The pattern of evolution in Pleistocene human brain size.
Abstract
With a sample of 94 Pleistocene cranial capacities between the time period of 1.8 Ma and 50 Ka now known, we consider the evolution of cranial capacity in Homo, with the null hypothesis that the changes over time are a result of one process. We employ a new method that uses a resampling approach to address the limitations imposed on the methods of previous studies. To test the null hypothesis, we examine the distribution of changes in adjacent temporal samples and ask whether there are differences between earlier and later samples. Our analyses do not reject the hypothesis of a single process of brain size change, but they are incompatible with an interpretation of punctuated equilibrium during this period. The results of this paper are difficult to reconcile with the case for cladogenesis in the Homo lineage during the Pleistocene.
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Adjacent basins can show different redox histories, and the oxic chemocline often shoaled during sea-level transgressions.
“Adjacent basins can show different redox histories, and the oxic chemocline often shoaled during sea-level transgressions (75,80).”
From Integrated records of environmental change and evolution challenge the Cambrian Explosion (2019) · cites this paper as [75]
Extensive ocean oxygenation occurred coincident with the end of the Shuram event, ca. 560-551 Ma.
“Extensive ocean oxygenation is argued to have occurred coincident with the end of the Shuram event, ca. 560-551 Ma (see review of 75).”
From Integrated records of environmental change and evolution challenge the Cambrian Explosion (2019) · cites this paper as [75]
Records from the open oceanic Laurentian margin (632-540 Ma), the Nama Group (~550-538 Ma), and the variably restricted Yangtze Block (635-520 Ma), all show continued redox instability after the first fossil evidence for (probable) metazoans.
“Records from the open oceanic Laurentian margin (632-540 Ma), the Nama Group (~550-538 Ma), and the variably restricted Yangtze Block (635-520 Ma), all show continued redox instability after the first fossil evidence for (probable) metazoans (see review of 75).”
From Integrated records of environmental change and evolution challenge the Cambrian Explosion (2019) · cites this paper as [75]
There is growing evidence for the existence of Oxygen Minimum Zones (OMZs) in early Cambrian basins.
“There is growing evidence for the existence of OMZs in early Cambrian basins (75-77).”
From Integrated records of environmental change and evolution challenge the Cambrian Explosion (2019) · cites this paper as [75]
Individual marine basins continued to record unstable redox conditions over short timescales well into the Cambrian, with dominantly ferruginous and even euxinic conditions particularly in shelf and slope environments.
“Individual marine basins continued to record unstable redox conditions over short timescales well into the Cambrian, with dominantly ferruginous and even euxinic conditions particularly in shelf and slope environments (e.g. 40,75,76,80).”
From Integrated records of environmental change and evolution challenge the Cambrian Explosion (2019) · cites this paper as [75]
A steady increase in brain size independent of body size followed the second changepoint and lasted through the Pleistocene.
“A steady increase in brain size-independent of body size-followed and lasted through the Pleistocene (Ruff et al., 1997;Lee and Wolpoff, 2003;Rightmire, 2004;Hawks, 2011).”
From When and Why Did Human Brains Decrease in Size? A New Change-Point Analysis and Insights From Brain Evolution in Ants (2021) · cites this paper as Lee and Wolpoff, 2003
The most basal node in Cetacea included in the phylogeny was probably predominantly aquatic but capable of some terrestrial locomotion.
“The most basal node in Cetacea included in our phylogeny (node 2) was probably predominantly aquatic but, like Dalanistes and Rodhocetus (Gingerich 2003), capable of some terrestrial locomotion.”
From THE EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY OF CETACEAN BRAIN AND BODY SIZE: CETACEAN BRAIN EVOLUTION (2013) · cites this paper as Gingerich 2003
Comparison of Mistaken Point communities with modern deep-sea benthic slope metazoan communities found that they exhibited similar levels of ecosystem complexity in terms of species richness, abundance, diversity values and spatial patterns.
“Comparison of Mistaken Point communities with modern deep-sea benthic slope metazoan communities found that they exhibited similar levels of ecosystem complexity (in terms of species richness, abundance, diversity values and spatial patterns; Clapham et al., 2003).”
From Remarkable insights into the paleoecology of the Avalonian Ediacaran macrobiota (2015) · cites this paper as Clapham et al., 2003
Variability in community composition is significantly lower within individual surfaces than between surfaces.
“Bray-Curtis similarity analysis has further shown that variability in community composition is significantly lower within individual surfaces (e.g. three different outcrops of the 'E' Surface) than between surfaces (Clapham et al., 2003).”
From Remarkable insights into the paleoecology of the Avalonian Ediacaran macrobiota (2015) · cites this paper as Clapham et al., 2003
Analysis of thin sections through the studied bedding planes revealed no variability in sedimentological texture or composition, and a purely taphonomic explanation for observed community composition can be refuted by PCA, DCA, and NMDS ordinations.
“Analysis of thin sections through the studied bedding planes revealed no variability in sedimentological texture or composition (Clapham et al., 2003), whilst a purely taphonomic explanation for observed community composition can be refuted by principal components analysis (PCA), detrended correspondence analysis (DCA), and non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) ordinations (Clapham et al., 2”
From Remarkable insights into the paleoecology of the Avalonian Ediacaran macrobiota (2015) · cites this paper as Clapham et al., 2003
Evidence for lateral competition is limited, with only 2 out of 32 possible pairs of taxa at Mistaken Point showing signs of spatial segregation, and only two taxa showing intraspecific spatial segregation.
“In contrast to the vertical tiering, evidence for lateral competition is limited, with only 2 out of 32 possible pairs of taxa at Mistaken Point showing signs of spatial segregation, and only two taxa showing intraspecific spatial segregation (Clapham et al., 2003).”
From Remarkable insights into the paleoecology of the Avalonian Ediacaran macrobiota (2015) · cites this paper as Clapham et al., 2003
Observed differences in community composition were interpreted to result from ecological and environmental variability, with variability between bedding plane communities taken to reflect different stages along an ecological succession.
“Observed differences in community composition were thus interpreted to result from ecological and environmental variability (Clapham et al., 2003;Clapham, 2011), with variability between bedding plane communities taken to reflect different stages along an ecological succession; frondpoor communities such as the 'D' Surface are interpreted as early succession communities, diverse communities with”
From Remarkable insights into the paleoecology of the Avalonian Ediacaran macrobiota (2015) · cites this paper as Clapham et al., 2003
Evolutionary effects are considered to have had only a small impact on community structure, since a broad but weak correlation with stratigraphic position has been determined.
“Furthermore, evolutionary effects are considered to have had only a small impact on community structure, since a broad but weak correlation with stratigraphic position has been determined (Clapham et al., 2003;Clapham, 2011).”
From Remarkable insights into the paleoecology of the Avalonian Ediacaran macrobiota (2015) · cites this paper as Clapham et al., 2003
The quality of preservation directly correlates with observed fossil densities.
“Those authors did, however, demonstrate that the quality of preservation directly correlates with observed fossil densities, and therefore surfaces exhibiting higher-quality preservation are preferred for paleoecological studies.”
From Remarkable insights into the paleoecology of the Avalonian Ediacaran macrobiota (2015) · cites this paper as Clapham et al., 2003
Differences in community composition are smaller between outcrops from the same horizon than between different horizons.
“These biases do not necessarily preclude paleoecological analysis, because differences in community composition have been shown to be smaller between outcrops from the same horizon than between different horizons (Clapham et al., 2003).”
From Remarkable insights into the paleoecology of the Avalonian Ediacaran macrobiota (2015) · cites this paper as Clapham et al., 2003
The dataset collected by Clapham et al. (2003) from the Mistaken Point Ecological Reserve is the most comprehensive currently available from Avalonian sites.
“This dataset is the most comprehensive currently available from Avalonian sites.”
From Remarkable insights into the paleoecology of the Avalonian Ediacaran macrobiota (2015) · cites this paper as Clapham et al., 2003
In Avalonia, preservational fidelity varies markedly between bedding planes and geological units, and even across individual bedding surfaces.
“In Avalonia, taphonomic biases are also introduced by the quality of preservational fidelity, which varies markedly between bedding planes and geological units, and even across individual bedding surfaces (cf.Clapham et al., 2003).”
From Remarkable insights into the paleoecology of the Avalonian Ediacaran macrobiota (2015) · cites this paper as Clapham et al., 2003
The Mistaken Point 'E' Surface is considered to be amongst the best global assemblages of Ediacaran macrofossils, with species-area curves and species size distributions indicating that the vast majority of macroorganisms on these surfaces have likely been preserved and documented.
“The Mistaken Point 'E' Surface is considered to be amongst the best global assemblages of Ediacaran macrofossils, with both speciesarea curves (Clapham et al., 2003) and species size distributions (Darroch et al., 2013) indicating that the vast majority of macroorganisms on these surfaces have likely been preserved and documented.”
From Remarkable insights into the paleoecology of the Avalonian Ediacaran macrobiota (2015) · cites this paper as Clapham et al., 2003
The two beds showing the highest fossil densities in the study of Mistaken Point fossil assemblages (beds BC and E) also exhibit the highest fidelity of preservation, with morphological features of <0.5 mm resolution preserved.
“The two beds showing the highest fossil densities in the study of Mistaken Point fossil assemblages (Clapham et al., 2003, beds BC and E) also exhibit the highest fidelity of preservation, with morphological features of b0.5 mm resolution being preserved (Clapham et al., 2003).”
From Remarkable insights into the paleoecology of the Avalonian Ediacaran macrobiota (2015) · cites this paper as Clapham et al., 2003
The range of Shannon diversity values stated to characterise modern marine benthic animal communities encompasses the vast majority of values obtainable from any community with a species richness below 30, regardless of the biological affinities of its constituent organisms.
“However, the range of Shannon diversity values stated to characterise modern marine benthic animal communities (0.05-3.7 = extreme, 0.8-2.5 = typical; Clapham et al., 2003) encompasses the vast majority of values obtainable from any community with a species richness of b 30 (Fig. 8), regardless of the biological affinities of its constituent organisms.”
From Remarkable insights into the paleoecology of the Avalonian Ediacaran macrobiota (2015) · cites this paper as Clapham et al., 2003
Fossil densities on the Mistaken Point 'E' Surface varied from 31.9 individuals per m2 at Watern Cove to 39.7-56.5 individuals per m2 on the 'Yale' and 'Queens' surfaces, ranging up to 150 ind./m2 where preservation is best.
“Those authors noted that fossil densities on the Mistaken Point 'E' Surface varied from 31.9 individuals per m 2 at Watern Cove (where preservation is relatively poor and variable across the surface), to 39.7-56.5 individuals per m 2 on the 'Yale' and 'Queens' surfaces respectively (where preservation is best and can range up to 150 ind./m 2 ).”
From Remarkable insights into the paleoecology of the Avalonian Ediacaran macrobiota (2015) · cites this paper as Clapham et al., 2003
The highest fossil density values quoted for the 'E' Surface and Bristy Cove are considerably higher than those seen in the cited modern animal communities, undermining comparisons of Ediacaran fossil density with modern continental slope communities.
“However, the quoted highest values on that surface (as well as those at Bristy Cove) are considerably higher than those seen in the cited animal communities (e.g.Clapham et al., 2003, p. 541), thus undermining such comparisons.”
From Remarkable insights into the paleoecology of the Avalonian Ediacaran macrobiota (2015) · cites this paper as Clapham et al., 2003
Cumulative sampling curves comparing species richness to randomly sub-sampled areas suggest most Mistaken Point bedding surfaces were fully sampled.
“Cumulative sampling curves comparing species richness to randomly sub-sampled areas suggest most Mistaken Point bedding surfaces were fully sampled (Clapham et al., 2003, fig. 3;Droser et al., 2006, fig.4A).”
From Remarkable insights into the paleoecology of the Avalonian Ediacaran macrobiota (2015) · cites this paper as Clapham et al., 2003
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- Authors
- Lee, S.-H., & Wolpoff, M. H.
- Venue
- Paleobiology
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2003-06
- Volume
- 29
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 186-196
- ISSN
- 0094-8373 (ISSN-L)
- 1938-5331
- OpenAlex
- W4244458236
- Cited by
- 27
- References
- 30
- Citations by year
- 2021: 1 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 1.76
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Paleobiology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Anthropology › Pleistocene-Era Hominins and Archaeology
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Evolution and Paleontology Studies
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Geometry and Topology › Morphological variations and asymmetry
- Keywords
- Pleistocene, cranial capacity, Homo, brain evolution, punctuated equilibrium, cladogenesis, null hypothesis testing, hominin evolution
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