Correlates and predictors of loneliness in older-adults: a review of quantitative results informed by qualitative insights
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Older persons are particularly vulnerable to loneliness because of common age-related changes and losses. This paper reviews predictors of loneliness in the older population as described in the current literature and a small qualitative study. METHODS: Peer-reviewed journal articles were identified from psycINFO, MEDLINE, and Google Scholar from 2000-2012. Overall, 38 articles were reviewed. Two focus groups were conducted asking older participants about the causes of loneliness. RESULTS: Variables significantly associated with loneliness in older adults were: female gender, non-married status, older age, poor income, lower educational level, living alone, low quality of social relationships, poor self-reported health, and poor functional status. Psychological attributes associated with loneliness included poor mental health, low self-efficacy beliefs, negative life events, and cognitive deficits. These associations were mainly studied in cross-sectional studies. In the focus groups, participants mentioned environmental barriers, unsafe neighborhoods, migration patterns, inaccessible housing, and inadequate resources for socializing. Other issues raised in the focus groups were the relationship between loneliness and boredom and inactivity, the role of recent losses of family and friends, as well as mental health issues, such as shame and fear. CONCLUSIONS: Future quantitative studies are needed to examine the impact of physical and social environments on loneliness in this population. It is important to better map the multiple factors and ways by which they impact loneliness to develop better solutions for public policy, city, and environmental planning, and individually based interventions. This effort should be viewed as a public health priority.
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Older adults who experience food insecurity may have fewer opportunities and resources available to them that could keep them from growing lonely.
“Older adults who experience food insecurity may also have fewer opportunities and resources available to them that could keep them from growing lonely Cohen-Mansfield et al., [6].”
From Factors associated with loneliness in a national study among persons 80 years and older in India in 2017-2018 (2025) · cites this paper as [6]
The study included baseline health measures as covariates because physical and mental health is both an outcome and a predictor of social isolation and loneliness.
“We also included several baseline health measures (chronic conditions, functional status, and depressive symptoms) in analyses, as physical and mental health is not only an outcome of social isolation and loneliness, but also a predictor [6–8].”
The study included socio-demographic variables as covariates given their known relationship with social isolation and loneliness.
“Several socio-demographic variables were included in the analyses, given their known relationship with social isolation and loneliness [6–8,53,54].”
In non-pandemic contexts, geographical isolation, living alone, and lack of social engagement predict loneliness in adult and older adult populations.
“In non-pandemic contexts, geographical isolation, living alone, and lack of social engagement predicts loneliness in adult and older adult populations [5,13,15,20,29–31].”
From Loneliness in the UK during the COVID-19 pandemic: Cross-sectional results from the COVID-19 Psychological Wellbeing Study (2020) · cites this paper as [20]
Associations between age and loneliness have been positive, negative, and u-shaped with peaks in younger and older adulthood.
“Associations between age and loneliness have been positive [20], negative [21], and u-shaped with peaks in younger and older adulthood [19,22].”
From Loneliness in the UK during the COVID-19 pandemic: Cross-sectional results from the COVID-19 Psychological Wellbeing Study (2020) · cites this paper as [20]
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- Authors
- Cohen-Mansfield, J., Hazan, H., Lerman, Y., & Shalom, V.
- Affiliations
- Tel Aviv University (IL)
- Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center (IL)
- National Insurance Institute of Israel (IL)
- ORCID
- Hazan, Haim
- Venue
- International Psychogeriatrics
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-04
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 557-576
- ISSN
- 1041-6102 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2264218847
- Cited by
- 691
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2026: 48 · 2025: 87 · 2024: 95 · 2023: 104 · 2022: 113 · 2021: 107 · 2020: 62 · 2019: 33 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 3
- FWCI
- 2.76
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- International Psychogeriatrics (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Aging, Health, and Disability
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Aging, Elder Care, and Social Issues
- Keywords
- loneliness, older adults, predictors of loneliness, social isolation, living alone, interpersonal relationships, mental health, self-efficacy, cognitive impairment, life events, environmental barriers, housing, social environment, public health interventions
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aging, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Loneliness, Male, Motor Activity, Quality of Life, Residence Characteristics, Sex Factors, Social Environment, Social Isolation, Socioeconomic Factors, Focus Groups, Marital Status, Qualitative Research
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