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Cited by 296Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentMental Health Research TopicsAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Structure and Etiology of Co-Occurring Internalizing and Externalizing Disorders in Adolescents

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Cosgrove, Victoria E., Rhee, Soo H., Gelhorn, Heather L., Boeldt, Debra, Corley, Robin C., Ehringer, Marissa A., Young, Susan E., Hewitt, John K.·2011·Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology
DOI 10.1007/s10802-010-9444-8PMC PMC3036783
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Abstract

Several studies suggest that a two-factor model positing internalizing and externalizing factors explains the interrelationships among psychiatric disorders. However, it is unclear whether the covariation between internalizing and externalizing disorders is due to common genetic or environmental influences. We examined whether a model positing two latent factors, internalizing and externalizing, explained the interrelationships among six psychiatric disorders (major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, separation anxiety disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, and conduct disorder) in adolescents, and whether there are common genetic and environmental influences on internalizing and externalizing latent factors. Multivariate behavior genetic analyses of data from 1162 twin pairs and 426 siblings ascertained from the general population via the Colorado Center for Antisocial Drug Dependence (CADD) were conducted. We found support for a model positing two latent factors (internalizing and externalizing). These factors were moderately heritable and influenced by significant common genetic and nonshared environmental influences. These findings suggest that co-occurrence of internalizing and externalizing psychopathology in adolescents results from both genetic and environmental influences.

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  • Evidence from the twin study literature indicates that third-party reports tend to overestimate both genetic (A) and shared environmental (C) influences, whereas self-reports are more likely to emphasize non-shared environmental (E) factors.

    “Evidence from the twin study literature indicates that third-party reports tend to overestimate both genetic (A) and shared environmental (C) influences, whereas selfreports are more likely to emphasize the role of non-shared environmental (E) factors [21,22].”

    From Emotional Dysregulation and Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome: Exploring Their Relationship Through the Lens of Twin Studies (2025) · cites this paper as [22]

    Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

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  • Studies relying on parent informants consistently report inflated estimates of shared environmental influences.

    “In particular, studies relying on parent informants consistently report inflated estimates of shared environmental influences, likely due to parents' tendency to perceive their children's experiences within the family context as highly similar [22].”

    From Emotional Dysregulation and Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome: Exploring Their Relationship Through the Lens of Twin Studies (2025) · cites this paper as [22]

    The Discussion (page unavailable) says parent report may have increased the estimate of shared environmental influences in one study, and explains how rater bias could inflate such estimates. It does not say parent-informant studies consistently produce inflated estimates or attribute the effect specifically to parents perceiving their children's family experiences as highly similar. (LLM, conf=0.87)

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  • These findings may not be generalizable to a larger population and some measured effects of IPV may be attributed to recent events and residing in shelters.

    “these findings may not be generalizable to a larger population and some of the measured effects of IPV may be attributed to recent events and residing in shelters”

    From A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE ON THE IMPACT OF EXPOSURE TO INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE FOR CHILDREN AND YOUTH (2014) · cites this paper as Cosgrove et al., 2011

    The Discussion and Limitations sections concern internalizing and externalizing disorders in a community-based adolescent sample. Searches for IPV, shelters, and recent events found no passage addressing whether those circumstances limit generalizability or affect measured IPV outcomes. The available copy therefore does not substantiate the attributed claim. (LLM, conf=0.76)

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  • Studies that tested ADHD in the externalizing spectrum largely assumed an underlying latent trait or a combination of latent traits and latent classes.

    “these studies were largely based on a priori assumptions about underlying latent structure; i.e., they assumed an underlying latent trait [15–18] or a combination of latent traits and latent classes [19].”

    From ADHD and the externalizing spectrum: direct comparison of categorical, continuous, and hybrid models of liability in a nationally representative sample (2014) · cites this paper as [15]

  • A small number of studies have formally tested the fit of ADHD in the externalizing spectrum.

    “A small number of studies have formally tested the fit of ADHD in the externalizing spectrum [15–20].”

    From ADHD and the externalizing spectrum: direct comparison of categorical, continuous, and hybrid models of liability in a nationally representative sample (2014) · cites this paper as [15]

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Authors
Cosgrove, V. E., Rhee, S. H., Gelhorn, H. L., Boeldt, D., Corley, R. C., Ehringer, M. A., Young, S. E., & Hewitt, J. K.
Affiliations
  • University of Colorado Boulder (US)
  • University of Colorado Denver (US)
Corresponding author
Cosgrove, Victoria E.
ORCID
Venue
Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2010-08-04
Volume
39
Issue
1
Pages
109-123
ISSN
  • 0091-0627 (ISSN-L)
  • 1573-2835
DOI
10.1007/s10802-010-9444-8
PMC
PMC3036783
OpenAlex
W2136058613
Semantic Scholar
591be99b66029f5752693deea4fe224530a7c974
Cited by
296
References
76
Citations by year
2026: 14 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 35 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 10
FWCI
9.86
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations
  • Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders
  • National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (R01AA017889, AA015336, K01AA015336)
  • National Institute of Mental Health (MH16880, R01MH043899, T32MH016880, MH 43899)
  • National Institute on Drug Abuse (DA11015, DA-13956, K01DA013956, P60DA011015)
  • Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (HD 10333, R01HD050346, HD50346, R01HD010333)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Keywords
internalizing disorders, externalizing disorders, comorbidities, adolescents, heritability, nonshared environment, major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, separation anxiety disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder, twin and sibling studies
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Age Factors, Anxiety Disorders, Anxiety, Separation, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Mental Disorders, Depressive Disorder, Major, Major Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Male, Models, Psychological, Sex Factors, Twins, Dizygotic, Twins, Monozygotic, Comorbidity, Conduct Disorder, Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders, Siblings

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