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Emotion regulation: affective, cognitive, and social consequences.
Open accessAbstract
One of life's great challenges is successfully regulating emotions. Do some emotion regulation strategies have more to recommend them than others? According to Gross's (1998, Review of General Psychology, 2, 271-299) process model of emotion regulation, strategies that act early in the emotion-generative process should have a different profile of consequences than strategies that act later on. This review focuses on two commonly used strategies for down-regulating emotion. The first, reappraisal, comes early in the emotion-generative process. It consists of changing the way a situation is construed so as to decrease its emotional impact. The second, suppression, comes later in the emotion-generative process. It consists of inhibiting the outward signs of inner feelings. Experimental and individual-difference studies find reappraisal is often more effective than suppression. Reappraisal decreases emotion experience and behavioral expression, and has no impact on memory. By contrast, suppression decreases behavioral expression, but fails to decrease emotion experience, and actually impairs memory. Suppression also increases physiological responding for suppressors and their social partners. This review concludes with a consideration of five important directions for future research on emotion regulation processes.
Checked 2026-10-05 · 1 reference not checked yet
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27 Own result · 22 Own interpretation · 13 No full text of the sources · 9 Sources not found · 6 No basis given · 3 Not checked yet · 2 Own method
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By contrast, suppression decreases behavioral expression, but fails to decrease emotion experience, and actually impairs memory.”
- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 4 · plain
“Also unlike suppression, reappraisal decreased disgust experience, whereas suppression had no effect on disgust experience.”
- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 5 · plain
“It is noteworthy that whereas suppressing negative emotionexpressive behavior has no discernible impact on negative emotion experience ~ e.g., disgust, sadness, embarrassment ! , suppressing positive emotion-expressive behavior does have an impact on positive emotion experience ~ e.g., amusement ! .”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 4 · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By contrast, reappraisal had no impact on verbal memory.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Relations between suppression and negative emotion expression also followed expectations, with suppression being associated with lesser negative emotion expressive behavior.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Reappraisal, by contrast, was associated with greater positive emotion experience and expression, and lesser negative emotion experience and expression.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Reappraisal decreases emotion experience and behavioral expression, and has no impact on memory.”
- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 4 · plain
“Also unlike suppression, reappraisal decreased disgust experience, whereas suppression had no effect on disgust experience.”
- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Individual-Difference Data · p. 5 · plain
“Reappraisal, by contrast, was associated with greater positive emotion experience and expression, and lesser negative emotion experience and expression.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 4 · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we found that individuals who scored higher on either of the two suppression scales reported having worse memory that those who scored lower on these suppression scales”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By contrast, suppression decreases behavioral expression, but fails to decrease emotion experience, and actually impairs memory.”
- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · hedged
“As predicted, results indicated that suppression led to reliable decrements ~ compared to the control condition ! in both objective memory and memory confidence ratings.”
- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · plain
“As predicted, suppression participants performed less well on the verbal memory test than control participants.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · hedged
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“They also performed worse on an objective memory test in which they were asked to recall events they had listed in a daily diary 1 week earlier.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Unlike suppression, however, reappraisal had no observable consequences in terms of sympathetic activation of the cardiovascular or electrodermal systems.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Importantly, suppression's effect on verbal memory was just as pronounced for the low-emotion as for the high-emotion slides, suggesting that it is the process of engaging in suppression that is cognitively costly, rather than the amount of emotion that is actually suppressed.”
plainn = 76- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- It may state two separate claims as one. 28
- Probably not a substantial claim. 6
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Table 1. Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression (Controlling for Neuroticism and Social Desirability)”
- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · plain
“| Self-reported | - .31 * | - .23 * | .09 |”
- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · plain
“| Objective | - .33 * | - .27 * | .05 |”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Findings regarding suppression and negative emotion experience were mixed, showing either no effects or positive effects, that is, the more individuals said they suppressed, the more negative emotion they said they felt.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In each case, suppression was associated with negative outcomes, whereas reappraisal was associated with positive outcomes.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Whereas suppress participants showed greater increases in sympathetic activation than watch or reappraise subjects, these latter two groups did not differ from one another.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In each case, suppression was associated with negative outcomes, whereas reappraisal was associated with positive outcomes.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Gross and Levenson ~ 1997 ! found a suppression effect for amusement experience both in a context that predominantly elicited amusement ~ an amusement film ! and in a context in which there were lower levels of amusement ~ a sadness film that evoked a bit of secondary amusement ! .”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Gross and Levenson, 1997 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As expected, suppression decreased nonemotional behavior, and no differences were found between suppress and watch subjects for any of the physiological or experiential variables.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Importantly, however, emotions do not force us to respond in certain ways, they only make it more likely we will do so.”
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Individuals with schizophrenia have decreased emotion-expressive behavior compared with controls, but comparable levels of emotion experience”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kring & Neale, 1996 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“reappraisal seems to decrease negative emotion experience and expression while either having no impact or actually increasing positive emotion experience and expression”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These latter changes cohere theoretically, and can be described in terms of 'increased sympathetic activation of the cardiovascular system.'”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Such monitoring requires a continual outlay of cognitive resources, reducing the resources available for processing events so that they can later be remembered.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Suppression requires self-monitoring and self-corrective action throughout an emotional event.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The logic of this comparative design hinges on the premise that whereas antecedent-focused forms of emotion regulation ~ such as reappraisal ! principally concern whether or not emotion response tendencies are triggered , response-focused strategies ~ such as suppression ! concern how emotion response tendencies are modulated once they have been triggered .”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Suppression also was associated with poorer social support and lesser use of instrumental and emotional social support coping.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Gross and John ~ in press !
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“reappraisal led to increased activation of lateral prefrontal regions important for cognitive control, and to decreases in activation of the amygdala and medial orbitofrontal cortex”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Ochsner, Bunge, Gross, & Gabrieli, 2002
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Patients with schizophrenia also have well-characterized deficits in social functioning, and lead those interacting with them to feel uncomfortable”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Krause, Steimer, Sanger-Alt, & Wagner, 1989 source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suppression seems to be a blunt instrument-one that decreases both negative and positive emotion-expressive behavior, thereby masking important social signals that would otherwise be available to social interaction partners”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the ongoing requirement of monitoring one's own facial expressions and vocal signals could distract the suppressing individual and make them less responsive to the emotional cues of their partner”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suggest that whereas suppression is cognitively costly, reappraisal is not”
- Also stated in: § Concluding Comment · p. 9 · hedged
“Suppression also consumes cognitive resources, impairing memory for information presented during the emotion regulation period. Reappraisal, by contrast, appears to have no such cognitive consequences.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The suppression and reappraisal constructs measured as habitual individual differences are the same constructs manipulated in the laboratory experiments.
- Also stated in: § Concluding Comment · p. 9 · hedged
In the paper
“Similarly, Harris ~ 2001 ! has found that suppressing visible signs of embarrassment leads to enhanced blood pressure responses, but does not affect emotion experience reports.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Harris, 2001 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Compared with the no soundtrack condition, participants who heard the soundtrack had lower skin conductance levels and more pleasant mood ratings.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Lazarus & Alfert, 1964 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Theorists since Darwin ~ 1872 0 1998 ! have maintained that emotionexpressive behavior plays an important role in facilitating social interactions.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Campos, Mumme, Kermoian, & Campos, 1994 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“over half of the nonsubstance related Axis I clinical disorders and all of the Axis II personality disorders involve some form of emotion dysregulation”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Gross & Levenson, 1997 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Individuals increase, maintain, and decrease negative and positive emotions ~ Parrott, 1993 ! .”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Parrott, 1993
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Suppression also increases electrodermal responding and blood pressure, and decreases finger pulse amplitude, finger temperature, and pulse transit times.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Gross, 1998a
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Gross & Levenson, 1993, 1997
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This would make costly self-regulation unnecessary, leaving memory intact.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Taken together, these findings concerning suppression suggest decreases in positive emotion experience, but the physiological effects of suppression are not clear.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suggesting that the cognitive costs of suppression are due to the verbal demands of self-instructions issued during the course of suppression ~ e.g., 'I need to keep my face still' ! .”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Suppression requires self-monitoring and self-corrective action throughout an emotional event.
In the paper
“Diverse forms of self-regulation result in similar kinds of 'ego depletion,' which suggests that a common resource may be consumed in diverse forms of regulation”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Baumeister, Bratslavsky, Muraven, & Tice, 1998 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suppression appears to have little impact on negative emotion experience, while decreasing positive emotion experience”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Suppression requires self-monitoring and self-corrective action throughout an emotional event.
“Suppression is a form of emotion regulation that requires selfmonitoring and self-corrective action throughout an emotional event.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Emotions involve coordinated behavioral, experiential, and physiological response tendencies.
“In either case, emotions call forth a coordinated set of behavioral, experiential, and physiological response tendencies that together influence how we respond to perceived challenges and opportunities.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The personal meaning assigned to a situation strongly influences which experiential, behavioral, and physiological response tendencies are generated.
“The personal meaning that is assigned to the situation is crucial because it powerfully influences which experiential, behavioral, and physiological response tendencies will be generated in that particular situation.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The suppression and reappraisal constructs measured as habitual individual differences are the same constructs manipulated in the laboratory experiments.
“These individual-difference findings converge with the results of our experimental studies, and suggest that whereas suppression is cognitively costly, reappraisal is not.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source doesn’t support the claim as written.
In the citing paper
“In the last two decades clinicians have shown that mindfulness training can improve emotional disorders [74] and negative mood [75] and reduce physiological responses such as skin conductance [76] and amygdala activity [67].”
From Mindful emotion regulation: Exploring the neurocognitive mechanisms behind mindfulness (2015) · cites this paper as [74]
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“some models of emotions distinguish between antecedent-focused and response-focused emotion regulation strategies, based on the differential processing of internal and external emotional cues [65–68].”
From The empirical status of the "new wave" of cognitive behavioral therapy (2010) · cites this paper as [66]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In addition, the recognition performance of emotional stimuli seems to be unaffected by emotional reappraisal (see [9,28] but see [29]), whereas suppression leads to impaired recognition [8,9].”
From Effects of differential strategies of emotion regulation (2019) · cites this paper as [9]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“We used similar instructions as Gross and colleagues to induce suppression (e.g., Gross & Levenson, 1997), and we replicated their earlier findings, suggesting that our experimental manipulation worked (Gross, 1998, 2002; Gross & Levenson, 1997).”
From How to handle anxiety: The effects of reappraisal, acceptance, and suppression strategies on anxious arousal (2009) · cites this paper as Gross, 2002
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Laboratory based studies of cognitive change report psychological benefits from instructing participants to reappraise emotional stimuli or tasks in a manner designed to diminish personal identification and increase objectivity before the individuals encounter the stimuli or task”
From United we stand: emphasizing commonalities across cognitive-behavioral therapies. (2013) · cites this paper as Gross, 2002
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“to achieve a common goal of behavioral adaptation, CBTs share change principles that target responding at different points along an emotional trajectory (Gross, 2002), including context engagement which can be seen as encompassing therapeutic processes of behavioral exposure and behavioral activation; attention change, which can be seen as encompassing therapeutic processes of attention training”
From United we stand: emphasizing commonalities across cognitive-behavioral therapies. (2013) · cites this paper as Gross, 2002
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Within this framework, the process model differentiates emotion regulation strategies according to the time they intervene in the unfolding emotional response: we can distinguish between antecedent-focused strategies, which are used before the emotion response tendencies become active, and response-focused strategies, which are used once the response tendencies are generated [56,60,61].”
From Interoceptive Ability and Emotion Regulation in Mind–Body Interventions: An Integrative Review (2024) · cites this paper as [60]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Cognitive reappraisal is an effective emotion regulation strategy (Gross, 2002), that has been demonstrated to facilitate emotion regulation in healthy and psychiatric cohorts.”
From Rt-fMRI neurofeedback-guided cognitive reappraisal training modulates amygdala responsivity in posttraumatic stress disorder (2020) · cites this paper as Gross, 2002
In the citing paper
“Emotion regulation therapy (ERT) is one approach to combining CBTs and MBIs that addresses sequencing by targeting the refractory negative emotionality and resulting negative self-referentiality that characterizes distress disorders [75] by first addressing attention change techniques”
From All together now: utilizing common functional change principles to unify cognitive behavioral and mindfulness-based therapies (2019) · cites this paper as [81]
In the citing paper
“Taken together, this suggests that the generation of compassion in response to distressing situations is distinct from other emotion regulation strategies, such as suppression or reappraisal, which involve an active downregulation of negative affect (Gross, 2002).”
From Differential pattern of functional brain plasticity after compassion and empathy training (2014) · cites this paper as Gross, 2002
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Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Social Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 7
“We asked unacquainted pairs of women to watch an upsetting film, and then discuss their reactions ~ Butler, Egloff, Wilhelm, Smith, & Gross, 2002 ! .”
§ REFERENCES · p. 10
“Butler, E. A., Egloff, B., Wilhelm, F. H., Smith, N. C., & Gross, J. J. ~ 2001 ! . The social consequences of emotion regulation . Manuscript under review.”
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 3,101–3,200 of 4,870
Yan, P., Jin, Y., & Suh, K. (2025) · Psychology of Music · doi:10.1177/03057356251365184 · Cited by 2
“One possible explanation lies in Gross’s process model of emotion regulation (Gross, 2002), which posits that the ability to regulate emotions depends not only on awareness of one’s emotions but also on the strategies employed to manage them.”
InfluentialQueueing for Civility: User Perspectives on Regulating Emotions in Online Conversations
Verma, A., Islam, S. N., Moghaddam, V., & Anwar, A. (2025) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2025.2561180 · Cited by 2
“Research indicates that self-reflection can enhance emotional awareness, reduce impulsivity, and facilitate thoughtful decision-making [Gross 2002], [Upadhyaya 2020].”
Morton, L. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197804995.001.0001 · Cited by 3
Wang, C., Liu, L., & Liu, M. (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-24650-8 · Cited by 3
“Emotion regulation theory posits that individuals engage in behaviors to modulate their emotional experiences, thereby reducing negative affect and enhancing positive affect [25].”
Li, T., Han, J., Wan, Z., Pan, X., Li, R., & Chunyan, Y. (2025) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs15101386 · Cited by 2
“This finding aligns with Gross’s emotion regulation theory (Gross, 2002; Gross & John, 2003), highlighting cognitive reappraisal as a protective mechanism.”
Ungureanu, F. A., Parnes, M. F., Superka, J. E., Hasson‐Ohayon, I., Figueroa-Restrepo, C., Maya, M., Romero, S. A., Jiwani, Z., Horesh, D., & Brown, A. D. (2025) · Psychiatry Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.psycom.2025.100233 · Cited by 2
Effects of Reappraisal and Self-Compassion Expressive Writing on Emotion Regulation
Jacques, T., & Alves, R. A. (2025) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1177/17470218251392569 · Cited by 3
“Cognitive reappraisal (Gross, 2002) can be defined as a positive change in the evaluation of stressors and/of the self (Lu & Stanton, 2010), and a possible pathway to reduce the impact of stress and produce beneficial effects through expressive writing (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984).”
A systematic review investigating the link between social cognition and self-awareness in adults
Despres, M., Bertrand, E., Dijoux, C., Piolino, P., & Narme, P. (2025) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2025.103945 · Cited by 3
Bodily Realities in Digital Journalism: The Role of User-Generated Content in Embodied Witnessing
Qu, R., Zhang, R., & Xu, J. (2025) · Journalism Studies · doi:10.1080/1461670x.2025.2581572 · Cited by 2
“…Van Couvering, and Lindell 2022; Wardle and Derakhshan 2017)—and emotional resonance, evaluated across emotion type, intensity, expression modes, and audience response, based on Gross’s emotion regulation theory and Brandtzaeg et al.’s analytical framework (Brandtzaeg et al. 2016; Gross 2002).”
Cheah, W., Bono, S. A., Karpudewan, M., & Samsurijan, M. S. (2025) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2025.102844 · Cited by 3
Navigating conflicting accountabilities: Post-maternity re-entry transitions in India
Gupta, R., Sharma, T., & Bisht, N. S. (2025) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2025.104193 · Cited by 2
Yang, Y., Ji, T., Liu, Y. H., Tian, M., Yang, Y., Zhang, Y., & Lin, L. (2025) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs15111517 · Cited by 2
“Cognitive reappraisal involves changing one’s interpretation of emotional events, whereas expressive suppression involves inhibiting ongoing emotional expressive behaviors (Gross, 1998b, 2002).”
Zhan, W. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1611657 · Cited by 2
“Gross (2002) proposed that while self-efficacy can equip individuals to confront challenges, a deficiency in emotional regulation skills or resilience might impede their well-being.”
Chen, Y.-E., & Lai, L.-Y. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1607544 · Cited by 2
“Individuals with a high level of self-acceptance tend to have an objective understanding of themselves (Neff, 2003), and they can present themselves appropriately, rationally control their emotions (Gross, 2010), and appropriately regulate their level of social anxiety.”
Domic‐Siede, M., Figueroa-Cuevas, J., Leiva-Cortés, K., López, D., Guzmán‐González, M., Lau-Lemus, T., Hernández, S., Ortiz, R., González, L., & Silva, J. R. (2026) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2026.1742378 · Cited by 3
“Cognitive change includes cognitive reap-praisal, which involves reframing an emotion-eliciting situation to alter its emotional impact (Gross, 2002; Uusberg et al., 2014).”
Deng, X. N., & Chen, J. (2025) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs16010038 · Cited by 3
“Improved emotion regulation capacity also helps mitigate the erosive impact of negative emotions on well-being (Gross, 2002).”
Spiteri, J. (2025) · Environmental Education Research · doi:10.1080/13504622.2025.2609196 · Cited by 3
Wang, X. N., & Niu, J. (2025) · Behavioral Psychology/Psicología Conductual · doi:10.31083/bp44067 · Cited by 2
Guo, J., Pan, Y., Zhao, Y., Liu, J., & Ye, Y. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1708381 · Cited by 2
Zhao, Z., Li, Z., Wen, P., & Wu, J. (2026) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-26033-5 · Cited by 5
“In this process, regular and sustained engagement in physical activity can reduce individuals’ attention to and experience of negative emotions through mechanisms such as attentional distraction and cognitive reappraisal, thus improving emotional well-being [27, 41].”
Allaert, J., Raedt, R. D., & Vanderhasselt, M. (2026) · Brain stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2026.103094 · Cited by 3
Zhang, L., Sun, L., Chen, H., & Jiang, C. (2026) · Asia-Pacific Journal of Teacher Education · doi:10.1080/1359866x.2026.2660232 · Cited by 2
“This foundational definition establishes that emotion regulation strategies are not separate from emotional labour but constitute the mechanisms through which emotional labour is performed (Grandey, 2000; Gross, 2002).”
Aljaberi, M. A. A., Sabah, A., Lin, Y.-C., Lin, C.-Y., Alseaghi, M. H., & Mazruii, A. A. A. (2026) · European Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1080/17405629.2026.2650278 · Cited by 2
“By reframing the emotional meaning of situations, CR preserves cognitive resources necessary for emotional clarity and reflective processing (Gross, 1998, 2002, 2015; Gross & John, 2003).”
Méndez, M. D. C. L., Wegmann, E., Müller, S. M., Padrón, I., Marrero, R. J., & Brand, M. (2026) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-026-01695-3 · Cited by 2
Bewältigungsverhalten in Notfallsituationen aus klinisch-psychologischer Perspektive
Kleim, B., Ehring, T. W., Scheel, C. N., Becker-Asano, C., Nebel, B., & Tuschen‐Caffier, B. (2012) · Zeitschrift für Klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie · doi:10.1026/1616-3443/a000155 · Cited by 2
Mashhadi, A., Ghasempour, A., Akbari, E., Ilbeygi, R., & hasanzade, S. (2013) · Cited by 2
Comparison of Emotional Experience and Emotional Expressivity of Patients with Schizophrenia
고윤화, & Oh, S.-W. (2012) · The Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.15842/kjcp.2012.31.1.009 · Cited by 2
A Computational Cognitive Model of Self-monitoring and Decision Making for Desire Regulation
Abro, A. H., & Jan Treur, A. (2017) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-70772-3_3 · Cited by 2
“Similar strategies are also known from approaches to emotion regulation such as [9, 29].”
Background유금란, & 강수정 (2016) · Korea Journal of Counseling · doi:10.15703/kjc.17.4.201608.275 · Cited by 2
The Effect of Using Collage in Temporary Art Therapy for Adolescents with Conduct Disorders
Kim, S.-A., & 권영란 (2012) · 미술치료연구 · doi:10.35594/kata.2012.19.6.007 · Cited by 2
Jo, H.-I., & Lee, M. (2012) · The Korea Journal of Youth Counseling · doi:10.35151/kyci.2012.20.1.006 · Cited by 2
Az Érzelemszabályozás és az érzelmi intelligencia kapcsolata kognitív átkeretezési feladatban
Barbara, B., Tamás, B., & Anita, D. (2017) · Magyar Pszichológiai Szemle · doi:10.1556/0016.2017.72.4.3 · Cited by 1
Prevalence of Shukra vega dharana in an Indian population: A cross sectional survey protocol
Tonde, S. S., Gandhi, M., & Patil, Y. (2018) · Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.jaim.2017.12.003 · Cited by 3
Lee, M., & Kim, K.-M. (2017) · Korea Journal of Counseling · doi:10.15703/kjc.18.2.201704.41 · Cited by 2
Theatrical Activities in Primary School: Effects on Children’s Emotion Regulation and Bullying
Maierna, M. S., & Camodeca, M. (2019) · International Journal of Bullying Prevention · doi:10.1007/s42380-019-00057-z · Cited by 2
“It refers to the ability to manage how emotions are expressed and the intensity and duration of the level of arousal (Gross 2002).”
BackgroundEmotional Regulation Strategies and Problem-Solving Ability among the Gifted Students in Jeddah
Basyouni, S. S. (2019) · Journal of King Abdulaziz University Arts and Humanities · doi:10.4197/art.27-4.3 · Cited by 2
Cognition and Emotion: The Cognitive Regulation of Emotions : A Review
Khatibi, M., & Yousefi, F. (2015) · International Journal of Indian Psychology · doi:10.25215/0204.060 · Cited by 2
“: A Review Mina Khatibi1, Dr. Farideh Yousefi2 Keywords: Cognition, Emotion One of life's great challenges is successfully regulating emotions (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundSeyedfatemi, N., Khalaji, M., & Haghan., S. H. (2020) · Military Caring Sciences · doi:10.29252/mcs.7.3.189 · Cited by 2
The role of two emotion regulation tendencies across two waiting periods
Knapp, S. E., Wilson, M., & Sweeny, K. M. (2021) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-021-09869-3 · Cited by 2
“Research on the ER tendencies toward cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression has painted a fairly clear picture thus far: Reappraisal is largely adaptive, and expressive suppression is largely maladaptive (Gross 1998, 2002; John and Gross 2004; cf. Bonanno and Burton 2013; Soto et al.”
BackgroundDevelopmental Psychopathology and Emotional Regulation
Resch, F., & Parzer, P. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-69955-0_3 · Cited by 2
PATRONES EMOCIONALES DE LA INTERACCIÓN EN LA PRÁCTICA DEL YOGA EN CONTEXTOS EDUCACIONALES CHILENOS
Salinas, Y. M. (2018) · Cultura y religión · doi:10.61303/07184727.v12i2.829 · Cited by 2
“Las investigaciones de Fernando Robles (2002; 2000), orientadas a producir diálogos entre Garfinkel, Goffman y Luhmann, nos han permitido pensar que las expresiones somáticas (“cerrar los ojos”, “profusión del habla”, en lo que han señalado algunos sujetos) conforman insumos informativos en lo concerniente a la dispos…”
BackgroundThe Relationship between Emotional Regulation and Depression among Adolescent in Bangladesh
Tanni, K. T., Zainudin, Z. N., Hassan, S. A., & Yusop, Y. M. (2021) · International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences · doi:10.6007/ijarbss/v11-i8/10616 · Cited by 2
CELİK, Y., & Ayna, Y. E. (2021) · Uluslararası Anadolu Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi · doi:10.47525/ulasbid.999708 · Cited by 3
Affect regulation as a moderator of intentions for breast cancer chemoprevention
Conley, C. C., Agnese, D. M., Vadaparampil, S. T., O’Neill, S. C., & Andersen, B. L. (2022) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-022-00289-3 · Cited by 2
“Affect regulation is the attempt to alter or control one’s mood or emotional state so as to maximize pleasant experiences and minimize unpleasant ones (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundResultBrondolo, E. N., Keating, L., Crete, A., Kaur, A., Randrianarivony, R., Statman, D., Schwartz, J. E., Basello, G., & Roth, A. R. (2022) · Palliative & Supportive Care · doi:10.1017/s1478951522000219 · Cited by 2
Javid, M., Mohammadi, N., Rahimi, C., & Hadianfard, H. (2021) · Quarterly Journal of Child Mental Health · doi:10.52547/jcmh.8.3.8 · Cited by 2
Love Concepts, Their Diverse Contents, and Definitions
Karandashev, V. N. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-05343-6_1 · Cited by 2
Examining the Factor Structure of the Posttraumatic Checklist for Civilians
Youngren, W. A., Balderas, J. C., Reis, D. J., & Hamilton, N. A. (2022) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/00332941221139708 · Cited by 2
“This aligns with previous psychopathology research that de fi nes suppression as the conscious effort to reduce the experience of unwanted emotions, feelings, or thoughts (Gross, 2002).”
ResultZyberaj, J., & Bakaç, C. (2022) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs12120473 · Cited by 6
Grala, K. (2022) · International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics · doi:10.1080/10803548.2022.2156095 · Cited by 9
“Another strategy is emotional suppression [34],which involvesnot showingnegative emotional reactions at the level of the body, facial expressions and language, which is necessary in some professions (e.”
BackgroundDas, R. (2016) · International Journal of Indian Psychology · doi:10.25215/1004.001 · Cited by 2
Shen, X., Wu, Y., & Wang, X. (2023) · Lecture notes in business information processing · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-32302-7_21 · Cited by 2
Garcia-Blanc, N., Senar, F., Ros‐Morente, A., & Guiu, G. F. (2023) · Revista de Psicodidáctica · doi:10.1016/j.psicod.2023.05.002 · Cited by 6
ILDIZ, G. İ., & Ayhan, A. B. (2023) · Kafkas Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi · doi:10.56597/kausbed.1319167 · Cited by 2
Development and Validation of the High Performance Volleyball Self-Efficacy Scale
Machado, T. D. A., Balaguer, I., Prado‐Gascó, V., et al. (2023) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.1177/00315125231191155 · Cited by 2
Hoffmann, J. D., France, K. D., Seibyl, J. P., Orleck-Jetter, R., Gualda, R. C., & Brackett, M. A. (2023) · Thinking Skills and Creativity · doi:10.1016/j.tsc.2023.101377 · Cited by 3
Paoletti, P., Perasso, G. F., Lillo, C., Serantoni, G., Maculan, A., Vianello, F., & Giuseppe, T. D. (2023) · Journal of Offender Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/10509674.2023.2246449 · Cited by 2
Anselmi, A., Cordero, S., Ball, D. C., & Hofmann, S. G. (2023) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-023-01166-z · Cited by 3
“…refers to the process by which people influence their own emotional experiences or those of others, affecting the intensity, duration and/or valence of the emo - tion and implying the maintenance, decrease or increase of emotional states (Gross, 2002; Hofmann, 2016; Naragon-Gainey et al., 2017).”
Hadi, S. A. A., Kaba, A., & Ellala, Z. K. (2023) · Journal of Higher Education Theory and Practice · doi:10.33423/jhetp.v23i15.6410 · Cited by 2
“…unconsciously when the faculty member directs his/her attention away from the stimulus that causes frustration; Emotion regulation may be beneficial when employing effective regulating strategies, while using inappropriate emotion regulation strategies may lead to negative outcomes (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundYıldız, M. A., & Uslu, O. (2023) · Educational Process International Journal · doi:10.22521/edupij.2023.124.5 · Cited by 3
“Basically, emotion regulation happens through a change of perspectives towards an individuals’ experiences and emotions (Gross, 1999, 2002 2015; Sheppes & Gross, 2012).”
InfluentialGuerrero-Mayorga, D., & Gómez‐Peresmitré, G. (2023) · Revista Iberoamericana de Diagnóstico y Evaluación - e Avaliação Psicológica · doi:10.21865/ridep70.4.14 · Cited by 2
Negative Feedback, Emotion Regulation, and Task Performance: A Moderated Mediation Model
Harati, H., Ashkanasy, N. M., & Amirzadeh, M. (2024) · Research on emotion in organizations · doi:10.1108/s1746-979120240000019006 · Cited by 2
Predictors of work engagement in professional musicians during the COVID-19 pandemic
Rucsanda, M. D., Radu-Giurgiu, C., Belibou, A., & Cazan, A. (2024) · Psychology of Music · doi:10.1177/03057356231211812 · Cited by 2
“Therefore, cognitive reappraisal prevents the emergence and development of negative emotions (Gross, 2002) and can act as a buffer against the unwanted impact of qualitative job insecurity on work engagement (Vîrg ă , 2017).”
Improv Intervention for Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms: A Pilot Study from Turkey
Kozak, E. D., Halimoğlu, G., & Kavakçı, Ö. (2024) · Journal of Creativity in Mental Health · doi:10.1080/15401383.2024.2319825 · Cited by 3
“Gross (2002) suggests that suppressing emotional expressions, either verbally or behaviorally, is maladaptive for well-being.”
Personality organisation and the tendency to rumination in a group of alcohol-dependent persons
Szatkowska, K., & Czerwińska, A. (2023) · Psychiatria i Psychologia Kliniczna · doi:10.15557/pipk.2023.0032 · Cited by 2
Ziwei, Z. H. A. N., Mengmeng, W. A. N. G., Tao, S. U. O., & Jiang, Y. (2024) · Advances in Psychological Science · doi:10.3724/sp.j.1042.2024.00928 · Cited by 4
Austin, T. A., Smith, J. A., Rabin, B. A., Lindamer, L. A., Pittman, J. O. E., Justice, S., Twamley, E. W., & Lantrip, C. (2024) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/48525 · Cited by 4
“Less effective regulation strategies, such as rumination (eg, perseverative thought processes focusing on negative content) [18] and suppression (inhibiting the outward signs of inner feelings), are suggested to be cognitively taxing, thus diminishing cognitive resources [19].”
BackgroundNegri, A. A. M., Barazzetti, A., Rinzivillo, A., Mariani, R., & Monte, C. D. (2024) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph21040508 · Cited by 2
“• Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ) [53,54].”
Emotion regulation strategies and perceived emotional intelligence: The effect of age.
Sepiadou, I. (2024) · Adultspan Journal · doi:10.33470/2161-0029.1159 · Cited by 1
Gruber, M. E., Diaz, Y. V., Schroeder, B. L., et al. (2024) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-60609-0_11 · Cited by 2
Cai, Y., She, X., Singh, M. K., Wang, H., Wang, M., Abbey, C., Rozelle, S., & Tong, L. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.05.149 · Cited by 2
“Moreover, previous research posits the “ p ” factor as representing high neuroticism and a deficit in emotional impulse control (Carver et al., 2017; Gross, 2002).”
Özdemir, A., Mutlu, A. K., & TÖNBÜL, Ö. (2024) · Shanlax International Journal of Education · doi:10.34293/education.v12is1-june.7393 · Cited by 2
“Emotions form the coordination of behavioral sequences, experiences, and psychological response tendencies, and they strongly influence how we respond to events, including how we respond to challenges and opportunities (Gross, 2002; Smith & Lazarus, 1990).”
BackgroundValidasi Modul Pelatihan Regulasi Emosi Untuk Siswa SMP
Fitriani, Y., & Gina, F. (2024) · JURNAL BIMBINGAN DAN KONSELING AR-RAHMAN · doi:10.31602/jbkr.v10i1.14699 · Cited by 2
“Regulasi emosi adalah strategi yang meliputi kesadaran dan ketidaksadaran agar komponen emosi dan komponen lainnya, berupa perasaan, perilaku, dan fisiologis dapat dinaikkan, dipelihara, dan diturunkan (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundDoes Gamified Breath-Biofeedback Promote Adherence, Relaxation, and Skill Transfer in the Wild?
Silva, D. R. D. C., & Gutiérrez‐Osuna, R. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing · doi:10.1109/taffc.2024.3428390 · Cited by 3
“First, it allows users to become more aware of their body, an important aspect of self-regulation [7] known as in-teroceptive awareness [8].”
The ineffective emotion regulation of deaf college students: an ERP study
Dong, Q., Sun, L., & Du, X. (2024) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2024.1445397 · Cited by 3
“Previous studies focused on the two most common and valuable strategies for emotion reduction: cognitive reappraisal and expression suppression (Ding et al., 2021; Gross, 2002; Kobylinska and Kusev, 2019).”
BackgroundWhat Role Does Emotional Intelligence Play among Emotion Regulation Strategies, Guilt, and Shame?
Xu, Y. (2024) · International Journal of Education and Humanities · doi:10.54097/kb8jh263 · Cited by 2
The interplay of negative urgency and cognitive reappraisal in couples' communication conflict
Poole, E. J., Broos, H. C., Timpano, K. R., & Doss, B. D. (2024) · Journal of Marital and Family Therapy · doi:10.1111/jmft.12742 · Cited by 5
Self-Immersed Expressive Writing Increases LF/HF Ratio and Decreases Expressive Suppression
Jacques, T., & Alves, R. A. (2024) · Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1027/0269-8803/a000334 · Cited by 3
de Carvalho, C. M. S., Pinto, A., Pinedo, B., Oliveira, S. A. D. S., Gondim, S. M. G., Carlotto, M. S., & de Moura, R. C. (2024) · Social Sciences · doi:10.3390/socsci13100544 · Cited by 7
Liu, Y., Shangguan, Z., Tapus, A., et al. (2024) · International Conference on Intelligent Human-Machine Systems and Cybernetics · doi:10.1109/ihmsc62065.2024.00039 · Cited by 2
“The haptic channel is one of the most promising areas where tactile information, especially emotion information, can be touched and felt by hands and other body parts [1] [2] [3] [4].”
BackgroundBenedict, C., Nouriani, B., Neri, E., Miller, K., Kurian, A. W., Gross, J. J., & Spiegel, D. (2024) · Cancer Medicine · doi:10.1002/cam4.70357 · Cited by 4
Self-citationSubjective affective experience under threat is shaped by environmental affordances
Qi, S., Nielson, D. M., Marcotulli, D., Pine, D. S., & Stringaris, A. K. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0310359 · Cited by 5
“Some approaches to emotion emphasize hedonic emotion regulation [14].”
Understanding the mediator and moderator role of digital citizenship on cyber harassment
Macharia, M., & Dunaway, M. (2025) · Information Technology and People · doi:10.1108/itp-05-2022-0376 · Cited by 2
Zhao, Y., Keyong, Z., Haixin, X., et al. (2025) · International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics · doi:10.1080/10803548.2024.2430112 · Cited by 2
“It is linked to a range of developmental outcomes, including social interactions, social abilities, social adaptation and psychological well-being [11,12].”
Cojean, S., Deperrois, R., Taillandier‐Schmitt, A., & Combalbert, N. (2025) · Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology · doi:10.1007/s11896-025-09732-y · Cited by 2
“Cognitive regulation of emotions, a process of influencing an emotion (Gross 1998), is a conscious or uncon-scious, automatic or controlled action that moderates an emotion (Gross 2002).”
Enhancing Leadership Through Mindfulness and Emotional Intelligence
Ravikumar, M., & Muralidharan, S. (2025) · Advances in human resources management and organizational development book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-7066-7.ch002 · Cited by 2
Orphal, L., & Pinquart, M. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1506051 · Cited by 2
“…may serve the purpose of suppressing unpleasant emotions early-on via antecedent-focused strategies like reappraisal, downplaying or ignoring information (Gross, 2002), this needs to be tested in future studies, as our experimental design would not be able to capture such relationships.”
The power of self-forgiveness: the dual impact of shame on creativity
Ye, T., & Su, H. (2025) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-025-02532-3 · Cited by 2
“Similarly, the emotion regulation process model suggests that in negative emotional states, individuals may be motivated to restore emotional balance [12, 13].”
Chen, Y., Li, D., Liu, Y., & Yin, H. (2025) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2025.2470854 · Cited by 3
“CR and ES are two common strategies for regulating emotions (Gross, 2002).”
Examining the Role of Self-Construal on Cybersecurity Attitudes and Perceptions of Vulnerability
Supti, T. I., Khan, K. M., Yankouskaya, A., Abuelezz, I., Barhamgi, M., Erbad, A., & Ali, R. (2025) · Journal of Applied Security Research · doi:10.1080/19361610.2025.2466000 · Cited by 2
Yin, F., Jiang, W., Huo, S., Jin, X., Li, M., Liu, L., & Cao, J. (2025) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-025-06803-6 · Cited by 3
“Richards and Gross noted that rumination depletes psychological resources, impairing self-emotion regulation [30], which results in irrational decisions and negative coping strategies, such as NSSI [31].”
Lu, Y., Jiang, M., Cui, C., Xia, B., Skitmore, M., & Liu, Y. (2025) · Energy Strategy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.esr.2025.101741 · Cited by 2
Psoriasis and Emotional Dysregulation: A Multicenter Analysis of Psychodermatology Outcomes
Samela, T., Moretta, G., Provini, A., et al. (2025) · Dermatology Practical & Conceptual · doi:10.5826/dpc.1502a4644 · Cited by 2
“Emotional regulation is a construct that refers to the processes by which individuals appraise, label, regulate, display, and experience their emotions [16]: the absence of any of these skills may indicate difficulties in emotional regulation [14].”
Karababa, A. (2025) · The Journal of General Psychology · doi:10.1080/00221309.2025.2502333 · Cited by 5
“Examples include expressive suppression (Gross, 2002).”
Turnbull, K., Orr, C., & Cruz, S. (2025) · Journal of Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1080/20445911.2025.2507017 · Cited by 2
“Gross (2002) model of emotion regulation identifies two main strategies: cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression.”
Camia, M., Ciaramidaro, A., Benassi, E., Giovagnoli, S., Angelini, D., Rubichi, S., & Scorza, M. (2025) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare13101211 · Cited by 4
“Emotion regulation refers to the processes by which individuals modulate their affective experiences using cognitive, behavioral, interpersonal, and intrapersonal strategies [3].”
Ricci, V., Muzio, I. D., Gianluca, M., et al. (2025) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2025.06.025 · Cited by 2
Zheng, G., Sheng, J., Wang, H., & Xu, Z. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1631792 · Cited by 9
“This ability to regulate emotions more effectively is linked to better mental health outcomes, as individuals who engage in cognitive reappraisal tend to experience lower levels of depression, anxiety, and overall distress (40).”
Murgueitio, N., Trueba, A. F., & Pluck, G. C. (2025) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2025.108430 · Cited by 3
Impact of Emotional Intelligence and Leadership Styles on Employees' Job Performance: A Review Paper
Htun, S. S., Chakkaravarthy, M., & Bhaumik, A. (2025) · Journal of Multidisciplinary Research for SMET (JMR-SMET) · doi:10.64297/jmrsmet.v1i1.3 · Cited by 4
Metadata
- Authors
- Gross, J. J.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Gross, James J.
- ORCID
- Gross, James J.
- Venue
- Psychophysiology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2002-05
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 281-291
- ISSN
- 0048-5772 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-8986
- OpenAlex
- W2128126978
- Cited by
- 4,890
- References
- 73
- Citations by year
- 2026: 341 · 2025: 492 · 2024: 315 · 2023: 314 · 2022: 321 · 2021: 315 · 2020: 273 · 2019: 267 · 2018: 276 · 2017: 254 · 2016: 226 · 2015: 232 · 2014: 233 · 2013: 228 · 2012: 179
- FWCI
- 5.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Psychophysiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH 58147)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- emotion regulation, cognitive reappraisal, expressive suppression, process model of emotion regulation, emotional experience, emotional expression, memory impairment, individual differences
- MeSH terms
- Affect, Cognition, Emotions, Humans, Psychophysiology, Social Behavior
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