± 5 14C years against IntCal04.
“This indicated a seasonal 14C offset of ~ 19 ± 5 14C years against IntCal047,32.”
From Radiocarbon offsets and old world chronology as relevant to Mesopotamia, Egypt, Anatolia and Thera (Santorini) (2020) · cites this paper as [32]
The Regional Offsets section says growing-season differences can produce radiocarbon offsets, and the Conclusions identify IntCal04 as a terrestrial calibration curve. Neither section reports an Egyptian New Kingdom dataset or a seasonal offset of approximately 19 ± 5 radiocarbon years against that curve. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMuch of the calibration curve record up until IntCal20 derives from laboratories using LLGPC or LSS, and except for ~1,700 to 1,500 BCE, most of the second to early first millennia BCE still does.
“Much of the calibration curve record up until IntCal20 derives from laboratories using LLGPC or LSS1,10,11,27,32, and, except for the period ~ 1,700 to 1,500 BCE, most of the second to early first millennia BCE still does1.”
From Radiocarbon offsets and old world chronology as relevant to Mesopotamia, Egypt, Anatolia and Thera (Santorini) (2020) · cites this paper as [32]
The Tree-Ring Data Sets and Belfast Data Set sections describe laboratory measurements used in IntCal04, including measurements in the period around 1700–1500 BCE. But our copy does not identify those laboratories’ methods as LLGPC or LSS, establish that they supplied most of the record, or address what remained in IntCal20. (LLM, conf=0.79)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe RScaled outlier model in OxCal was employed because errors involved in this study are of the 14C timescale and may be understated, making RScaled more appropriate than SSimple.
“The RScaled outlier model in OxCal was employed as the errors involved in this study are of the 14C timescale (and not the tree-ring/calendar timescale), but may reasonably be regarded as potentially somewhat understated in real terms, as evident, for example, in previous high-precision inter-laboratory comparisons [64]–thus the RScaled option seems more appropriate/realistic in a case like ours”
From Integrated Tree-Ring-Radiocarbon High-Resolution Timeframe to Resolve Earlier Second Millennium BCE Mesopotamian Chronology (2016) · cites this paper as [64]
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- Authors
- Reimer, P. J., Baillie, M. G. L., Bard, É., Bayliss, A., Beck, J., Bertrand, C., Blackwell, P. G., Buck, C. E., Burr, G. S., Cutler, K., Damon, P. E., Edwards, R., Fairbanks, R. G., Friedrich, M., Guilderson, T. P., Hogg Alan, G., Hughen, K., Kromer, B., McCormac, G., Manning, S. W., Ramsey, C. B., Reimer, R., Remmele, S., Southon, J., Stuiver, M., Talamo, S., Taylor, F., van der Plicht, J., & Weyhenmeyer, C. E.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Radiocarbon
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2004
- Volume
- 46
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 1029-1058
- ISSN
- 0033-8222 (ISSN-L)
- 1945-5755
- OpenAlex
- W2154276443
- Cited by
- 3,673
- References
- 4
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 44 · 2019: 35 · 2018: 84 · 2017: 64 · 2016: 62 · 2015: 93 · 2014: 149 · 2013: 211 · 2012: 269
- FWCI
- 178.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Radiocarbon (publishedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- UA Campus Repository (The University of Arizona) (acceptedVersion)
- Archivio istituzionale della ricerca (Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna) (submittedVersion)
- Stirling Online Research Repository (University of Stirling) (submittedVersion)
- Research Commons (University of Waikato) (submittedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- CentAUR (University of Reading) (submittedVersion)
- Open Access Server of the Woods Hole Scientific Community (Woods Hole Scientific Community) (submittedVersion)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
- Research Portal (Queen's University Belfast) (submittedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (0407554)
- U.S. Department of Energy (W-7405, -7405-ENG-48, W‐7405‐ENG‐48)
- Leverhulme Trust
- Queen's University Belfast
- Queen's University
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (W-7405-ENG 48, -7405-Eng-48)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Archaeology and ancient environmental studies
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Geology and Paleoclimatology Research
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Tree-ring climate responses
- Keywords
- radiocarbon calibration, calibration curve, tree-ring chronology, random walks, calibration uncertainty, Holocene
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