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Emotion regulation: affective, cognitive, and social consequences.
Open accessAbstract
One of life's great challenges is successfully regulating emotions. Do some emotion regulation strategies have more to recommend them than others? According to Gross's (1998, Review of General Psychology, 2, 271-299) process model of emotion regulation, strategies that act early in the emotion-generative process should have a different profile of consequences than strategies that act later on. This review focuses on two commonly used strategies for down-regulating emotion. The first, reappraisal, comes early in the emotion-generative process. It consists of changing the way a situation is construed so as to decrease its emotional impact. The second, suppression, comes later in the emotion-generative process. It consists of inhibiting the outward signs of inner feelings. Experimental and individual-difference studies find reappraisal is often more effective than suppression. Reappraisal decreases emotion experience and behavioral expression, and has no impact on memory. By contrast, suppression decreases behavioral expression, but fails to decrease emotion experience, and actually impairs memory. Suppression also increases physiological responding for suppressors and their social partners. This review concludes with a consideration of five important directions for future research on emotion regulation processes.
Checked 2026-10-05 · 1 reference not checked yet
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27 Own result · 22 Own interpretation · 13 No full text of the sources · 9 Sources not found · 6 No basis given · 3 Not checked yet · 2 Own method
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By contrast, suppression decreases behavioral expression, but fails to decrease emotion experience, and actually impairs memory.”
- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 4 · plain
“Also unlike suppression, reappraisal decreased disgust experience, whereas suppression had no effect on disgust experience.”
- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 5 · plain
“It is noteworthy that whereas suppressing negative emotionexpressive behavior has no discernible impact on negative emotion experience ~ e.g., disgust, sadness, embarrassment ! , suppressing positive emotion-expressive behavior does have an impact on positive emotion experience ~ e.g., amusement ! .”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 4 · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By contrast, reappraisal had no impact on verbal memory.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Relations between suppression and negative emotion expression also followed expectations, with suppression being associated with lesser negative emotion expressive behavior.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Reappraisal, by contrast, was associated with greater positive emotion experience and expression, and lesser negative emotion experience and expression.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Reappraisal decreases emotion experience and behavioral expression, and has no impact on memory.”
- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 4 · plain
“Also unlike suppression, reappraisal decreased disgust experience, whereas suppression had no effect on disgust experience.”
- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Individual-Difference Data · p. 5 · plain
“Reappraisal, by contrast, was associated with greater positive emotion experience and expression, and lesser negative emotion experience and expression.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 4 · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we found that individuals who scored higher on either of the two suppression scales reported having worse memory that those who scored lower on these suppression scales”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By contrast, suppression decreases behavioral expression, but fails to decrease emotion experience, and actually impairs memory.”
- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · hedged
“As predicted, results indicated that suppression led to reliable decrements ~ compared to the control condition ! in both objective memory and memory confidence ratings.”
- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · plain
“As predicted, suppression participants performed less well on the verbal memory test than control participants.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · hedged
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“They also performed worse on an objective memory test in which they were asked to recall events they had listed in a daily diary 1 week earlier.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Unlike suppression, however, reappraisal had no observable consequences in terms of sympathetic activation of the cardiovascular or electrodermal systems.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Importantly, suppression's effect on verbal memory was just as pronounced for the low-emotion as for the high-emotion slides, suggesting that it is the process of engaging in suppression that is cognitively costly, rather than the amount of emotion that is actually suppressed.”
plainn = 76- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- It may state two separate claims as one. 28
- Probably not a substantial claim. 6
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Table 1. Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression (Controlling for Neuroticism and Social Desirability)”
- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · plain
“| Self-reported | - .31 * | - .23 * | .09 |”
- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · plain
“| Objective | - .33 * | - .27 * | .05 |”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Findings regarding suppression and negative emotion experience were mixed, showing either no effects or positive effects, that is, the more individuals said they suppressed, the more negative emotion they said they felt.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In each case, suppression was associated with negative outcomes, whereas reappraisal was associated with positive outcomes.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Whereas suppress participants showed greater increases in sympathetic activation than watch or reappraise subjects, these latter two groups did not differ from one another.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In each case, suppression was associated with negative outcomes, whereas reappraisal was associated with positive outcomes.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Gross and Levenson ~ 1997 ! found a suppression effect for amusement experience both in a context that predominantly elicited amusement ~ an amusement film ! and in a context in which there were lower levels of amusement ~ a sadness film that evoked a bit of secondary amusement ! .”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Gross and Levenson, 1997 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As expected, suppression decreased nonemotional behavior, and no differences were found between suppress and watch subjects for any of the physiological or experiential variables.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Importantly, however, emotions do not force us to respond in certain ways, they only make it more likely we will do so.”
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Individuals with schizophrenia have decreased emotion-expressive behavior compared with controls, but comparable levels of emotion experience”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kring & Neale, 1996 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“reappraisal seems to decrease negative emotion experience and expression while either having no impact or actually increasing positive emotion experience and expression”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These latter changes cohere theoretically, and can be described in terms of 'increased sympathetic activation of the cardiovascular system.'”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Such monitoring requires a continual outlay of cognitive resources, reducing the resources available for processing events so that they can later be remembered.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Suppression requires self-monitoring and self-corrective action throughout an emotional event.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The logic of this comparative design hinges on the premise that whereas antecedent-focused forms of emotion regulation ~ such as reappraisal ! principally concern whether or not emotion response tendencies are triggered , response-focused strategies ~ such as suppression ! concern how emotion response tendencies are modulated once they have been triggered .”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Suppression also was associated with poorer social support and lesser use of instrumental and emotional social support coping.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Gross and John ~ in press !
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“reappraisal led to increased activation of lateral prefrontal regions important for cognitive control, and to decreases in activation of the amygdala and medial orbitofrontal cortex”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Ochsner, Bunge, Gross, & Gabrieli, 2002
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Patients with schizophrenia also have well-characterized deficits in social functioning, and lead those interacting with them to feel uncomfortable”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Krause, Steimer, Sanger-Alt, & Wagner, 1989 source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suppression seems to be a blunt instrument-one that decreases both negative and positive emotion-expressive behavior, thereby masking important social signals that would otherwise be available to social interaction partners”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the ongoing requirement of monitoring one's own facial expressions and vocal signals could distract the suppressing individual and make them less responsive to the emotional cues of their partner”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suggest that whereas suppression is cognitively costly, reappraisal is not”
- Also stated in: § Concluding Comment · p. 9 · hedged
“Suppression also consumes cognitive resources, impairing memory for information presented during the emotion regulation period. Reappraisal, by contrast, appears to have no such cognitive consequences.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The suppression and reappraisal constructs measured as habitual individual differences are the same constructs manipulated in the laboratory experiments.
- Also stated in: § Concluding Comment · p. 9 · hedged
In the paper
“Similarly, Harris ~ 2001 ! has found that suppressing visible signs of embarrassment leads to enhanced blood pressure responses, but does not affect emotion experience reports.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Harris, 2001 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Compared with the no soundtrack condition, participants who heard the soundtrack had lower skin conductance levels and more pleasant mood ratings.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Lazarus & Alfert, 1964 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Theorists since Darwin ~ 1872 0 1998 ! have maintained that emotionexpressive behavior plays an important role in facilitating social interactions.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Campos, Mumme, Kermoian, & Campos, 1994 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“over half of the nonsubstance related Axis I clinical disorders and all of the Axis II personality disorders involve some form of emotion dysregulation”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Gross & Levenson, 1997 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Individuals increase, maintain, and decrease negative and positive emotions ~ Parrott, 1993 ! .”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Parrott, 1993
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Suppression also increases electrodermal responding and blood pressure, and decreases finger pulse amplitude, finger temperature, and pulse transit times.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Gross, 1998a
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Gross & Levenson, 1993, 1997
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This would make costly self-regulation unnecessary, leaving memory intact.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Taken together, these findings concerning suppression suggest decreases in positive emotion experience, but the physiological effects of suppression are not clear.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suggesting that the cognitive costs of suppression are due to the verbal demands of self-instructions issued during the course of suppression ~ e.g., 'I need to keep my face still' ! .”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Suppression requires self-monitoring and self-corrective action throughout an emotional event.
In the paper
“Diverse forms of self-regulation result in similar kinds of 'ego depletion,' which suggests that a common resource may be consumed in diverse forms of regulation”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Baumeister, Bratslavsky, Muraven, & Tice, 1998 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suppression appears to have little impact on negative emotion experience, while decreasing positive emotion experience”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Suppression requires self-monitoring and self-corrective action throughout an emotional event.
“Suppression is a form of emotion regulation that requires selfmonitoring and self-corrective action throughout an emotional event.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Emotions involve coordinated behavioral, experiential, and physiological response tendencies.
“In either case, emotions call forth a coordinated set of behavioral, experiential, and physiological response tendencies that together influence how we respond to perceived challenges and opportunities.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The personal meaning assigned to a situation strongly influences which experiential, behavioral, and physiological response tendencies are generated.
“The personal meaning that is assigned to the situation is crucial because it powerfully influences which experiential, behavioral, and physiological response tendencies will be generated in that particular situation.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The suppression and reappraisal constructs measured as habitual individual differences are the same constructs manipulated in the laboratory experiments.
“These individual-difference findings converge with the results of our experimental studies, and suggest that whereas suppression is cognitively costly, reappraisal is not.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source doesn’t support the claim as written.
In the citing paper
“In the last two decades clinicians have shown that mindfulness training can improve emotional disorders [74] and negative mood [75] and reduce physiological responses such as skin conductance [76] and amygdala activity [67].”
From Mindful emotion regulation: Exploring the neurocognitive mechanisms behind mindfulness (2015) · cites this paper as [74]
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“some models of emotions distinguish between antecedent-focused and response-focused emotion regulation strategies, based on the differential processing of internal and external emotional cues [65–68].”
From The empirical status of the "new wave" of cognitive behavioral therapy (2010) · cites this paper as [66]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In addition, the recognition performance of emotional stimuli seems to be unaffected by emotional reappraisal (see [9,28] but see [29]), whereas suppression leads to impaired recognition [8,9].”
From Effects of differential strategies of emotion regulation (2019) · cites this paper as [9]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“We used similar instructions as Gross and colleagues to induce suppression (e.g., Gross & Levenson, 1997), and we replicated their earlier findings, suggesting that our experimental manipulation worked (Gross, 1998, 2002; Gross & Levenson, 1997).”
From How to handle anxiety: The effects of reappraisal, acceptance, and suppression strategies on anxious arousal (2009) · cites this paper as Gross, 2002
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Laboratory based studies of cognitive change report psychological benefits from instructing participants to reappraise emotional stimuli or tasks in a manner designed to diminish personal identification and increase objectivity before the individuals encounter the stimuli or task”
From United we stand: emphasizing commonalities across cognitive-behavioral therapies. (2013) · cites this paper as Gross, 2002
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“to achieve a common goal of behavioral adaptation, CBTs share change principles that target responding at different points along an emotional trajectory (Gross, 2002), including context engagement which can be seen as encompassing therapeutic processes of behavioral exposure and behavioral activation; attention change, which can be seen as encompassing therapeutic processes of attention training”
From United we stand: emphasizing commonalities across cognitive-behavioral therapies. (2013) · cites this paper as Gross, 2002
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Within this framework, the process model differentiates emotion regulation strategies according to the time they intervene in the unfolding emotional response: we can distinguish between antecedent-focused strategies, which are used before the emotion response tendencies become active, and response-focused strategies, which are used once the response tendencies are generated [56,60,61].”
From Interoceptive Ability and Emotion Regulation in Mind–Body Interventions: An Integrative Review (2024) · cites this paper as [60]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Cognitive reappraisal is an effective emotion regulation strategy (Gross, 2002), that has been demonstrated to facilitate emotion regulation in healthy and psychiatric cohorts.”
From Rt-fMRI neurofeedback-guided cognitive reappraisal training modulates amygdala responsivity in posttraumatic stress disorder (2020) · cites this paper as Gross, 2002
In the citing paper
“Emotion regulation therapy (ERT) is one approach to combining CBTs and MBIs that addresses sequencing by targeting the refractory negative emotionality and resulting negative self-referentiality that characterizes distress disorders [75] by first addressing attention change techniques”
From All together now: utilizing common functional change principles to unify cognitive behavioral and mindfulness-based therapies (2019) · cites this paper as [81]
In the citing paper
“Taken together, this suggests that the generation of compassion in response to distressing situations is distinct from other emotion regulation strategies, such as suppression or reappraisal, which involve an active downregulation of negative affect (Gross, 2002).”
From Differential pattern of functional brain plasticity after compassion and empathy training (2014) · cites this paper as Gross, 2002
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Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Social Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 7
“We asked unacquainted pairs of women to watch an upsetting film, and then discuss their reactions ~ Butler, Egloff, Wilhelm, Smith, & Gross, 2002 ! .”
§ REFERENCES · p. 10
“Butler, E. A., Egloff, B., Wilhelm, F. H., Smith, N. C., & Gross, J. J. ~ 2001 ! . The social consequences of emotion regulation . Manuscript under review.”
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 3,601–3,700 of 4,870
Ekspresja emocji a subiektywny stan zdrowia. Regulacyjna rola oceny kontrolnej u kobiet
Kulik, A., & Kajka, N. (2016) · Seminare Poszukiwania naukowe · doi:10.21852/sem.2016.1.06 · Cited by 1
Soleymani, E. (2017) · International Journal of Psychological and Brain Sciences · doi:10.11648/j.ijpbs.20170201.12 · Cited by 1
“There are various definitions of emotion regulation, but all of them have defined it as the manner in which individuals control their experience and expression of emotion under distress conditions using strategies such as supervision, suppression and cognitive reappraisal (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundThe Role of Self-Focused Cognition in Emotion Regulation
Draghici, A. M. (2016) · Digital Commons - DU (University of Denver) · Cited by 1
Roșan, A. (2016) · Altarul Reîntregirii · doi:10.29302/ar.2016.1.21 · Cited by 1
Sommerfeld, E. (2017) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-017-9703-8 · Cited by 1
La régulation émotionnelle chez le patient douloureux chronique
Eustache, M.-L. B., & Baudic, S. (2017) · Douleur et Analgésie · doi:10.1007/s11724-017-0534-z · Cited by 1
Validade discriminante entre regulação emocional e resiliência
Castro, A. M. F. D. M., Bueno, J. M. H., Ricarte, M. D., & Albuquerque, E. S. G. E. (2017) · Revista Avaliação Psicológica · doi:10.15689/ap.2017.1602.15 · Cited by 1
“A utilização de tais estratégias visa aumentar, diminuir ou manter os componentes fisiológicos, cognitivos e/ou comportamentais de uma resposta emocional, de modo a conciliar demandas pessoais e sociais (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundSosyal Anksiyete Bozukluğunun Alt Tipleri: Heterojen Bir Tanı Kategorisi
Eldoğan, D. (2017) · Psikiyatride Guncel Yaklasimlar - Current Approaches in Psychiatry · doi:10.18863/pgy.358102 · Cited by 2
Exploring self through memory: Narratives of Punjabi and Sindhi Partition survivors
Patwardhan, N., & Kulkarni, M. (2018) · Memory Studies · doi:10.1177/1750698017750001 · Cited by 1
“Gross (1998, 2002) has highlighted two important ER strategies in the process model, namely, “cognitive reappraisal” and “expressive suppression.””
BackgroundMethodGu, X., Koo, H.-K., Cho, Y.-K., Kim, H.-J., & Hyun, M. (2017) · Korean Journal of Stress Research · doi:10.17547/kjsr.2017.25.4.233 · Cited by 1
“즉, 개인이 사용하는 정서조절 전략이 무엇인가에 따라 정서조 절의 성공여부가 결정된다(Gross, 2002; Lazarus, 1993).”
Steele, J., Bush, K., Stowe, Z. N., James, G. A., Smitherman, S., Kilts, C., & Cisler, J. M. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0192318 · Cited by 1
Regulating Emotion with Body Ownership Transfer
Nishio, S., Taura, K., Sumioka, H., & Ishiguro, H. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-10-8702-8_22 · Cited by 1
Emotional Regulation, Level of Depression, Anxiety and Stress among Alcohol Abusers and Non-Abusers
Khalid, A., Pan, F., Ming-li, C., Xu, J., & Ghaffari, A. S. (2018) · European Online Journal of Natural and Social Sciences · Cited by 1
Goldsmith, S. F. (2018) · Scholarship@Western (Western University) · Cited by 1
Ghose, S. M. (2018) · EngagedScholarship @ Cleveland State University (Cleveland State University) · Cited by 1
Mindfulness: del optimismo de lo nuevo a la moderación de la ciencia
Aires, U. D. B., Korman, G. P., Garay, C. J., & Aires, U. D. B. (2019) · Revista Mexicana de Investigación en Psicología · doi:10.32870/rmip.v10i2.602 · Cited by 1
“Esto significa, en pocas palabras, que la regulación emocional es un proceso complejo que involucra aspectos cognitivos y emocionales (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundStudies of the duration of emotions in Western psychology: How long does joy "live"? (the end).
Gordeeva, O. V. (2019) · Moscow University Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.11621/vsp.2019.01.230 · Cited by 2
Reappraisal of stress improves selective attention
Nishimura, R. (2019) · Journal of Human Environmental Studies · doi:10.4189/shes.17.11 · Cited by 1
“…本研究では、ストレス状況下の選択的注意機能および、 ストレスの再評価がストレス状況下の選択的注意に及ぼ す影響を検討した。その結果、①ストレスが負荷されな い事態に比べ、ストレス状況下では、選択的注意機能が 低下すること、しかし、②ストレス状況下であっても、 そのストレスを肯定的に再評価することで、選択的注意 機能を維持することができることが明らかとなった。 ただし、ストレスの再評価が選択的注意機能を反映す る反応時間および誤答率のどちらの成績の維持にも効果 があるという結論は早計であると考える。なぜならば、 本研究の実験 2 において、再評価群と無視群の適合性効 果の有無が、反応時間と誤答率との間で異なっていたた めである。具…”
InfluentialGainotti, G. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-34090-2_2 · Cited by 2
Temporal dynamics of emotions within a workday
Chang, J.-Y., Cook, A. L., & Payne, S. C. (2013) · Korean Journal of Industrial and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.24230/kjiop.v26i2.219-243 · Cited by 1
Liu, Y., Gao, F., & Zhu, Y. (2019) · Cultures of Science · doi:10.1177/209660831900200405 · Cited by 2
“Besides strategies such as expressive suppression and attentional deployment (Gross, 2007), emotion reappraisal (ER) allows individuals to lower the intensity of emotional experiences by constructing emotion-eliciting conditions or events (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundCharacteristics of emotion regulation among adults with chronic stuttering
Humeniuk, E., & Tarkowski, Z. (2019) · Psychiatria i Psychologia Kliniczna · doi:10.15557/pipk.2019.0033 · Cited by 1
Experiences of Hospital Pre-Employment among Senior Nursing Students
Hong, J.-E., & Lee, H. (2020) · Journal of Korean Academy of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.12934/jkpmhn.2020.29.2.83 · Cited by 1
“이 느끼는 정서를 표현하지 않으려고 하면 정신건강에 부정적 인 영향을 미치며[15], 개인의 정신건강뿐만 아니라 대인관계 에도 부정적인 영향을 미친다고 하였다[15,16].”
Decreasing Heart Rate After Physical Activity Reduces Choking
Hine, K., & Takano, Y. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.550682 · Cited by 1
“Heart rate biofeedback is one of the methods that reduces anxiety training people to decrease their heart rate (Gross, 2002; Hofmann, 2014).”
Dağal, A. B., Hamamcı, B., & Yayla, K. (2020) · Erken Çocukluk Çalışmaları Dergisi · doi:10.24130/eccd-jecs.1967202043222 · Cited by 1
Emotional Processes in Cultural Contexts
Karandashev, V. N. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-58438-2_4 · Cited by 1
Burnout Syndrome Concerning Some Personality Factors among Greek Teachers Natasha
Angelova, V., & Nasi, K. H. (2020) · Athens Journal of Social Sciences · doi:10.30958/ajss.8-1-4 · Cited by 2
“On the contrary, the persons with emotion-regulation ability have high emotional response thresholds, quickly regaining their baseline after emotional excitement (Smetackova 2017, Brackett et al. 2010, Gross 2002).”
BackgroundLee, Y. J., Son, M., & Kim, K. N. (2020) · Journal of Climate Change Research · doi:10.15531/ksccr.2020.11.6.777 · Cited by 1
Teacher's emotional labor: conceptualization of the idea and research approaches
Góralska, R. (2020) · Studia z Teorii Wychowania · doi:10.5604/01.3001.0014.6566 · Cited by 1
Blinnikova, I. V., Blinnikov, G. B., & Bobkov, A. N. (2021) · RSUH/RGGU Bulletin Series Psychology Pedagogics Education · doi:10.28995/2073-6398-2021-1-28-50 · Cited by 1
Finnish Primary School Teachers' Emotional Coping in Student-related Stressful Situations
Go, W., Leite, L. O., & Havu‐Nuutinen, S. (2021) · International Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.17583/ijep.2021.5137 · Cited by 1
Emotion regulation strategies during competitive games:
Eriko, A. I. B. A., Matsuda, K., & Sugiyama, Y. (2021) · Taiikugaku kenkyu (Japan Journal of Physical Education Health and Sport Sciences) · doi:10.5432/jjpehss.20157 · Cited by 1
Pignatiello, G. A. (2021) · OhioLink ETD Center (Ohio Library and Information Network) · Cited by 1
Bocharov, A. V., Savostyanov, A. N., Tamozhnikov, S. S., et al. (2021) · Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology · doi:10.1007/s11055-021-01188-x · Cited by 1
“Studies have shown that use of the emotion suppression strategy decreases the intensity of the experience of positive emotions but does not decrease the intensity of negative experiences [Gross, 2002].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialNguyen-Phuong-Mai, M. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.644145 · Cited by 2
“Suppressing emotion (1) inhibits inner feelings, (2) decreases outward expression but (3) fails to decrease emotional experience, (4) impairs memory and (5) has the same negative effect on executive resources as stereotype threat (Gross, 2002; Johns et al., 2008).”
Backgroundjafari, R., & Ahmadi, E. (2021) · The Neuroscience Journal of Shefaye Khatam · doi:10.52547/shefa.9.4.31 · Cited by 1
شريف, س. ع. ا. (2022) · المجلة التربوية لکلية التربية بسوهاج · doi:10.21608/edusohag.2022.228164 · Cited by 1
Newhill, C. E., Eack, S. M., & Mulvey, E. P. (2012) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi_2012_26_013 · Cited by 1
How do We “Know” What Our Students “Know” They “Know”?
Ludvik, M. B. (2019) · 美中教育评论：B · doi:10.17265/2161-6248/2019.05.002 · Cited by 1
“Emotion regulation builds upon attention regulation (Gross, 2002; Gross & Thompson, 2007).”
BackgroundEnvy: A Prevalent Emotion in Competitive Settings
Montal‐Rosenberg, R., & Moran, S. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190060800.013.11 · Cited by 1
(2019) · Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1080/24750573.2019.1606883 · Cited by 1
Autism Spectrum Disorder Versus Anxiety Disorders
South, M., Brewe, A. M., Kerns, C. M., & White, S. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med-psych/9780197516881.003.0006 · Cited by 1
Lehrer*innenemotionen und deren Regulation in der Elternberatung
Hagenauer, G., & Gastager, A. U. (2022) · doi:10.35468/jlb-02-2022-01
Amjad, A., Batool, I., Akhtar, N., Khan, M. Z., & Tariq, S. R. (2023) · Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences · doi:10.53350/pjmhs2023172145 · Cited by 1
The Effect of Emotion Regulation on Pupils’ Peer Relationships
Liu, Z. (2023) · BCP Education & Psychology · doi:10.54691/bcpep.v9i.4701 · Cited by 1
Sensation Seeking, Regulasi Emosi dan Bermain Violent Video Game Pada Remaja
Hanany, R. N. T., Nadjamuddin, L., Fakhri, N., et al. (2023) · Jurnal Minfo Polgan · doi:10.33395/jmp.v12i1.12333 · Cited by 1
The effect of online “Love and Care” self-compassion practice among Malaysian counselling students
Lim, M. J., & Tan, J. S. (2023) · Malaysian Journal of Society and Space · doi:10.17576/geo-2023-1902-07 · Cited by 2
The Impact of Public Health Emergencies on the Selective Attention of Healthy Individuals
郑, 燕. (2023) · Advances in Psychology · doi:10.12677/ap.2023.1310539 · Cited by 1
Putra, A. F. E., Rismawan, B., & Zulfariansyah, A. (2022) · Jurnal Anestesi Perioperatif · doi:10.15851/jap.v10n3.2607 · Cited by 1
La vulnerabilità cardiaca della donna agli stressor acuti: La sindrome Tako-tsubo
Compare, A., Grossi, E., Vanoli, E., Germani, E., Carniato, S., Covelli, V., & Leonardi, M. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-88-470-2080-1_16 · Cited by 1
Wright, T. A., & Lauer, T. L. (2014) · Well Being · doi:10.1002/9781118539415.wbwell025 · Cited by 1
Eddie, D. (2013) · Rutgers University Community Repository (Rutgers University) · doi:10.7282/t3t43rsg · Cited by 1
EFFECTS OF MINDFULNESS AND EXPERIENTIAL AVOIDANCE IN RESPONDING TO EMOTIONAL FILM CLIPS
Walsh, E. C. (2008) · UKnowledge (University of Kentucky) · Cited by 2
Abitan, A. (2012) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/a693abe4z766cz4659z962az4336b861dc38 · Cited by 1
“…et John (2012) ont montré récemment que les individus adoptant une stratégie de régulation émotionnelle basée sur la réévaluation de la situation (Gross, 2002 ; Gross & John, 2003) ressentent moins de dégoût et jugent moins durement l’événement immoral présenté (ex. manger son chien mort…”
BackgroundMajor, B., McRae, K., & Waugh, C. E. (2014) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e514472015-276 · Cited by 1
“39 eliciting social support, which often proves to be helpful for emotion regulation (Gross, 2002; Uchino, Cacioppo, & Kiecolt-Glaser, 1996).”
BackgroundVariables psicológicas relevantes en fibromialgia
López‐Chicheri, I. (2012) · Institutional Repository of the University of Granada (University of Granada) · Cited by 1
The Neural Correlates of Emotion Regulation
Tiernan, B. N. (2012) · doi:10.31274/etd-180810-1356 · Cited by 1
“Response-focused strategies are typically utilized once a response tendency has already been produced (Gross, 2001; Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialShahar, B. (2009) · UA Campus Repository (The University of Arizona) · Cited by 1
Johns, M. (2005) · UA Campus Repository (The University of Arizona) · Cited by 1
Emotion Regulation and Stress Reactivity in the Adolescent Daughters of Depressed Mothers
Foot, M. (2011) · uO Research (University of Ottawa) · doi:10.20381/ruor-4560 · Cited by 1
“…life and has farreaching implications in terms of social competence with peers and one’s ability to handle stress (Bell & Calkins, 2000; Eisenberg, Fabes, & Losoya, 1997; Gross, 2002; Martin & Dahlen, 2005; McCarthy et al, 2006): two factors that may be protective for girls at risk for depression.”
BackgroundSlavin‐Spenny, O. M. (2011) · Human Biology · Cited by 1
Emotions at Work: Leader Knowledge, Skills, and Abilities to Enhance Soldier Performance
Kaplan, S. A., Cortina, J. M., Ruark, G. A., Orvis, K. L., Engel, K., & Langkamer, K. L. (2012) · Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) · doi:10.21236/ada559313 · Cited by 2
“As such, the leader can help the employee reframe the event from aversive to beneficial to the individual and to the organization as a whole (Beck & Clark, 1997; Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundLaboratory Investigation of Mindfulness and Reappraisal As Emotion Regulation Strategies
Keng, S. (2013) · DukeSpace (Duke University) · Cited by 1
Emotions and Follower Behaviors in a Time of Crisis
Dixon, G. (2010) · SAE technical papers on CD-ROM/SAE technical paper series · doi:10.4271/2010-01-0681 · Cited by 1
Amen, A. M. (2008) · Cited by 1
Interactions between acute stress and financial decision-making
Porcelli, A. J. (2009) · Rutgers University Community Repository (Rutgers University) · doi:10.7282/t3q240g3 · Cited by 1
“It is possible that cognitive techniques, such as emotion regulation strategies (Gross, 2002), might be devised to aid an aware decision-maker in overcoming increased levels of bias resulting from stress.”
BackgroundFineman, S. L. (2008) · Cited by 1
Conceptualizing Quality of College Life
Cardona, L. A. (2014) · University of North Texas Digital Library (University of North Texas) · doi:10.12794/metadc699982 · Cited by 1
Emotional functioning in boys with ADHD: identifying risk factors for comorbid Conduct Disorder
Northover, C. (2015) · ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University) · Cited by 1
Focusing on somatic states of regulate emotion and genetic modulation
Murakami, H., Matsunaga, M., Ichikawa, N., & Ohira, H. (2009) · JAPANESE JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON EMOTIONS · doi:10.4092/jsre.17.19 · Cited by 1
“Suppression is well known as a maladaptive emotion regulation strategy which is associated with increased sympathetic activation of the cardiovascular system (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundConcept and Neurobiology of Social Cognition in Schizophrenia
Lee, S., Jeong, H.-T., & Lee, J. H. (2006) · Cited by 1
Harvey, J. (2015) · ResearchWorks at the University of Washington (University of Washington) · Cited by 1
O impacto da inteligência emocional nas atitudes e comportamentos dos colaboradores
Rocha, C. S. B. (2016) · Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT) · Cited by 1
Lightman, E. J. (2010) · SMARTech Repository (Georgia Institute of Technology) · Cited by 1
SPARK for Learning: Examining Emotion Regulation in Children with SLD
Bishop, J. A. (2015) · Libraries and Cultural Resources (University of Calgary) · doi:10.11575/prism/27842 · Cited by 1
The Relationships Among Anxiety, Experiential Avoidance, and Valuing in Daily Experiences
Boullion, G. Q. (2015) · ProQuest Demo Repository · Cited by 1
Emotion Regulation in Relation to Cognitive Functioning in the Preclinical Stages of Dementia
Meltzer, E. P. (2016) · CUNY Academic Works (City University of New York) · Cited by 1
Haller, S. (2016) · TSpace (University of Toronto) · Cited by 1
Meyer, L. (2016) · doi:10.33915/etd.6225 · Cited by 1
“Suppression of emotions reduces emotional expression (Gross, 2002) and involves more physiological arousal than the actual experiencing of emotions.”
BackgroundExamining the role of individual differences within the experience and expression of anger
Pease, C. R. (2016) · White Rose eTheses Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York) · Cited by 1
Forsyth, L. (2016) · Research Bank (Australian Catholic University) · doi:10.4226/66/5a9cc105b0baa · Cited by 1
“emotion may decrease behavioural expression, but often exacerbates the inner emotion experience (Gross, 2002; Hayes et al., 2012).”
BackgroundInfluentialThe Role of Negative Affectivity and Emotion Regulation in Reciprocal Incivility
Patterson, A. (2013) · The Atrium (University of Guelph) · Cited by 1
Shirazi, N. (2016) · TSpace (University of Toronto) · Cited by 1
Williams, C. L. (2016) · KU ScholarWorks (The University of Kansas) · Cited by 1
Emotion Regulation in the Obsessive‐Compulsive Spectrum Disorders
Napolitano, L. A. (2017) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118890233.ch64 · Cited by 1
Malooly, A. M. (2012) · Cited by 1
Implementation of a Brief Preventative Couples Intervention in a Primary Care Setting
Grinberg, A. M. (2017) · UA Campus Repository (The University of Arizona) · Cited by 1
Brockman, R. N. (2017) · Research Bank (Australian Catholic University) · doi:10.26199/5b84de1fbcf82 · Cited by 1
“A plethora of evidence exists suggesting general “adaptive” or “maladaptive” profiles for particular ER strategies depending on their association with emotional well-being outcomes (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundInfluentialThe assessment and treatment of sexual offenders with intellectual disability : new directions
Gray, E. (2018) · University of Birmingham Institutional Research Archive (University of Birmingham) · Cited by 1
A Multi-task Neural Approach for Emotion Attribution, Classification and SummarizationPreprint
Tu, G., Fu, Y., Li, B., et al. (2018) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1812.09041 · Cited by 1
“Recent psychological theories [18]–[20] suggest the range of emotions are far more varied than prescribed by previous theories due to the complex interaction between emotions and other cognitive processes and temporal succession of emotions.”
BackgroundThe case for strategic emotional intelligence: extension and test of a model
Bausseron, E. (2018) · The University of Queensland · doi:10.14264/uql.2018.352 · Cited by 1
Wolf, A. V. (2018) · Digital Commons - Columbia College Chicago (Columbia College Chicago) · Cited by 1
Reducing intrusive memories of real-world stimuli via memory reconsolidation
Marks, E. H. (2018) · ResearchWorks at the University of Washington (University of Washington) · Cited by 1
Fogleman, N. D. (2019) · ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository (University of Louisville) · doi:10.18297/etd/3288 · Cited by 1
“Broadly, emotion regulation is the ability to regulate physiological, behavioral, and emotional reactions to stimuli in order to meet the demands of a situation (Cole et al., 2004; Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundFord, B. Q. (2016) · eScholarship (California Digital Library) · Cited by 1
Anxiety and Depression from a Dynamic Systems PerspectivePreprint
Jeronimus, B. F. (2019) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/cdfby · Cited by 1
Abadi, D., Arnaldo, I., & Fischer, A. H. (2020) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/3vzu2 · Cited by 1
The Stories We Tell: Why Cognitive Distortions Matter for Leaders
Fernandez, K. C., Clerkin, C., & Ruderman, M. (2020) · doi:10.35613/ccl.2021.2045 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Gross, J. J.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Gross, James J.
- ORCID
- Gross, James J.
- Venue
- Psychophysiology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2002-05
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 281-291
- ISSN
- 0048-5772 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-8986
- OpenAlex
- W2128126978
- Cited by
- 4,890
- References
- 73
- Citations by year
- 2026: 341 · 2025: 492 · 2024: 315 · 2023: 314 · 2022: 321 · 2021: 315 · 2020: 273 · 2019: 267 · 2018: 276 · 2017: 254 · 2016: 226 · 2015: 232 · 2014: 233 · 2013: 228 · 2012: 179
- FWCI
- 5.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Psychophysiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH 58147)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- emotion regulation, cognitive reappraisal, expressive suppression, process model of emotion regulation, emotional experience, emotional expression, memory impairment, individual differences
- MeSH terms
- Affect, Cognition, Emotions, Humans, Psychophysiology, Social Behavior
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-01, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-01 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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