The DOI matches its Crossref record; 86 of the 93 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 9 of the 41 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Chronology of the Early Bronze Age in the Southern Levant: New Analysis for a High Chronology
Open accessAbstract
The chronology of the Early Bronze Age (EBA) in the southern Levant and the synchronization between the sites, considering seriation and radiocarbon dates, have shown large inconsistencies and disagreement. We have assembled 420 14 C dates, most of them previously published and a few provided directly by the excavators. The dates have been re-evaluated on the basis of their archaeological context and using analytical criteria. Bayesian modeling has been applied to the selected dates in relation to the given seriation of the EBA subperiods (EB I, II III, IV). Sites with 2 or more sequential sub-phases were individually modeled in order to define the transitions between the subperiods. The new chronology indicates that the EB I–II transition occurred site-dependently between 3200–2900 BC, with EB II–III around 2900 BC, and EB III–IV ∼2500 BC.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This paper compiles and re-evaluates 420 radiocarbon dates from 57 southern Levantine Early Bronze Age sites and applies Bayesian modeling to propose a high chronology. It argues that key EBA transitions were earlier and sometimes site-dependent, with EB II–III around 2900 BC and EB III–IV around 2500 BC.
Key findings
- From 420 dates, after context review and outlier removal, the final analysis used 189 samples; modeled transitions are EB I–II site-dependent between 3200–2900 BC, EB II–III around 2900 BC, and EB III–IV around 2500 BC.
- The most secure EB IB–EB II transition at Tel Yarmuth and Tell Abu al-Kharaz falls between 3050 and 2950 BC; EB II–III is modeled at Yarmuth and Tell el-Umeiri at 3000–2900 BC, Jericho at 2950–2850 BC, and Bet Yerah at 3000–2750 BC, suggesting ~2900 BC, at least 200 yr earlier than conventional dates.
- EB III latest dates mostly lie between 2500 and 2450 BC, with only 4 of 56 good-context EB III dates later than 2450/2500 BC; EB IV begins around 2500 BC for most sites, though Beer Resisim starts as early as 2850 BC and the latest EB IV ends after 2000 BC.
- The EB IA–IB transition, where modeled, spans 3450–3100 BC at different sites; no EB III–IV transition could be modeled because no site has both EB III and EB IV radiocarbon-dated.
Methods
- The authors compiled 420 14C dates from 57 sites; 60 arid-zone samples were excluded, leaving 360 dates from 41 southern Levantine sites, calibrated with OxCal v4.1.6 and IntCal09.
- Dates were re-evaluated by archaeological context and analytical criteria; 313 culturally definable dates were plotted, 99 were removed for archaeological reasons, 14 as 14C outliers, leaving 200, and 11 more were removed during modeling, leaving 189 final samples.
- Bayesian models were run per site with phases and contiguous or sequential boundaries; samples below 60% agreement were treated as outliers and removed, and separate models using seeds only were run to assess the old-wood effect.
Limitations
- The paper states that many samples come from published and unpublished sources with variable quality and completeness; exact locations and contexts are often obscure, stratigraphic disturbance varies, terminology differs among excavators, and attribution sometimes relies on the excavator’s word.
- The paper states that charcoal/wood can introduce an old-wood effect, calibration plateaus and wiggles reduce precision, no EB III–IV transition could be modeled, some transitions rest on few dates, arid-zone dates were excluded, no bones were dated, and only 10 samples came from storage installations or jars.
- Evident from the text: the final chronology depends on outlier removal and site-by-site modeling choices; combining sites produced different results, and the authors recommend modeling sites individually.
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Claims the paper makes
85 Own result · 44 Own interpretation · 24 Own method · 23 No basis given · 9 Sources not found · 7 Not checked yet · 4 Partly supported · 3 Supported · 2 No full text of the sources · accuracy not yet measured
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“These early dates for the beginning of the EB IA are consistent with the high 14 C dates obtained for the preceding Late Chalcolithic”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > Early Bronze I (EB I)
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Bourke et al. 2001 source
The Conclusion’s Table 3 reports radiocarbon dates for Late Chalcolithic contexts at Teleilat Ghassul, including calibrated ranges extending to 4085 BC. The Introduction places the latest Jordan Valley Chalcolithic strata around 3900 BC and describes earliest EB I dates as delimiting that chronology. These passages support the cited source’s role in establishing the preceding Late Chalcolithic dates; the comparison with the citing paper’s EB IA dates is the citing authors’ inference. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Supportedcites Bourke et al. 2004 source
The Introduction says the early radiocarbon dates for Early Bronze Age sites were consistent with the dates from Late Chalcolithic Teleilat Ghassul. The Conclusion likewise says the Ghassul dates are consistent with new assays concerning the beginning of the succeeding Early Bronze Age. Page numbers are not provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.93)
- Supportedcites Burton and Levy 2001 source
In “Building a Chronological Framework for the Chalcolithic of the Southern Levant” (page unavailable), the paper says radiocarbon dates suggest early EB I may have begun around 3600 BCE. It also reports dates extending into the late fourth millennium BCE from clearly defined Chalcolithic contexts, consistent with the claimed chronology. (LLM, conf=0.86)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“The dates from arid zones in the south, published by Avner and Carmi (2001), are not considered in this work as the material culture connected with them is meager and incompletely published.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > Removal of Samples with Unclear Stratigraphie Contexts
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Avner and Carmi 2001 source
The Appendix (Table 2) presents radiocarbon dates for sites in the deserts of southern Jordan, the Negev, and Sinai, supporting the citation's identification of the dates published by Avner and Carmi. The decision not to consider those dates, and the reason given, belong to the citing authors rather than being attributed to this source. (LLM, conf=0.91)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“In the Early Bronze Age, production rates of 14 C fluctuated, resulting in several plateaus and wiggles in the calibration curve (Reimer et al. 2004(Reimer et al. , 2009)).”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > Modeling Methods for the Early Bronze Age
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Reimer et al. 2004
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Partly supportedcites Reimer et al. 2009 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (page not provided) says atmospheric ¹⁴C varied in the past, and “The IntCal09 Curve” says the curve covers the Early Bronze Age by incorporating IntCal04 data for 0–12,000 cal BP. The passages do not establish that production-rate fluctuations specifically caused several plateaus and wiggles during the Early Bronze Age. (LLM, conf=0.82)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Not matched
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“This result is similar to that suggested by the sequence of dates from Pella (Bourke et al. 2009).”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > Modeled:
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Bourke et al. 2009 source
The Discussion states that the EB IB–EB II transition at Pella appears to have occurred around 3200/3100 cal BC. The Conclusion says the new dates support that placement, providing the Pella result to which the citing sentence refers; the citing paper’s own result is not specified here for a direct comparison. (LLM, conf=0.87)
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Supported
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We have assembled 420 14 C dates, most of them previously published and a few provided directly by the excavators.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The new chronology indicates that the EB I-II transition occurred site-dependently between 3200-2900 BC”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > Abstract
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- The authors state this as an assumption: In a known sequence of archaeological events, the lowest layer formed before any and all overlying layers.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and EB III-IV -2500 BC.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- The authors state this as an assumption: In a known sequence of archaeological events, the lowest layer formed before any and all overlying layers.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“with EB II-III around 2900 BC”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- The authors state this as an assumption: In a known sequence of archaeological events, the lowest layer formed before any and all overlying layers.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A total of 420 dates were compiled from 57 sites.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > SITES, CONTEXTS, AND SAMPLES
plainn = 57- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this model with 3 phases, 3 samples appear as outliers (RT-2567, RT-2247/8, RTT-5432).”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > Ashqelon
hedgedn = 3- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The EB II-EB III transition, between 3000-2740 BC, is very broad.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > Bet Yerah
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It should be noted that at Tell esh-Shuna the modeled transition is 3500-3350 BC (the model consists of 8 samples from EB IA and 6 samples from EB IB, with no outliers).”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > Transitions
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The SI (Smithsonian Institution) dates appear too old for the model.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > Bab edh-Dhra
hedgedn = 9- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“When the same model is run only with seed samples, 1 sample is an outlier (RTT-5432), and the transition EB IA to EB IA-B occurs between 3570-3440 BC and for EB IA-B to EB IB between 3070-2900 BC.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > Ashqelon
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The end of EB IA and the beginning of EB II occur sometime between 3640 and 3190 BC.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > Bet Yerah
hedgedSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, according to this model the transitions occurred for EB IA to EB ΙΑ-IB between 3600 and 3510 BC and for EB IA-B to EB IB between 3060 and 2900 BC.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > Ashqelon
plainn = 3- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If the model is based only on short-lived samples (2 for Final EB IB and 2 for EB II), then the transition is calculated between 3000 and 2910 BC.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > Tell Abu Al-Kharaz
plainconditionaln = 2- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In fact, the EB IB and the EB II date ranges end at the same time in most of the sites.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > Modeled:
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“When only the 2003 dates are used, no outliers exist.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > Bab edh-Dhra
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“At Yarmuth and Tel Abu-Kharaz, the transition occurred -3000 BC.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > Modeled:
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The transitions occurred from EB IA to IB between 3370-3240 BC and from EB IB to EB II between 3320-3100 BC.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > Jericho
plainn = 9- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If the model is made only with seeds, no samples appear as outliers, and the transitions are about 20 yr later.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > Yarmuth
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“When the model is run with 8 samples, from EB II (3) and EB III (5), sample TH-2000-109 appears as an outlier.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > Tell el-Umeiri
hedgedn = 8- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When only seed samples are used for the EB IA to EB IB, the transition becomes even wider, giving a range between 3430-3080 BC.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > Ashqelon
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The outcome of the model is highly improbable and 9 samples turn out to be obvious outliers (SI-3310B, -2871, -2877, -2502, -2876, -4134, -4135, -2869, -2870).”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > Bab edh-Dhra
plainn = 9- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In this model, the transition from EB IB to EB II occurred sometime between 3080-2610 BC.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > Bab edh-Dhra
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The EB IA to IB transition can be modeled at 2 sites, Ashqelon and Kabri (200 km north of Ashqelon).”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > Transitions
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In the paper
“When only seeds are used in the model, the transition occurs slightly earlier, between 3010 and 2860 BC (Figure 7).”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > Jericho
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“When the same model is run only with seed samples, 1 sample is an outlier (RTT-5432), and the transition EB IA to EB IA-B occurs between 3570-3440 BC and for EB IA-B to EB IB between 3070-2900 BC.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > Ashqelon
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“At Ashqelon, the transition falls between 3450-3100 BC, while at Kabri, according to the model, it took place around 3350-3250 BC.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > Transitions
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“If the period EB ΙΑ-IB is omitted, there are no outliers in the model.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > Ashqelon
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If the model is made only with seeds, no samples appear as outliers, and the transitions are about 20 yr later.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > Yarmuth
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In this model, the transition from Final EB IB to EB II occurs between 3030 and 2960 BC.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > Yarmuth
plainn = 37- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“No outliers exist in the model.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > Jericho
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The EB II to EB III occurs between 2980 and 2910 BC.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > Yarmuth
plainn = 37- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When the model is run with all the samples, 2 samples (OxA-4332, OxA-4329) are outliers.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > Tell Abu Al-Kharaz
plainn = 2- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The transitions occurred from EB IA to IB between 3370-3240 BC and from EB IB to EB II between 3320-3100 BC.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > Jericho
plainn = 9- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At Ashqelon, the transition falls between 3450-3100 BC, while at Kabri, according to the model, it took place around 3350-3250 BC.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > Transitions
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the model, we removed samples RTT-5291 and RT-2969 as outliers.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > Yarmuth
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The EB II/EB III transition occurs between 2940 and 2820 BC.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > Jericho
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When it is removed, the transition between EB II and EB III occurs between 3030-2930 BC.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > Tell el-Umeiri
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When the same model is run only with seed samples, 1 sample is an outlier (RTT-5432), and the transition EB IA to EB IA-B occurs between 3570-3440 BC and for EB IA-B to EB IB between 3070-2900 BC.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > Ashqelon
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, according to this model the transitions occurred for EB IA to EB ΙΑ-IB between 3600 and 3510 BC and for EB IA-B to EB IB between 3060 and 2900 BC.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > Ashqelon
plainn = 3- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The transition between EB IA to EB IB becomes larger and is between 3500-3350 BC.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > Ashqelon
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of those dates, only 4 (3 from Jericho and 1 from Tell es-Sakan) are later than 2450/2500 BC.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > The EB lll-EB IV/IBA Transition
plainn = 56- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At Jericho, data suggest the transition occurred slightly later, in the 2950-2850 BC range, while at Bet Yerah, probably due to the small amount of dates, the transition has a larger range, from between 3000-2750 BC.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > The EB ll-EB III Transition
hedgedconditionalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“At all EB III sites, with the exception of 5 samples from Jericho, 1 sample from Tell es-Sakkan, and 2 samples from Tel Yarmuth, which are very probably outliers (Regev et al., these proceedings), the latest part of the date range lies between 2500 and 2450 BC.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > The EB lll-EB IV/IBA Transition
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Regev et al., these proceedings
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some of the EB II date ranges from sites on the east side of the Jordan River continue later (Bab edh-Dhra, Abu al-Kharaz, and Tell es-Sa'idiyeh).”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > The EB ll-EB III Transition
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Also, in this case many outliers need to be removed: -19610, 2000-105, TH-AA-37435, Hd-19625 (A% = 83).”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > Further Test
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At Tel Yarmuth and Tell el-Umeiri, the transition falls between 3000 and 2900 BC.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > The EB ll-EB III Transition
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When dates from different sites are combined, the results can vary depending from the outliers eliminated.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > EB III-IV: 2570-2520 BC.
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“EB III-IV: 2570-2520 BC.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > EB III-IV: 2570-2520 BC.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Currently, many dates exist for the EB III period (derived from 56 samples of good contexts).”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > The EB lll-EB IV/IBA Transition
plainn = 56- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, according to the 14 C data, the latest EB III dates do not reach so late in time.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > The EB lll-EB IV/IBA Transition
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A clear pattern can be discerned in the dates of EB II and EB III.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > The EB ll-EB III Transition
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At Jericho, data suggest the transition occurred slightly later, in the 2950-2850 BC range, while at Bet Yerah, probably due to the small amount of dates, the transition has a larger range, from between 3000-2750 BC.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > The EB ll-EB III Transition
hedgedSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The outliers removed for EBIII are BM-1780, Beta-163588, and BM-553 (A% = 78).”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > EB III-IV: 2570-2520 BC.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It should be noted that, from 2920 until 2850 BC, a strong slope exists in the calibration curve, equivalent to -4350-4200 uncalibrated BP.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > The EB ll-EB III Transition
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The dates for EB IV suggest it ended -1950 BC.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > Radiocarbon Sampling and Analysis
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The archaeological subphase attributions of the 14C samples are correct.
- Rests on an assumption: The 14C measurements are accurate and reflect the true age of the samples.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The transitions obtained are EB IA-IB: 3150-3070 BC; EB IB-II: 3030-2940 BC; EB II-EB III: 2950-2910 BC; EB III-IV/IBA: 2570-2520 BC.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > Radiocarbon Sampling and Analysis
plainn = 184- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The archaeological subphase attributions of the 14C samples are correct.
- Rests on an assumption: The 14C measurements are accurate and reflect the true age of the samples.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this case, many outliers would need to be removed to reach any agreement.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > Radiocarbon Sampling and Analysis
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The archaeological subphase attributions of the 14C samples are correct.
- Rests on an assumption: The 14C measurements are accurate and reflect the true age of the samples.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The EB IB date ranges, with 1 exception, do not start before 3100 BC.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > Radiocarbon Sampling and Analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The archaeological subphase attributions of the 14C samples are correct.
- Rests on an assumption: The 14C measurements are accurate and reflect the true age of the samples.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore, depending which outliers are removed, the transition changes substantially.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > Radiocarbon Sampling and Analysis
plaindirectn = 2- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The archaeological subphase attributions of the 14C samples are correct.
- Rests on an assumption: The 14C measurements are accurate and reflect the true age of the samples.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The outliers removed for EB IB are RT-2154* and RT-2324* (A% = 99).”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > Radiocarbon Sampling and Analysis
plainn = 2- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The archaeological subphase attributions of the 14C samples are correct.
- Rests on an assumption: The 14C measurements are accurate and reflect the true age of the samples.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“EB IB-II: 3080-3040 BC.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > Radiocarbon Sampling and Analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The archaeological subphase attributions of the 14C samples are correct.
- Rests on an assumption: The 14C measurements are accurate and reflect the true age of the samples.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“EB II-III: 2940-2910 BC.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > Radiocarbon Sampling and Analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The archaeological subphase attributions of the 14C samples are correct.
- Rests on an assumption: The 14C measurements are accurate and reflect the true age of the samples.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This is because the dates of EB IB and EB II are practically the same.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > Radiocarbon Sampling and Analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The archaeological subphase attributions of the 14C samples are correct.
- Rests on an assumption: The 14C measurements are accurate and reflect the true age of the samples.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The transitions obtained are EB IA-IB: 3150-3070 BC; EB IB-II: 3030-2940 BC; EB II-EB III: 2950-2910 BC; EB III-IV/IBA: 2570-2520 BC.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > Radiocarbon Sampling and Analysis
plainn = 184- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The archaeological subphase attributions of the 14C samples are correct.
- Rests on an assumption: The 14C measurements are accurate and reflect the true age of the samples.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The dates for this transition, where it can be modeled, span anywhere between 3450-3100 BC at the different sites.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > CONCLUSION Archaeological Implications
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The removal of the 2 latest EB IA samples will cause the boundary to become over 100 yr older.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > Radiocarbon Sampling and Analysis
plaindirectn = 2- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The archaeological subphase attributions of the 14C samples are correct.
- Rests on an assumption: The 14C measurements are accurate and reflect the true age of the samples.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The transitions obtained are EB IA-IB: 3150-3070 BC; EB IB-II: 3030-2940 BC; EB II-EB III: 2950-2910 BC; EB III-IV/IBA: 2570-2520 BC.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > Radiocarbon Sampling and Analysis
plainn = 184- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The archaeological subphase attributions of the 14C samples are correct.
- Rests on an assumption: The 14C measurements are accurate and reflect the true age of the samples.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Using all 184 samples, the only model to reach convergence is one where the phases were allowed to overlap (i.e.being contemporaneous), having”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > Radiocarbon Sampling and Analysis
plainn = 184- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The archaeological subphase attributions of the 14C samples are correct.
- Rests on an assumption: The 14C measurements are accurate and reflect the true age of the samples.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The outliers removed for EB II are OxA-*5092, OxA-2810, Beta-134009, and Beta-134010”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > Radiocarbon Sampling and Analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The archaeological subphase attributions of the 14C samples are correct.
- Rests on an assumption: The 14C measurements are accurate and reflect the true age of the samples.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The transitions obtained are EB IA-IB: 3150-3070 BC; EB IB-II: 3030-2940 BC; EB II-EB III: 2950-2910 BC; EB III-IV/IBA: 2570-2520 BC.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > Radiocarbon Sampling and Analysis
plainn = 184- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The archaeological subphase attributions of the 14C samples are correct.
- Rests on an assumption: The 14C measurements are accurate and reflect the true age of the samples.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this transition, it is possible to change the results by choosing whether to remove outliers from EB IA or EB IB phase.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > Radiocarbon Sampling and Analysis
hedgedconditionaln = 2- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The archaeological subphase attributions of the 14C samples are correct.
- Rests on an assumption: The 14C measurements are accurate and reflect the true age of the samples.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It should be noted that the site of Tell esh-Shuna also provided early dates for the beginning EB IA phase, with the calibrated ranges starting around 3900 BC.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > Radiocarbon Sampling and Analysis
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The archaeological subphase attributions of the 14C samples are correct.
- Rests on an assumption: The 14C measurements are accurate and reflect the true age of the samples.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These correlations are limited to a relatively short period in EB I and EB II, which is roughly equivalent to the very end of Dynasty 0 and Dynasty 1.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > INTRODUCTION
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The chronological relationship between Egypt and the EBA southern Levant depends mainly upon the exchange of pottery that can be associated in Egypt with historically dated contexts, most of which are tombs”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, if their contexts can be securely attributed to specific archaeological deposits, and especially when they originate from the end of a phase, they will provide a terminus post quern for the following phase.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > SITES, CONTEXTS, AND SAMPLES
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Wood charcoal or wood is recognized to be less accurate because of the well-known”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > SITES, CONTEXTS, AND SAMPLES
What the sources say
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At Beth Yerah, the dates from the excavations of Getzov attributed to EB I and EB III were not used due to insecure contexts (a fill of a tunnel and unspecified contexts).”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > Removal of Samples with Unclear Stratigraphie Contexts
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Numerous excavations in the southern Levant have yielded a significant database of stratified archaeological material, which together with 14 C dates can be used to build an independent chronological reassessment of the EBA period.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > INTRODUCTION
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The EBA in the southern Levant has no historical chronology of its own and has traditionally relied on historical chronologies of neighboring countries, particularly Egypt.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The site of Ai was removed since it is not possible to correlate samples with secure pottery assemblages.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > Removal of Samples with Unclear Stratigraphie Contexts
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“According to the modeling results, the old-wood effect at Tell Abu al-Kharaz is possibly ~50 yr, an estimation enhanced by one of the seed samples found in ajar.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > Tell Abu Al-Kharaz
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This long transition is probably due to the very few dates in the model and whether the samples came from the end or beginning of the dated phase.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > Bab edh-Dhra
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This is later than when the model uses charcoal samples, pointing to a possibility of some old-wood effect.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > Ashqelon
hedgedconditionalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If we were to base this transition on non-modeled sites, it would be fairly difficult to determine when the transition occurred, since the date ranges of both periods end simultaneously around 2900 BC.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > Modeled:
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, the EB IA end boundary is highly artificial, offering only rough estimations of the actual dates.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > Bet Yerah
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These plateaus and wiggles, combined with normal laboratory error, affect precision of 14 C dates, sometimes resulting in calibrated ranges of a few hundreds of years.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > Modeling Methods for the Early Bronze Age
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“All the samples are considered to originate from secure contexts (Stadler and Fischer 2008).”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > Tell Abu Al-Kharaz
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Stadler and Fischer 2008
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainn = 6- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A range of3050-2950 BC for these 2 sites is securely based.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > Modeled:
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Using currently available data from Kabri, the transition would seem to have occurred earlier, while at Bab edh-Dhra the EB II dates are later, resulting in a wide EB IB to EB II transition, ending -2600 BC.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > Modeled:
hedgedSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The beginning and the end of the EBA cannot be determined with this set of dates since we did not include Chalcolithic and Middle Bronze 1 4 C dates.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > Transitions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, we suggest that the EB IB-II transition date at Tell Abu al-Kharaz should be located between 3000 and 2910 BC.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > Tell Abu Al-Kharaz
hedgedSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The EB II to EB III transition is probably the most obvious and securely documented change in the 14 C-based chronology.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > The EB ll-EB III Transition
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The EB IA to EB IB transition did not necessarily take place within a very short time at all sites.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > CONCLUSION Archaeological Implications
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No modeling was possible for the fourth transition, since no sites currently exist where both EB III and EB IV/IBA have been 14 C dated.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > The EB lll-EB IV/IBA Transition
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, the suggested EB II/EB III transition seems to have occurred -2900 BC.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > The EB ll-EB III Transition
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, there is no archaeological basis for this correlation.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > The EB ll-EB III Transition
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The transitions that can be most securely established in our study are at Tel Yarmuth and Tel Abu Kharaz, where the boundary falls between 3050 and 2950 BC.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > Modeled:
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As most dates come from Tel Yarmuth and Tell el-Umeiri, measurements of the duration of the transition are likely to be most precise.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > The EB ll-EB III Transition
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As the EB II-III transition falls within this slope at -2900 BC, the precision of the transition date is enhanced.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > The EB ll-EB III Transition
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The 14 C dates and modeling presented above demonstrate that the traditional dating of the divisions of the southern Levantine Early Bronze Age should be revised.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > CONCLUSION Archaeological Implications
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suggesting that at Ashqelon, EB IA dates to the second quarter of the 4th millennium”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > Radiocarbon Sampling and Analysis
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The archaeological subphase attributions of the 14C samples are correct.
- Rests on an assumption: The 14C measurements are accurate and reflect the true age of the samples.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A benefit of 14 C modeling is that large sets of dates related to consecutive stratigraphie units can overcome some of the shortcomings introduced by plateaus in the calibration curve by virtue of the constraints imposed by Bayesian analysis.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > Radiocarbon Sampling and Analysis
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The next 2 transitions appear to have taken place more in sync throughout the region.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > CONCLUSION Archaeological Implications
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 54
- It may state two separate claims as one. 58
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Previous syntheses of EBA 14 C dates have generally indicated slightly earlier dates than those of the traditional chronological schemes”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Richard 1980 source
- Partly supportedcites Weinstein 1984 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Early Bronze age section reports some radiocarbon results earlier than archaeological expectations, including an initial series from Ai that was 300–700 years too early. It treats those results as erroneous, however, and says subsequent Ai dates agreed with expectations. It does not establish that syntheses generally favored slightly earlier dates than traditional schemes (page unavailable in our copy). (LLM, conf=0.82)
- Not matchedcites Joffe 1993
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Of these, 60 samples originate from sites in the arid zone (Avner and Carmi 2001), whose material culture assemblages are difficult to assign to a particular EB subphase.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > SITES, CONTEXTS, AND SAMPLES
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Avner and Carmi 2001 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The appendix (Table 2; page unavailable) lists radiocarbon dates from desert sites, and ‘Settlement Duration of Desert Sites’ explains that pottery and flint tools once assigned to EB-II have a wider date range, supporting the difficulty of assigning sites to an EB subphase. ‘Settlement Patterns Based on Radiocarbon Dating’ reports 175 dates from 73 sites, but our copy does not identify the cited 60-sample subset; the 420-date total belongs to the citing document’s framing. (LLM, conf=0.85)
plainn = 60- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The agreement between the posterior distribution of the data and the prior distribution follows the convention of OxCal ν 4.1 where 60% is taken as the threshold for acceptance for individual and overall agreement indices”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > Modeling Methods for the Early Bronze Age
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Bronk Ramsey 2009 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In “Inconsistencies Between Measurements and the Model,” the paper describes an individual agreement index with a reasonable minimum acceptable value around 60%, and says overall indices falling much below 60% warrant investigation. It does not present 60% as a firm acceptance threshold: it explicitly says the agreement-index approach has no well-defined cut-off. The comparison is between posterior distributions under the full model and a null prior, rather than simply between a posterior and a prior distribution. (LLM, conf=0.85)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Partly supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For the other periods, only the major division was used in this study, namely EB II (93 samples), EB III (78 samples), and EB IV (27 samples) periods.The remaining 37 dates could not be assigned to any specific period.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > SITES, CONTEXTS, AND SAMPLES
plainn = 93- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In our study, there are very few contexts of this type: 10 samples only could be identified as coming from storage installations or jars.No bones were dated.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > SITES, CONTEXTS, AND SAMPLES
plainn = 10- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As a result of this culling, of the total 313 1 4 C dates available (Figure 2), 99 samples were removed due to purely archaeological considerations, leaving 214 dates originating from 29 different sites.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > Removal of Samples with Unclear Stratigraphie Contexts
plaindirectn = 99- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For the EB I period as a whole, there are 125 samples.These are further subdivided, according to most excavators' determinations, into EB IA (57 samples) and EB IB and”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > SITES, CONTEXTS, AND SAMPLES
plainn = 125- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The remaining 360 14 C dates were compiled from 41 different sites or clusters of sites in the southern Levant”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > SITES, CONTEXTS, AND SAMPLES
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of the 420 samples, 262 were measured by decay counting and the rest by accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS).”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > SITES, CONTEXTS, AND SAMPLES
plainn = 420- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The 420 samples include 139 from short-lived (e.g.seed, cloth, goat coprolite, and eggshell) and 270 from long-lived (e.g.wood charcoal and wood) sources.For 11 samples, this information is lacking.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > SITES, CONTEXTS, AND SAMPLES
plainn = 420- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Short-lived samples provide higher accuracy for dating the context than long-lived samples.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This plot includes 313 dates from 41 sites, and is based on the 14 C dates in Table 1”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > RESULTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Out of the 323 culturally definable dates, 10 samples were out of the 2000-4000 BC date range, and thus excluded from the chart giving all the dated EBA samples.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > RESULTS
plainn = 10- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“An additional 14 samples were removed as clear outliers based on l 4 C data, thus leaving a total of 200 samples for further analysis.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > Removal of Samples with Unclear Stratigraphie Contexts
plaindirectn = 14- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Based on stratigraphically more detailed models, sample RTT-5286 also becomes an outlier, and sample RT-2965 is also a clear outlier (Regev et al., these proceedings).”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > Yarmuth
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Regev et al., these proceedings
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Two significant plateaus exist in the timespan addressed in this paper: one between 3350 and 2910 BC; the other between 2850 and 2500 BC.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > Transitions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sample TH-2000-113 is an obvious outlier and is thus removed from the model.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > Tell el-Umeiri
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Using currently available data from Kabri, the transition would seem to have occurred earlier, while at Bab edh-Dhra the EB II dates are later, resulting in a wide EB IB to EB II transition, ending -2600 BC.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > Modeled:
hedgeddirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At Bet Yerah, the EB IA to IB transition cannot be determined, since no EB IB dates exist.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > Transitions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The EB IB to EB II transition was modeled at 4 sites.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > Modeled:
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There seems to be some overlapping in date ranges between the EB IA and EB IB of different sites.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > Transitions
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It should be noted that none of the EB IA ranges continue after 3100 BC, and most of the date ranges end much earlier, before 3400 BC.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > Transitions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Using the date ranges at hand, the earliest dated EB IA levels are at the sites of Ashqelon and Beth Yerah, where the dates cluster around 3700 BC”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > Transitions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the model, 2 samples are removed as outliers (ETH-4684, -4688; Figure 8).”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > Jericho
plainn = 2- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As a result of modeling, 11 additional samples were removed, leaving 189 samples to be used for obtaining the final results.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > Multiplot and Overview
plaindirectn = 189- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The transition between the EB II and EB III periods is an especially interesting one.It is based on 4 modeled sites.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > The EB ll-EB III Transition
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Large variations exist within the available EB IV 14 C dates, which suggest the period potentially began much earlier than previously thought.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > The EB lll-EB IV/IBA Transition
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The following EB IV date ranges have large variations: the earliest (Beer Resisim) beginning as early as 2850 BC and the very latest ending after 2000 BC.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > The EB lll-EB IV/IBA Transition
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Taking the same data (184 dates) and modeling them by using only 2 adjacent periods, the results are slightly different.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > Further Test
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All of the EB II date ranges from west of the Jordan River, except for 1 date from Tel Yaqush, end -2900 BC, whereas EB III dates commence directly afterwards, with only a few dates being slightly older.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > The EB ll-EB III Transition
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In our work, the short-lived samples were compared with the charcoal samples, showing a mild old-wood effect that accounted for differences of up to 50 yr in our transition models.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > Radiocarbon Sampling and Analysis
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“EB IA-IB: 3330-3150 BC.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > Radiocarbon Sampling and Analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The archaeological subphase attributions of the 14C samples are correct.
- Rests on an assumption: The 14C measurements are accurate and reflect the true age of the samples.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Four additional sites (Modi'in, Taur Ikhbeineh, Sataf, and Kabri) where 1 4 C dates were obtained show some variations for the dated samples of EB IA, but they are generally younger and date closer to 3500 BC or even later.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > Radiocarbon Sampling and Analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The archaeological subphase attributions of the 14C samples are correct.
- Rests on an assumption: The 14C measurements are accurate and reflect the true age of the samples.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Agreement of the model is 87%.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > Radiocarbon Sampling and Analysis
plainn = 184- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Rests on an assumption: The archaeological subphase attributions of the 14C samples are correct.
- Rests on an assumption: The 14C measurements are accurate and reflect the true age of the samples.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Using the OxCal agreement values (A%) on dates, the identified outliers for EBI are RTT-3902*, GrA-222*6315*6332*, OxA-5096*, RTT-5436*, RTT-5437*, RTT-5435*; for EB II: RT-2210, OxA-2813, GrN-18540* (A% = 31).”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > Radiocarbon Sampling and Analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The archaeological subphase attributions of the 14C samples are correct.
- Rests on an assumption: The 14C measurements are accurate and reflect the true age of the samples.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Currently, all the EB IA date ranges (except RT-2567 and -2247/8, which are considered outliers in the modeling) end before 3380 BC, and most of them even before 3500 BC”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > Radiocarbon Sampling and Analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The archaeological subphase attributions of the 14C samples are correct.
- Rests on an assumption: The 14C measurements are accurate and reflect the true age of the samples.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the model with contiguous boundaries, 21 samples are removed as outliers (RT-2154*, RT-2324, Beta-134011, RTT-5435*, RT-2210, OxA-2813, GrN-18540*, GrN-18545*, GrN-18546*, OxA-2814, GrN-18541*, OxA-*5092, OxA-2810, Beta-134009, Beta-134010, Hd-19610, TH-2000-105(1), TH-2000-106(2), Hd-19625, BM-1780, Beta-163588) and still some additional samples remain slightly below 60% agreement.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > Radiocarbon Sampling and Analysis
plainn = 21- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The archaeological subphase attributions of the 14C samples are correct.
- Rests on an assumption: The 14C measurements are accurate and reflect the true age of the samples.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The dates have been re-evaluated on the basis of their archaeological context and using analytical criteria.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Bayesian modeling has been applied to the selected dates in relation to the given seriation of the EBA subperiods (EB I, II III, IV).”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sites with 2 or more sequential subphases were individually modeled in order to define the transitions between the subperiods.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“The very earliest dates from Ashqelon EB IA are questionable, since the site also had a Chalcolithic occupation, and the pottery associated with the earliest dates could be mixed EB and Chalcolithic assemblages”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > Removal of Samples with Unclear Stratigraphie Contexts
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Braun and Gophna 2004
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedcorrelationalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The accuracy and precision of the 14 C dates depend, first and foremost, on the certainty of their direct association to specific, well-defined archaeological contexts, then on any degree of error introduced during their analytical processes, including sample preparation and measurement.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > SITES, CONTEXTS, AND SAMPLES
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, charcoal from hearths, i.e. originating from shrubs or small trees with fast growth rates, may not suffer from the old-wood effect.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > SITES, CONTEXTS, AND SAMPLES
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The site of Tel Erani has not been properly published and therefore 1 4 C dates cannot be placed in well-defined contexts.The 1 4 C dates from this site also have large laboratory errors.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > Removal of Samples with Unclear Stratigraphie Contexts
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Often, the exact location and contexts of the samples remain obscure.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > SITES, CONTEXTS, AND SAMPLES
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Moreover, there are differences in the terminology used by different excavators for particular EB periods or phases.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > SITES, CONTEXTS, AND SAMPLES
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Determinations from a cave at Gezer were removed since their context was associated with pottery of different periods, while others from Gibeon come from an old excavation for which there is no contextual information.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > Removal of Samples with Unclear Stratigraphie Contexts
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The dates used in this study were collected from various published and unpublished sources, implying a great deal of variation in the quality and completeness of the published archaeological record associated with them.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > SITES, CONTEXTS, AND SAMPLES
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Based on 14 C dates in Ashqelon Area E, Golani (2004) has proposed an earlier date for the beginning of EB I A, closer to 3800 BC, similar to the date of 3700 suggested by Yekutieli (2007), based on 14 C dates from a cluster of sites at Ashqelon.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > Early Bronze I (EB I)
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Golani 2004
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Yekutieli 2007
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“At Kh. ez-Zeraqun, only 4 dates out of 16 (Genz 2002) are securely connected to the EB III horizon, while the remainders were discarded as being suspected of old-wood effects”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > Removal of Samples with Unclear Stratigraphie Contexts
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Genz 2002
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At H. Hani, the burial context is mixed with Chalcolithic material, and was thus removed.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > Removal of Samples with Unclear Stratigraphie Contexts
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Samples from Arad were not used since no basket numbers are given that would provide additional information on material found in association with the dated samples, as the locus numbers alone could not sufficiently supply the ceramic information needed.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > Removal of Samples with Unclear Stratigraphie Contexts
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The differences in chronology for the EB I are mostly due to how the 14 C dates are associated with the archaeological contexts they purport to date (Boaretto 2007), which Egyptian chronology is used, and the way their correlations with south Levantine chronology are interpreted.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > Early Bronze I (EB I)
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Boaretto 2007 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“only a correct association of a sample to an archaeological context means that the date will provide meaningful results (Boaretto 2007).”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > SITES, CONTEXTS, AND SAMPLES
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Boaretto 2007 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Samples measured long time ago, were also removed.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > Removal of Samples with Unclear Stratigraphie Contexts
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Hartuv has yielded 2 dates for the same phase more than 1000 yr apart, while samples originating from tombs at Jericho (Tell es-Sultan), which were used over an extended period of time, were also discarded.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > Removal of Samples with Unclear Stratigraphie Contexts
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The EB IA and EB IB dates of the site of Tell esh-Shuna and al-Basatin, the EB IB and EB II dates from Pella, and the EB II dates from Tell es-Sa'idiyeh are not included in the”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > Removal of Samples with Unclear Stratigraphie Contexts
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Recent work on individual sites such as Tell esh-Shuna North for EB I (Philip 2001(Philip , 2008)), Tel Yarmuth for EB I-III (Regev et al., these proceedings), the EB I-II transition at Pella (Bourke et al. 2009), and the EB II-III transition at Jericho (Bruins and van der Plicht 2001) has indicated the possibility of substantial chronological revisions.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Philip 2001
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Philip 2008 source
- Not matchedcites Regev et al.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“The date ranges recently suggested for EB I are 3500-3050 BC (de Miroschedji 2006) and 3500-3150/2950 BC (Braun and Gophna 2004).”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > Early Bronze I (EB I)
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites de Miroschedji 2006
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Braun and Gophna 2004
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Removal of some samples or removal of a complete site from further analysis and modeling was done by the authors on the basis of contextual and/or archaeological considerations, usually because of incomplete or unavailable documentation.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > Removal of Samples with Unclear Stratigraphie Contexts
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, the level of stratigraphie disturbance at different sites and excavation squares varies greatly, affecting the primary reliability of samples.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > SITES, CONTEXTS, AND SAMPLES
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The associations of the dates to archaeological phases assigned by the excavators were reviewed by the authors, as follows: EB I by Ε Braun; EB II by R Greenberg; EB III by Ρ de Miroschedji; and EB IV by Ζ Greenhut.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > SITES, CONTEXTS, AND SAMPLES
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At Beer Resisim, contexts are considered secure, but it should be noted that the material dated derived from ostrich eggshells.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > Removal of Samples with Unclear Stratigraphie Contexts
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Where information on the exact find spots of samples is unavailable, and they cannot be directly associated with diagnostic material-culture inventories, we rely on the word of the excavator as to which specific EB phase the sample is to be attributed.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > SITES, CONTEXTS, AND SAMPLES
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sample RT-2969 might suffer from an old-wood effect.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > Yarmuth
hedgedconditionalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Additional models were run according to refinements made by individual authors of this paper.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > Modeling Methods for the Early Bronze Age
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As noted above, our models were performed using chronological classifications as given by the excavators.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > Modeling Methods for the Early Bronze Age
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All samples consist of charcoal, which could suggest some old-wood effect.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > Jericho
hedgedconditionaln = 9- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the deep slope between 2910 and 2880 BC clearly divides the dates and enables very precise dating within that timespan.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > Transitions
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Altogether, modeling enables a narrowing down of what are sometimes quite large ranges of dates, and produces relatively precise dates for associated archaeological deposits.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > Modeling Methods for the Early Bronze Age
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The 2 EB IA dates probably originate from the very beginning of the period, and a large gap in dated occupation layers exists until the next period dated, EB II.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > Bet Yerah
hedgedSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This can be explained by either a gap in the 1 4 C samples from either late EB II or early EB III, or a substantial old-wood effect for the EB II samples.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > Bet Yerah
plainconditionalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Currently, the 14 C data, limited as they are for reasons discussed above, do not allow pinpointing the transition clearly, and some variation exists between the various sites, probably due to the different parts of the phases dated.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > Transitions
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Hence, the data suggest that many EB III sites were abandoned about or before 2500 BC, which suggests a shift upward of -200 yr from the conventional date of 2300 BC suggested by some scholars (e.g.Mazar 1992;de Miroschedji 2000).”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > The EB lll-EB IV/IBA Transition
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Mazar 1992
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites de Miroschedji 2000
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditionaln = 56- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The differences suggest either a degree of overlap between cultural horizons, inaccurate or wrong cultural association to contexts, or both.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > EB III-IV: 2570-2520 BC.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The shift of several centuries in the beginning dates for the EB III period in this scenario could stretch the EB III to a lengthy 600 yr.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > The EB lll-EB IV/IBA Transition
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While it could be explained as the result of a gap in the 14 C record due to the absence of samples from the latest EB III deposits, the EB IV dates here actually suggest that the latter period began earlier than previously thought, which implies either an earlier transition or an overlap with EB III.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > The EB lll-EB IV/IBA Transition
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For the majority of the sites, the beginning of EB IV/IBA can be placed around 2500 BC, and neatly bridge the period between EB III and EB IV.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > The EB lll-EB IV/IBA Transition
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In our chronological scheme, it seems to stay generally within the conventional realm, but did not necessarily occur at one time at different sites.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > Modeled:
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Conventionally, it is dated -2700-2600 BC and correlated with the beginning of the 3rd Dynasty in Egypt (Mazar 1992;de Miroschedji 2000), although an earlier date of -2800 BC has been suggested, on various grounds (Philip and Millard 2000;Greenberg 2002).”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > The EB ll-EB III Transition
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Mazar 1992
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites de Miroschedji 2000
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Philip and Millard 2000
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Based on available data, we cannot exclude the possibility of some coexistence between the cultures termed, by various scholars, EB IB and EB II.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > Modeled:
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If this were not the case, a gap in human activity in the southern Levant might be inferred between these 2 periods, since the EB III dates end at that time.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > The EB lll-EB IV/IBA Transition
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When this shift is taken into account together with the EB IB to EB II transition, it suggests that only a very short duration of 100 to 200 yr is left for the EB II period, reducing its span by 200-300 yr.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > The EB ll-EB III Transition
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“An earlier date for the end of EB III is also possible since the calibration curve gives quite a wide range of possibilities.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > The EB lll-EB IV/IBA Transition
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our 14 C-based evaluation suggests that the transition from EB II to EB III could have been underway as early as 2900 BC, which suggests a shift of -200 yr earlier than conventional chronologies indicate.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > The EB ll-EB III Transition
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The end of the EB III cultural horizon is traditionally seen as contemporaneous with the reign of Pepi I (de Miroschedji 2012), variously dated by Egyptologists to 2321-2287 BC (Shaw 2000) or 2289-2255 BC (Baines and Malek 1980), and recently by 14 C to 2399-2310 BC ( 1σ) or 2389-2349 BC (2σ) (Bronk Ramsey et al. 2010).”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > The EB lll-EB IV/IBA Transition
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This, however, may actually reflect the terminological confusion surrounding the EB IB-EB II transition.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > Modeled:
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The boundary can be lowered to -2500 BC by choosing the oldest EB IV dates as outliers, but generally the boundary is clear.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > EB III-IV: 2570-2520 BC.
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The EB IB to EB II transition is conventionally dated to the beginning of the 1st Dynasty, at about 3000 BC (Braun 201 la).”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > Modeled:
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Braun 2011a
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This might suggest the dates were derived from the latest EB IB phase.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > Radiocarbon Sampling and Analysis
hedgeddirectSingle case- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: The calibration curve has a plateau between about 3400-3100 BC that makes the beginning of EB IB difficult to pinpoint.
- Rests on an assumption: The archaeological subphase attributions of the 14C samples are correct.
- Rests on an assumption: The 14C measurements are accurate and reflect the true age of the samples.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The relatively large transition could be due to overlapping of periods/subperiods defined by scholars, which clouds the issue and makes the data unreliable as to what they represent.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > CONCLUSION Archaeological Implications
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A date around 2900 BC seems to be firmly based for the EB II to EB III transition, which is at least 200 yr earlier than the traditionally accepted dates.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > CONCLUSION Archaeological Implications
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is worth noting again, and with emphasis, that clusters of seeds in clear association with archaeological contexts provide the most efficacious 14 C samples for determining chronology.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > Radiocarbon Sampling and Analysis
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The beginning of EB IV is not based on modeling, but a date of -2500 BC is suggested, even though it could have commenced earlier.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > CONCLUSION Archaeological Implications
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Similarly, the EB III cultural horizon, which appears not to have continued after -2450 BC, could possibly have come to an end at some sites as much as a century earlier.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > CONCLUSION Archaeological Implications
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In Bayesian analyses, dates derived from charcoal can be used as termini post quern for archaeological strata.”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > Radiocarbon Sampling and Analysis
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
The EBA in the southern Levant has no historical chronology of its own and has traditionally relied on historical chronologies of neighboring countries, particularly Egypt.
“The Early Bronze Age (henceforth EBA; the mid-4th to end of the 3rd millennium BCE) in the southern Levant has no historical chronology of its own, and thus has traditionally relied on historical chronologies of neighboring countries, particularly Egypt.”
The paper relies on this without support.
A general overview of all available EBA dates related to published cultural material has not been previously attempted.
“Yet, even though it has been frequently noted that newly published 14 C dates are often earlier than expected (Bruins and van der Pli-cht 2001;Golani and Segal 2002;Golani 2004;Anderson 2006;Holdorf 2010), a general overview of all available EBA dates related to published cultural material has not been previously attempted.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Short-lived samples provide higher accuracy for dating the context than long-lived samples.
“While there is a general consensus that short-lived samples provide higher accuracy for dating the context than long-lived samples, it is necessary to determine if short-lived samples, and in particular seeds, were grouped in clusters or scattered in archaeological sediments.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
In a known sequence of archaeological events, the lowest layer formed before any and all overlying layers.
“At sites where samples from more than 1 sequential deposit exist, dates were grouped into distinct archaeological phases, such that in a known sequence of archaeological events, the lowest layer is reasonably assumed to have formed before any and all overlying layers.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Within each site internal stratigraphy is consistent, but separate sites might have similar cultures prevailing over varied lengths of time.
“since it was taken as a logical rule that within each site internal stratigraphy would be consistent, but separate sites might have similar cultures prevailing over varied lengths of time (due to their particular settlement trajectories).”
The paper relies on this without support.
The excavators' designations of chronocultural divisions are adequate for modeling despite disagreements among the authors.
“For purposes of this modeling, we have simplified the chronocultural divisions and maintained the excavators' designations, although at least one of the authors is in strong disagreement with some of the identifications suggested”
The paper relies on this without support.
The calibration curve has a plateau between about 3400-3100 BC that makes the beginning of EB IB difficult to pinpoint.
“Additionally, the calibration plateau between about 3400-3100 BC makes the beginning of EB IB difficult to pinpoint.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The archaeological subphase attributions of the 14C samples are correct.
“Calibrated l 4 C dates of 313 samples from 41 sites, all samples that could be attributed to EBA subphases.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The 14C measurements are accurate and reflect the true age of the samples.
“Each line depicts a single 1 4 C measurement with ±1σ range and is colored according to its archaeological subphase”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > The EB lll-EB IV/IBA Transition
“2399-2310 BC ( 1σ)”
§ CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: NEW ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH CHRONOLOGY > The EB lll-EB IV/IBA Transition
“2389-2349 BC (2σ)”
Citations
Cites
IntCal13 and Marine13 radiocarbon age calibration curves 0–50,000 years cal BP
Reimer, P. J., Bard, E., Bayliss, A., Beck, J. W., Blackwell, P. G., Ramsey, C. B., Buck, C. E., Cheng, H., Edwards, R. L., Friedrich, M., et al. (2013) · Radiocarbon · doi:10.2458/azu_js_rc.55.16947 · Cited by 14,591
Bayesian Analysis of Radiocarbon Dates
Bronk Ramsey, C. (2009) · Radiocarbon · doi:10.1017/s0033822200033865 · Cited by 8,725
IntCal09 and Marine09 radiocarbon age calibration curves, 0–50,000 years cal BP
Reimer, P. J., Baillie, M. G. L., Bard, E., Bayliss, A., Beck, J. W., Blackwell, P. G., Bronk Ramsey, C., Buck, C. E., Burr, G. S., Edwards, R. L., et al. (2009) · Radiocarbon · doi:10.1017/s0033822200034202 · Cited by 4,290
Intcal04 Terrestrial Radiocarbon Age Calibration, 0–26 Cal Kyr BP
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Bayes, T. (1763) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London · doi:10.1098/rstl.1763.0053 · Cited by 3,023
AN ESSAY TOWARDS SOLVING A PROBLEM IN THE DOCTRINE OF CHANCES
BAYES (1958) · Biometrika · doi:10.1093/biomet/45.3-4.296 · Cited by 2,939
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Radiocarbon dating and the “old wood” problem: The case of the Hohokam chronology
Schiffer, M. B. (1986) · Journal of Archaeological Science · doi:10.1016/0305-4403(86)90024-5 · Cited by 425
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- Burleigh, 1981, Excavations at Jericho. Volume 3; The Architecture and Stratigraphy of the Tell.
- de Miroschedji, 2006, I Will Speak in the Riddles of Ancient Times (Ps 78: 2b): Archaeological and Historical Studies in Honor of Amihai Mazar on the Occasion of his Sixtieth Birthday., 55
- Kitchen, 1987, Acts of an International Colloquium on Absolute Chronology Held at the University of Gothenburg 20th–22nd August 1987, Part 1., 37
- Bonani, 1991, Excavations at Kabri Preliminary Report of 1990 Season., 8
- Klimscha, 2009, Radiocarbon Dates from Prehistoric Aqaba and Other Related Sites from the Chalcolithic Period. Prehistoric 'Aqaba., Band 23, 363
- Baumgarten, 2004, An excavation at Ashqelon, Afridar-Area J, 'Atiqot, 45
- Philip, 2000, Chronologies des pays du Caucase et de l'Euphrate aux IVe–IIIe millénaires, Actes du Colloque d'Istanbul, 16–19 décembre 1998, Varia Anatolica XI,
- Bourke, 2007, Dating the Cultic Assemblages from the Bronze Age Fortress Temple Complex at Pella in Jordan.
- Golani, 2011, Culture, Chronology and the Chalcolithic: Theory and Transition., Volume 9, 84
- Golani, 2004, Salvage excavations at the Early Bronze age site of Ashqelon, Afridar-Area E, 'Atiqot, 45, 9
- Carmi, 2000, Megiddo III The 1992–1996 Seasons.
- Braun, 2011b, Egypt before the Pyramids: The Origins of Egyptian Civilization.
- Braun, 2011a, Egypt at Its Origins 3., 975
- Bowman, 1990, Radiocarbon Dating. Interpreting the Past.
- Segal, 2004a, Determination of age using the 14C method on archaeobotanical samples from Ashqelon, Afridar-Area E, 'Atiqot, 45
- Braun, 1996, Cultural diversity and change in the Early Bronze I of Israel and Jordan: towards an understanding of the chronological progression and patterns of regionalism in Early Bronze society
- Eisenberg, Tel Hebron Final Report of the IAA Excavation 1999.
- Hauptmann, 2000, Zur frühen Metallurgie des Kupfers in Fenan/Jordanien.
- Boaretto, 2008, In: Golani A. The Early Bronze Age site of Ashqelon, Afridar-Area M, 'Atiqot, 60
- Dever, 1974, Gezer II: Report of the 1967–70 Seasons in Fields I and II.
- Adams, 1996, Aspects of Early Egypt., 98
- Hedges, 1992, Radiocarbon dates from the AMS system: datelist 14, Archaeometry, 34
- Amiran, 1969, Ancient Pottery of the Holy Land.
- Gibbs, 2010, Excavations at al-Basatin, a late Neolithic and Early Bronze I site in Wadi Ziqlab, northern Jordan, Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan, 54
- Braun, 2004, Excavations at Ashqelon, Afridar-Area G, 'Atiqot, 45, 185
- Aharoni, 1964, The second season of excavation at Tel Arad (1963), Yediot, 28
- Golani, 2002, In Quest of Ancient Settlements and Landscapes.
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- de Miroschedji, 2000, Ceramics and Change in the Early Bronze Age of the Southern Levant.
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- Joffe, 1993, Settlement and Society in the Early Bronze Age I and II, Southern Levant.
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- Philip, 2001, The Archaeology of Jordan., 163
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- Rast, 2003, Bâb edh-Dhrâ: Excavations at the Town Site (1975–1981).
- Genz, 2002, Die frühbronzezeitliche Keramik von irbet ez-Zeraqn: Mit Studien zur Chronologie und funktionalen Deutung frühbronzezeitliche Keramik in der südlichen Levante.
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- Segal, 2004b, Radiocarbon dates from Area F, 'Atiqot, 45, 156
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Climate and the Late Bronze Collapse: New Evidence from the Southern Levant
LANGGUT, D., FINKELSTEIN, I., & LITT, T. (2013) · Tel Aviv · doi:10.1179/033443513x13753505864205 · Cited by 241
“Dates of the different phases of the Bronze and Iron Ages are based, as far as possible, on radiocarbon results in the last decade (Regev et al. 2012 for the Early Bronze and Intermediate Bronze; Finkelstein and Piasetzky 2010 for the Iron Age; for the beginning of the Middle Bronze, see Bietak…”
BackgroundWilkinson, T. J., Philip, G., Bradbury, J., Dunford, R. W., Donoghue, D. N. M., Galiatsatos, N., Lawrence, D., Ricci, A. S., & Smith, S. L. (2014) · Journal of World Prehistory · doi:10.1007/s10963-014-9072-2 · Cited by 197
“The direct comparison between the southern and northern Fertile Crescent has been facilitated by the publication of new radiometric and palaeoenvironmental frameworks (Bar-Matthews and Ayalon 2011; Regev et al. 2012).”
BackgroundInfluentialClarke, J. T., Brooks, N., Banning, E. B., Bar‐Matthews, M., Campbell, S., Clare, L., Cremaschi, M., di Lernia, S., Drake, N., Gallinaro, M., et al. (2015) · Quaternary Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.10.003 · Cited by 165
“…al. (2012, 555) record the beginning of the Early Bronze IA at ~3700 BC, the transition from the Early Bronze IA to the Early Bronze IB at somewhere between 3450 BC and 3100 BC, and the transition from the Early Bronze IB to the Early Bronze II between 3050 BC and 2950 BC (Regev et al., 2012, 558).”
BackgroundLanggut, D., Finkelstein, I., Litt, T., Harald Neumann, F., & Stein, M. (2015) · Radiocarbon · doi:10.2458/azu_rc.57.18555 · Cited by 134
“The dating of the periods follows the 14C results for Levantine sites from the last decade (Regev et al. 2012 for the Early Bronze Age and the transition to the Intermediate Bronze Age; Finkelstein and Piasetzky 2010; Toffolo et al. 2014 for the Iron Age); the transition from Middle to Late Bronze Age, currently broad…”
BackgroundInfluentialPalmisano, A., Lawrence, D., de Gruchy, M., Bevan, A., & Shennan, S. J. (2020) · Quaternary Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2020.106739 · Cited by 128
“BP (cf. Regev et al., 2012; H € o fl mayer et al., 2014; Ur 2010), meaning settlements occupied before, during and after an event at 4.2 k. cal. yr.”
BackgroundInfluential
Metadata
- Authors
- Regev, J., De Miroschedji, P., Greenberg, R., Braun, E., Greenhut, Z., & Boaretto, E.
- Affiliations
- Bar-Ilan University (IL)
- Tel Aviv University (IL)
- W. F. Albright Institute of Archaeological Research (IL)
- Israel Antiquities Authority (IL)
- Weizmann Institute of Science (IL)
- Corresponding author
- Regev, Johanna
- Venue
- Radiocarbon
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2012
- Volume
- 54
- Issue
- 3-4
- Pages
- 525-566
- ISSN
- 0033-8222 (ISSN-L)
- 1945-5755
- OpenAlex
- W1897707674
- Semantic Scholar
- 5507422ae5d257842ee3d5bf9371cc588e6c5e14
- Cited by
- 209
- References
- 93
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 9.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Radiocarbon (publishedVersion)
- UA Campus Repository (The University of Arizona) (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- W. F. Albright Institute of Archaeological Research
- Tel Aviv University
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Archeology › Archaeology and ancient environmental studies
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Archeology (arts and humanities) › Ancient Mediterranean Archaeology and History
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Archeology (arts and humanities) › Ancient and Medieval Archaeology Studies
- Keywords
- Early Bronze Age, Southern Levant, chronology, radiocarbon dates, Bayesian model, seriation
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