Do executive functions explain the covariance between internalizing and externalizing behaviors?
Open accessAbstract
This study examined whether executive functions (EFs) might be common features of internalizing and externalizing behavior problems across development. We examined relations between three EF latent variables (a common EF factor and factors specific to updating working memory and shifting sets), constructed from nine laboratory tasks administered at age 17, to latent growth intercept (capturing stability) and slope (capturing change) factors of teacher- and parent-reported internalizing and externalizing behaviors in 885 individual twins aged 7 to 16 years. We then estimated the proportion of intercept–intercept and slope–slope correlations predicted by EF as well as the association between EFs and a common psychopathology factor (P factor) estimated from all 9 years of internalizing and externalizing measures. Common EF was negatively associated with the intercepts of teacher-rated internalizing and externalizing behavior in males, and explained 32% of their covariance; in the P factor model, common EF was associated with the P factor in males. Shifting-specific was positively associated with the externalizing slope across sex. EFs did not explain covariation between parent-rated behaviors. These results suggest that EFs are associated with stable problem behavior variation, explain small proportions of covariance, and are a risk factor that that may depend on gender.
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A common cognitive control factor is associated with a p factor (r = -0.16 to -0.56).
“Indeed, several studies have examined this hypothesis directly, finding that a common CC factor is associated with a p factor (r = –0.16 to –0.56) [174, 200–203].”
From The role of prefrontal cortex in cognitive control and executive function (2022) · cites this paper as [202]
The Results section (Association Between EFs and a P Factor with Residual Growth Factors; page unavailable) reports a significant correlation between Common EF and the P factor in males (r = −0.56), supporting the cited range’s upper-magnitude endpoint. It reports a nonsignificant correlation in females (r = −0.14), so the unqualified statement that the factors are associated omits an important sex-specific qualification. The −0.16 endpoint is not established by this paper’s reported results. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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The role of prefrontal cortex in cognitive control and executive function
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- Authors
- Hatoum, A. S., Rhee, S. H., Corley, R. P., Hewitt, J. K., & Friedman, N. P.
- Affiliations
- University of Colorado Boulder (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hatoum, Alexander S.
- Venue
- Development and Psychopathology
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2017-11-16
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1371-1387
- ISSN
- 0954-5794 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-2198
- PMC
- PMC5955761
- OpenAlex
- W2769715769
- Semantic Scholar
- 64781c4fb489c4a4c58e19894f65a7e6b6c176cf
- Cited by
- 53
- References
- 77
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 3
- FWCI
- 5.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Development and Psychopathology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (R01AG046938)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH063207, R56MH063207, T32MH016880)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD010333)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
- Keywords
- executive function, internalizing problems, externalizing problems, working memory updating, cognitive flexibility, behavioral stability, developmental changes, sex differences, risk factors, child and adolescent psychopathology, twins
- MeSH terms
- Problem Behavior, Adolescent, Child, Defense Mechanisms, Female, Humans, Male, Memory, Short-Term, Models, Psychological, Neuropsychological Tests, Risk Factors, Set, Psychology, Sex Factors, Executive Function
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