Beyond WEIRD: towards a broad-based behavioral science

Henrich, Joseph; Heine, Steven J.; Norenzayan, Ara

doi:10.1017/s0140525x10000725

Cited by 631Cultural Differences and ValuesExperimental Behavioral Economics StudiesDecision-Making and Behavioral Economics

Beyond WEIRD: towards a broad-based behavioral science

Henrich, Joseph, Heine, Steven J., Norenzayan, Ara·2010·Behavioral and Brain Sciences

DOI 10.1017/s0140525x10000725

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Abstract

In our response to the 28 (largely positive) commentaries from an esteemed collection of researchers, we (1) consolidate additional evidence, extensions, and amplifications offered by our commentators; (2) emphasize the value of integrating experimental and ethnographic methods, and show how researchers using behavioral games have done precisely this; (3) present our concerns with arguments from several commentators that separate variable “content” from “computations” or “basic processes”; (4) address concerns that the patterns we highlight marking WEIRD people as psychological outliers arise from aspects of the researchers and the research process; (5) respond to the claim that as members of the same species, humans must have the same invariant psychological processes; (6) address criticisms of our telescoping contrasts; and (7) return to the question of explaining why WEIRD people are psychologically unusual. We believe a broad-based behavioral science of human nature needs to integrate a variety of methods and apply them to diverse populations, well beyond the WEIRD samples it has largely relied upon.

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The existing research literature on mental health largely represents the perspectives of people who are White, are educated, are of high socioeconomic status, and speak English.
“the existing research literature on mental health largely represents the perspectives of people who are White, are educated, are of high socioeconomic status, and speak English [54]”
From The Opportunities and Risks of Large Language Models in Mental Health (2024) · cites this paper as [54]
Most reviewed studies used non-clinical samples of students from Western, Educated, Industrial, Rich, Democratic (WEIRD) societies.
“Second, most of the reviewed studies used non-clinical samples of students, from Western, Educated, Industrial, Rich, Democratic societies (W.E.I.R.D.; Henrich, Heine, & Norenzayan, 2010).”
From Happy to help? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of performing acts of kindness on the well-being of the actor (2018) · cites this paper as Henrich, Heine, & Norenzayan, 2010

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Inclusion of theory-relevant moderators yield the same conclusions as Sedikides, Gaertner, and Vevea (2005): A meta-analytical reply to Heine, Kitayama, and Hamamura (2007)
Sedikides, C., Gaertner, L., & Vevea, J. L. (2007) · Asian Journal Of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1467-839x.2007.00212.x · Cited by 71 · see citing works
The meat-scrap hypothesis: small quantities of meat may promote cooperative hunting in wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)
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Can we infer social preferences from the lab? Evidence from the trust game
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Inclusion of additional studies yields different conclusions: Comment on Sedikides, Gaertner, & Vevea (2005), Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
Heine, S. J., Kitayama, S., & Hamamura, T. (2007) · Asian Journal Of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1467-839x.2007.00211.x · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Self-citation
Evaluating the evidence for pancultural self-enhancement
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Self-citation
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Models of decision-making and the coevolution of social preferences
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Self-citation
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Sex and Hoax in Samoa
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When it's Not All About Me: Altruism, Participation, and Political ContextPreprint
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Most people are not WEIRD
Henrich, J., Heine, S. J., & Norenzayan, A. (2010) · Nature · doi:10.1038/466029a · Cited by 3,441 · see citing works
Self-citation
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Effects of video-game play on information processing: a meta-analytic investigation
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Mapping morality with a compass: Testing the theory of ‘morality-as-cooperation’ with a new questionnaire
Curry, O. S., Jones Chesters, M., & Van Lissa, C. J. (2019) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2018.10.008 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
The Opportunities and Risks of Large Language Models in Mental Health
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Self-talk: Review and sport-specific model.
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de Groot, J. H. B., van Houtum, L. A. E. M., Gortemaker, I., Ye, Y., Chen, W., Zhou, W., & Smeets, M. A. M. (2018) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.08.005 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Personal Versus General Belief in a Just World, Karma, and Well-Being: Evidence from Thailand and the UK
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The opportunities and risks of large language models in mental health
Lawrence, H. R., Schneider, R. A., Rubin, S. B., Mataric, M. J., McDuff, D. J., & Bell, M. J. (2024) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2403.14814

Authors: Henrich, J., Heine, S. J., & Norenzayan, A.
Affiliations: University of British Columbia (CA)
ORCID: Henrich, Joseph
Heine, Steven J.
Venue: Behavioral and Brain Sciences
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Published: 2010-06
Volume: 33
Issue: 2-3
Pages: 111-135
ISSN: 0140-525X (ISSN-L)
1469-1825
DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x10000725
OpenAlex: W2067015959
Cited by: 631
References: 129
Citations by year: 2026: 32 · 2025: 56 · 2024: 63 · 2023: 64 · 2022: 63 · 2021: 74 · 2020: 83 · 2019: 49 · 2018: 55 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 14
FWCI: 14.43
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.cambridge.org/core/terms (unspecified, 14 d)
Locations: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Cultural Differences and Values
Social Sciences › Safety Research › Experimental Behavioral Economics Studies
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
Keywords: WEIRD samples, behavioral games, experimental ethnography, cross-cultural psychology, human nature, sample diversity, methodological integration

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Beyond WEIRD: towards a broad-based behavioral science

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