Radiocarbon Results from the Iron IIA Site of Atar Haroa in the Negev Highlands and their Archaeological and Historical Implications
Open accessAbstract
In this article, we present a set of radiocarbon measurements from Atar Haroa, a site that belongs to the early Iron IIA Negev Highlands settlement system in southern Israel. The results place activity at the site in the 9th century BCE, with a possibility that it was founded in the 10th century BCE, probably in the second half. The Atar Haroa measurements seem to indicate that the early Iron IIA phase in the ceramic typology of Israel lasted until the mid-9th century BCE—somewhat later than previously suggested. These new data shed light on several issues related to the history of southern Israel in the late 10th and 9th centuries BCE.
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
Radiocarbon dating of 15 charred seeds and one dung pellet from Atar Haroa places the early Iron IIA Negev Highlands site mainly in the 9th century BCE, with possible foundation in the second half of the 10th century BCE. The authors argue this extends the early Iron IIA ceramic phase in southern Israel to the mid-9th century BCE and rejects the site’s destruction by Sheshonq I.
Key findings
- Of 16 dated samples, excluding dung pellet RTT 5488, most calibrated ±1σ ranges cover mostly the 9th century BCE; the oldest retained sample, RTT 5356 (date pit, 2820 ± 35 BP), calibrates to 1015–920 BCE at ±1σ and 1120–890 BCE at ±2σ, suggesting possible early 10th-century activity.
- The authors conclude Atar Haroa was active in the 9th century BCE, possibly founded in the second half of the 10th century BCE, and that the early Iron IIA phase in southern Israel lasted until the mid-9th century BCE—somewhat later than previously suggested.
- The data are said to negate dating the transition from early to late Iron IIA in the south at ~900 BCE and to fit better a transition in the first half of the 9th century BCE; they also reject the theory that Atar Haroa was destroyed in the Sheshonq I campaign because no destruction evidence was found and the site was active in the 9th century BCE.
- The authors link the broader early Iron IIA settlement phenomenon to copper production at Khirbet en-Nahas, which they say peaked in the first half of the 9th century BCE, and suggest abandonment of Negev Highlands sites may relate to the later decline of that copper-oriented prosperity.
Methods
- Fifteen charred seeds and one partly charred sheep/goat dung pellet were dated from Loci 1, 6, and 25 at Atar Haroa; all three loci produced early Iron IIA pottery exclusively, and samples were collected by field-picking, flotation, and dry-sieving.
- Samples were pretreated with an acid-base-acid protocol, checked by FTIR spectroscopy, oxidized in vacuum with CuO at 900°C, and prepared as graphite for AMS; conventional 14C ages were corrected for isotopic fractionation and calibrated using Reimer et al. (2004) with OxCal v3.10.
- Dates were grouped by locus and ordered youngest to oldest; the dung pellet RTT 5488 was excluded from further discussion as a possible terminus post quem, and results were compared with other Iron Age 14C datasets.
Limitations
- Stated: sample RTT 5488, a dung pellet, has an unclear carbon source and can only provide a terminus post quem, so it was excluded; the single early date RTT 5356 is too inconclusive to shed light on the Iron I to Iron IIA transition.
- Stated: comparison of the oval compound (Loci 1 and 6) and the 4-room building (Locus 25) does not supply clear evidence to support or reject staged development at the site; other scholars’ use of charcoal samples introduces old-wood-effect uncertainty.
- Evident from the text: the chronological conclusions rest on a small sample set from one site, with only one retained early-phase date, and broader historical interpretations depend on comparisons with other sites and regional datasets.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
3 of 23 cited sources checked · 1 supported · 1 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
The large-scale Iron Age dating project put the transition from the late Iron I to the Iron IIA in the last 40 years of the 10th century, about 940-900 BCE.
“The results of this project put the transition from the late Iron I to the Iron IIA in the last 40 yr of the 10th century, i.e. about 940-900 BCE (Boaretto et al. 2005;Sharon et al. 2007), which makes ~940 BCE the earliest possible date for the Iron IIA sites in the Negev Highlands.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 2 sources checked- cites Boaretto et al. 2005 source
In “Can 14C Dating Resolve the Levantine Iron Age Dilemma?” (page unavailable), the paper says its calculated transition dates range from 910 to 875 BCE, not 940 to 900 BCE. Its Abstract describes 920–900 BCE as the previously proposed lower chronology, rather than the date range produced by this project. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites Sharon et al. 2007 source
In the paper’s “Low” discussion (page unavailable), most model runs place the Iron I–II transition around the turn of the 10th century BCE, broadly consistent with about 900 BCE. But the paper does not place it specifically within 940–900 BCE: it reports model-dependent boundaries, with typical variation in the 900–850 BCE range. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
Another measurement from Kadesh Barnea, from a short-lived sample dated 2930 ± 30 BP, probably originated from an earlier, pre-Iron IIA stratum at the site.
“Another measurement from Kadesh Barnea was obtained from a short-lived sample; however, the sample (dated 2930 ± 30 BP-Bruins and van der Plicht 2007) probably originated from an earlier, pre-Iron IIA stratum at the site (Singer-Avitz 2008:77).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked - Findingown data
A comparison of results from the oval compound (Loci 1 and 6) and the 4-room building (Locus 25) does not supply clear evidence to support or reject the idea that complex early Iron IIA sites developed in stages.
“A comparison of the results from the oval compound (Loci 1 and 6) and from the 4-room building (Locus 25) does not supply clear evidence to support or reject this idea.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The age range of the date pits from Locus 6 is 140 years, about 3 standard deviations.
“The age range of these date pits is 140 yr, which is ~3 standard deviations.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Atar Haroa may have been founded in the 10th century BCE, probably in the second half.
“with a possibility that it was founded in the 10th century BCE, probably in the second half.”
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · hedged
“dating the construction of the site to the second half of the 10th century seems reasonable.”
- Also stated in: § CONCLUSION · hedged
“or indicates that it was established in the 10th century BCE, possibly in the second half”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · hedged
- Findingown data
Atar Haroa was active in the 9th century BCE.
“The results place activity at the site in the 9th century BCE, with a possibility that it was founded in the 10th century BCE, probably in the second half.”
- Also stated in: § CONCLUSION · hedged
“The set of 14 C determinations from Atar Haroa in the Negev Highlands places the site in the 9th century BCE, or indicates that it was established in the 10th century BCE, possibly in the second half, and that it continued to be active at least in the first half of the 9th century BCE.”
- Also stated in: § 7 · plain
“they cover mostly the 9th century BCE with the exception of 2 samples, RTT 5488 dung pellet from Locus 1 and RTT 5356 date seed from Locus 6, which cover the end of the 11th and the entire 10th centuries BCE.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § CONCLUSION · hedged
- Findingown data
There is no correlation between the samples' state of charcoal preservation and their age.
“Nevertheless, there is no correlation between the samples' state of charcoal preservation and their age (Figure 6).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
All three dated loci at Atar Haroa produced early Iron IIA pottery exclusively.
“All 3 loci produced early Iron IIA pottery exclusively.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
The large set of 14C readings from Khirbet en-Nahas seems to indicate that the site reached its peak prosperity in the first half of the 9th century BCE, in the early Iron IIA.
“The large set of 14 C readings from Khirbet en-Nahas (Levy et al. 2004(Levy et al. , 2005) ) seems to indicate that the site reached its peak prosperity in the first half of the 9th century BCE (Finkelstein and Piasetzky 2008), that is, in the early Iron IIA, parallel to the wave of settlement in the Beer Sheba Valley, Besor region, and Negev Highlands.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Interpretationnone given
The other 14 dates represent the main phase of activity at Atar Haroa.
“The other 14 dates represent the main phase of activity at this early Iron IIA site.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
The large set of 14C determinations from Atar Haroa demonstrates the importance of using only short-lived samples to resolve high-precision chronological questions such as the date of the Iron IIA sites in the Negev Highlands.
“The large set of 14 C determinations from Atar Haroa demonstrates the importance of using only short-lived samples to resolve high-precision chronological questions such as the date of the Iron IIA sites in the Negev Highlands.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Atar Haroa and other Negev Highlands sites constitute part of a broader early Iron IIA settlement phenomenon that also includes settlements in the Beer Sheba Valley and the Besor region.
“Atar Haroa and the other Negev Highlands sites constitute part of a broader early Iron IIA settlement phenomenon, which also includes: a) a system of settlements in the Beer Sheba Valley, which is best represented by the large and prosperous site of Tel Masos Stratum II, and by smaller sites, such as Beer Sheba VII and Arad XII; b) sites in the Besor region (for the latter see Gophna and Singer-Av”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Gophna and Singer-Avitz 1984
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Gazit and Gophna 1993
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
No evidence of human-inflicted destruction could be detected at Atar Haroa.
“In addition, no evidence of human-inflicted destruction could be detected (Shahack-Gross and Finkelstein 2008).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Shahack-Gross and Finkelstein 2008
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationcitation
The abandonment of the Negev Highlands sites may have been connected to the gradual decline of copper-oriented economic prosperity due to the renewal of import of Cypriot copper to the Levant in the late Iron IIA.
“The abandonment of the Negev Highlands sites may have been connected to the gradual decline of this copper-oriented economic prosperity due to the renewal of import of Cypriot copper to the Levant in the late Iron IIA (for the latter see Knauf 1995:112-3;Hauptmann 2007:153).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Knauf 1995:112-3
- cites Hauptmann 2007:153
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
The Sheshonq I campaign took place some time in the second half of the 10th century BCE.
“It is safer to say that the campaign took place some time in the second half of the 10th century BCE(Finkelstein 2002).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Finkelstein 2002
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
Copper production at Khirbet en-Nahas ceased in the late 9th century BCE.
“Copper production at Khirbet en-Nahas ceased in the late 9th century BCE (Finkelstein and Piasetzky 2008).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Finkelstein and Piasetzky 2008 source
- Interpretationcitation
The commencement of the wave of settlement in the Beer Sheba Valley, Besor region, and the Negev Highlands may have been connected to the increase in copper production at Khirbet en-Nahas.
“The commencement of the wave of settlement in the Beer Sheba Valley, Besor region, and the Negev Highlands may have been connected to the increase in copper production at Khirbet en-Nahas in the eastern Arabah, “the largest Iron Age copper-smelting site in the southern Levant” (Levy et al. 2004:867;Hauptmann 2007:127).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Levy et al. 2004:867 source
- cites Hauptmann 2007:127
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
The traditional dating of the reign of Sheshonq I and the campaign to 926 BCE is based on the biblical date in the fifth year of Rehoboam.
“Because of difficulties in the Egyptian chronology in the Third Intermediate Period, the traditional dating of the reign of Sheshonq I in general and the campaign (to 926 BCE) in particular are based on the biblical date, in the fifth year ofRehoboam (1 Kings 14:25; Wente 1976:276).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Wente 1976:276 source
- Premisecitation
The pottery assemblage of the Negev Highlands Iron IIA sites belongs to the early phase of the Iron IIA.
“The pottery assemblage of these sites belongs to the early phase of the Iron IIA (Mazar and Panitz-Cohen 2001:274;Herzog and Singer-Avitz 2004).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Mazar and Panitz-Cohen 2001:274
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Herzog and Singer-Avitz 2004 source
- Interpretationreasoning
The Atar Haroa data seem to negate the dating of the transition from early to late Iron IIA in the south at ~900 BCE.
“These data seem to negate the dating of the transition from early to late Iron IIA in the south at ~900 BCE (Herzog and Singer-Avitz 2004:229).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Herzog and Singer-Avitz 2004:229 source
- Interpretationown data
The results of the new project reject the theory that Atar Haroa in particular and other sites in the region in general were destroyed in the course of the Sheshonq I campaign.
“Yet, the results of the new project reject the theory that Atar Haroa in particular and other sites in the region in general were destroyed in the course of this campaign.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
Placing the transition from early to late Iron IIA in the first half of the 9th century BCE fits the Atar Haroa results better.
“Placing this transition in the first half of the 9th century BCE (Fantalkin and Finkelstein 2006:22) seems to fit the Atar Haroa results better.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Fantalkin and Finkelstein 2006:22 source
- May combine two claims. 12
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 1
May combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe 14C data indicate that Atar Haroa was active in the 9th century BCE, long after the Sheshonq I campaign.
“Second, the 14 C data indicate that Atar Haroa was active in the 9th century BCE, long after the Sheshonq I campaign.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe calibrated 14C ages from Atar Haroa mostly cover the 9th century BCE, except RTT 5488 and RTT 5356, which cover the end of the 11th and the entire 10th centuries BCE.
“they cover mostly the 9th century BCE with the exception of 2 samples, RTT 5488 dung pellet from Locus 1 and RTT 5356 date seed from Locus 6, which cover the end of the 11th and the entire 10th centuries BCE.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe pretreatment efficiency of the samples ranged from 6.2% to 75.6%, indicating different states of preservation.
“The pretreatment efficiency (sample mass left after treatment compared to the initial mass) was as low as 6.2% (RTT 5491) and as high as 75.6% (RTT 5356).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe new excavation at Atar Haroa found no evidence for destruction, and the ashy material in the rooms of the oval compound and the 4-room house probably results from hearth-ash spread on their floors.
“First, the new excavation at Atar Haroa found no evidence for destruction and the ashy material in the rooms of the oval compound and the 4-room house probably result from hearth-ash spread on their floors.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Findingown dataAll samples yielded high carbon percent between 42.3 and 72.4%, except RTT 5488, a dung pellet, which yielded only 2.6% carbon due to quartz.
“Despite the loss of material during the pretreatment procedure, all samples yielded a high carbon percent, between 42.3 to 72.4%, as expected for charred material.The only exception is sample RTT 5488-a dung pellet that yielded only 2.6% carbon.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataThe early Iron IIA phase in the ceramic typology of Israel lasted until the mid-9th century BCE, somewhat later than previously suggested.
“The Atar Haroa measurements seem to indicate that the early Iron IIA phase in the ceramic typology of Israel lasted until the mid-9th century BCE-somewhat later than previously suggested.”
- Also stated in: § CONCLUSION · hedged
“Hence, the Atar Haroa measurements seem to show that the early Iron IIA phase in the ceramic typology of southern Israel lasted until the mid-9th century BCE-somewhat later than previously suggested.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Also stated in: § CONCLUSION · hedged
May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningThe early Iron IIA in the south can be placed from some time in the second half of the 10th century and in the first half of the 9th century, with the late Iron IIA thereafter, probably in the second half of that century.
“These results enable placing the early Iron IIA from some time in the second half of the 10th century and in the first half of the 9th century and the late Iron IIA thereafter, probably in the second half of that century.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe geoarchaeological study showed that the inhabitants of Atar Haroa subsisted on pure pastoralism, with no evidence of agricultural activity.
“The geoarchaeological study showed that the inhabitants subsisted on pure pastoralism; no evidence of agricultural activity was retrieved.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Shahack-Gross and Finkelstein 2008
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataThe date pits from Locus 6 may represent long-term activities and use of the given space, supported by microstratigraphy indicating continuous occupation.
“Therefore, these date pits may represent long-term activities and use of the given space.This interpretation is supported by the microstratigraphy of Locus 6, indicating continuous occupation represented by a series of laminated surfaces (Figure 5).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningSample RTT 5488 can only provide a terminus post quem for the construction of the site and is excluded from further discussion.
“Therefore, it can only be considered as providing a terminus post quem for the construction of the site and is excluded from further discussion.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisereasoningThe determination for Nahal Elah (2840 ± 15 BP) was obtained from wood charcoal and may provide only a terminus post quem for the construction of the site due to the old wood effect.
“The determination for Nahal Elah (2840 ± 15 BP) was obtained from wood charcoal and hence, due to the “old wood effect,” may provide only a terminus post quem for the construction of the site.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationTwo charcoal samples and one ostrich eggshell fragment from Kadesh-Barnea provided dates in the middle of the 2nd millennium BCE, too high according to all chronology systems.
“Two charcoal samples and 1 ostrich eggshell fragment from Kadesh-Barnea provided dates too high according to all chronology systems-in the middle of the 2nd millennium BCE (Carmi and Segal 2007).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Carmi and Segal 2007 source
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Figure 5 is cited for Locus 6 but depicts Locus 25
MinorThe discussion cites Figure 5 for the laminated surfaces in Locus 6, but the Figure 5 caption identifies it as Locus 25. The Locus 6 caption is Figure 4.
“This interpretation is supported by the microstratigraphy of Locus 6, indicating continuous occupation represented by a series of laminated surfaces (Figure 5).”
“Figure: 5 Figure 5 Figure 5 Locus 25.(a) Macroscopic section of hearth, sunken below the floor level (the latter indicated by the arrow).”
Calibrated ranges do not cover the entire 10th century BCE
MinorThe statement refers to the ±1σ ranges, but Table 1 gives 1015-920 BCE for RTT 5356 and 1030-910 BCE for RTT 5488. Neither range extends through the end of the 10th century BCE.
“with the exception of 2 samples, RTT 5488 dung pellet from Locus 1 and RTT 5356 date seed from Locus 6, which cover the end of the 11th and the entire 10th centuries BCE.”
“5356 | date | 2820 ± 35 1015 (68.2%) 920 BC 1120 (95.4%) 890 BC L. 6”
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Na’aman, N. (1998) · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Carmi, I., & Segal, D. (2007) · Excavations at Kadesh Barnea (Tell el-Qudeirat) 1976-1982 · doi:10.2307/j.ctt1fzhfvq.24
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 13
- Cohen, 1970, Atar Haroa, Atiqot, 6, 6
- Rothenberg, 1967, Negev: Archaeology in the Negev and the Arabah.
- Levy, 2005, The Bible and Radiocarbon Dating: Archaeology, Text and Science.
- Mazar, 2005, The Bible and Radiocarbon Dating: Archaeology, Text and Science., 5
- Kempinski, 1983, Ergebnisse der Ausgrabungen auf der Hirbet el-Mšaš (Tel Masos) 1972–19751: Textband., 7
- Cohen, 2004, Ancient Settlement of the Negev Highlands. Volume II. The Iron Age and the Persian Periods., 222
- Crüsemann, 1983, Ergebnisse der Ausgrabungen auf der Hirbet el-Mšaš (Tel Masos) 1972–1975 I: Textband., 91
- Gophna, 1984, Beersheba II The Early Iron Age Settlements.
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- Haiman, 1994, The Iron Age II sites of the Negev Highlands, Israel Exploration Journal, 44, 36
- Gazit, 1993, An unfortified Late Bronze Age site at Gerar: survey finds, Atiqot, 22
- Mazar, 2001, Timnah (Tel Batash) II: The Finds from the First Millennium BCE, Text (Qedem 42)
- Finkelstein, 2002, The campaign of Shoshenq I to Palestine: a guide to the 10th century BCE polity, Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins, 118
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Iron Age Mediterranean Chronology: A Reply
Bruins, H. J., Nijboer, A. J., & van der Plicht, J. (2011) · Radiocarbon · doi:10.1017/s0033822200034470 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Kleiman, S., Kleiman, A., & Ben-Yosef, E. (2017) · Tel Aviv · doi:10.1080/03344355.2017.1357313 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
- Authors
- Boaretto, E., Finkelstein, I., & Shahack-Gross, R.
- Affiliations
- Bar-Ilan University (IL)
- Tel Aviv University (IL)
- Corresponding author
- Boaretto, Elisabetta
- Venue
- Radiocarbon
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2010
- Volume
- 52
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-12
- ISSN
- 0033-8222 (ISSN-L)
- 1945-5755
- OpenAlex
- W2222734212
- Cited by
- 50
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 2 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 4 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 4.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Radiocarbon (publishedVersion)
- UA Campus Repository (The University of Arizona) (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Bar-Ilan University
- Tel Aviv University
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Archaeology and ancient environmental studies
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Religious studies › Biblical Studies and Interpretation
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Archeology › Archaeology and Historical Studies
- Keywords
- Negev Highlands, radiocarbon dating, settlement chronology, ceramic typology, southern Israel, 9th century BCE, 10th century BCE, Iron Age settlement
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-11-01.
Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-11-01.
Cited sources are checked by gpt-6-sol.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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