From Social Structural Factors to Perceptions of Relationship Quality and Loneliness: The Chicago Health, Aging, and Social Relations Study
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to test a conceptual model of loneliness in which social structural factors are posited to operate through proximal factors to influence perceptions of relationship quality and loneliness. METHODS: We used a population-based sample of 225 White, Black, and Hispanic men and women aged 50 through 68 from the Chicago Health, Aging, and Social Relations Study to examine the extent to which associations between sociodemographic factors and loneliness were explained by socioeconomic status, physical health, social roles, stress exposure, and, ultimately, by network size and subjective relationship quality. RESULT: Education and income were negatively associated with loneliness and explained racial/ethnic differences in loneliness. Being married largely explained the association between income and loneliness, with positive marital relationships offering the greatest degree of protection against loneliness. Independent risk factors for loneliness included male gender, physical health symptoms, chronic work and/or social stress, small social network, lack of a spousal confidant, and poor-quality social relationships. DISCUSSION: Longitudinal research is needed to evaluate the causal role of social structural and proximal factors in explaining changes in loneliness.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Chronic stress associated with loneliness dysregulates biological systems, including the HPA axis and immune system, which are crucial in the onset and persistence of anxiety and depression.
“Moreover, the chronic stress associated with loneliness dysregulates biological systems, including the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the immune system, which are crucial in the onset and persistence of anxiety and depression [80–82].”
From The prospective association of adolescent loneliness and low resilience with anxiety and depression in young adulthood: The HUNT study (2025) · cites this paper as [81]
The Discussion (page unavailable) reports prior findings linking loneliness to a greater morning rise in cortisol and to gene-transcription changes favoring inflammation. The Results section on stress exposure associates chronic stress with loneliness, but the paper does not establish that loneliness-related chronic stress dysregulates those systems or that this pathway causes the onset or persistence of anxiety and depression. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredObjective social isolation can influence perceptions of isolation, but perceived isolation relates more to interaction quality than quantity.
“Studies using these assessments indicate that objective social isolation can affect perceptions of isolation,23,24 but show that perceived social isolation is more closely related to the quality than the quantity of social interactions.25”
From Social isolation (2011) · cites this paper as [23]
Objective social isolation can influence perceptions of isolation, but perceived isolation relates more to interaction quality than quantity.
“Studies using these assessments indicate that objective social isolation can affect perceptions of isolation,23,24 but show that perceived social isolation is more closely related to the quality than the quantity of social interactions.25”
From Social isolation (2011) · cites this paper as [25]
Perceived social isolation (or loneliness) reflects the quality of an individual's social interactions rather than their quantity or frequency.
“Perceived social isolation (or loneliness) reflects the quality of an individual’s social interactions (Hawkley et al., 2008, Peplau, 1978) rather than their quantity or frequency.”
From Dorsal raphe dopamine neurons represent the experience of social isolation (2016) · cites this paper as Hawkley et al., 2008
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Charlson, M. E., Pompei, P., Ales, K. L., & MacKenzie, C. R. (1987) · Journal of Chronic Diseases · doi:10.1016/0021-9681(87)90171-8 · Cited by 49,742 · see citing works
Functional evaluation : Barthel index
Mahonery, F. I. (1965) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 12,762 · see citing works
UCLA loneliness scale (version 3): reliability, validity, and factor structure
Russell, D. W. (1996) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa6601_2 · Cited by 5,800 · see citing works
The Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale: concurrent and discriminant validity evidence
Russell, D., Peplau, L. A., & Cutrona, C. E. (1980) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.39.3.472 · Cited by 5,173 · see citing works
Equivalence of the Mediation, Confounding and Suppression Effect
MacKinnon, D. P., Krull, J. L., & Lockwood, C. M. (2000) · Prevention Science · doi:10.1023/a:1026595011371 · Cited by 4,188 · see citing works
Socioeconomic status and health: The challenge of the gradient.
Adler, N. E., Boyce, W. T., Chesney, M. A., Cohen, S., Folkman, S., Kahn, R. L., & Syme, S. L. (1994) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037//0003-066x.49.1.15 · Cited by 3,182 · see citing works
Socioeconomic status and health: The challenge of the gradient
Adler, N. E., Boyce, T., Chesney, M. A., Cohen, S., Folkman, S., Kahn, R. L., & Syme, S. L. (1994) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.49.1.15 · Cited by 2,383 · see citing works
Cacioppo, J. T., Hughes, M. E., Waite, L. J., Hawkley, L. C., & Thisted, R. A. (2006) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/0882-7974.21.1.140 · Cited by 2,380 · see citing works
Self-citationLoneliness: A Sourcebook of Current Theory, Research and Therapy.
Peplau, L. A., & Perlman, D. (1984) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2068915 · Cited by 1,937 · see citing works
Loneliness and Risk of Alzheimer Disease
Wilson, R. S., Krueger, K. R., Arnold, S. E., Schneider, J. A., Kelly, J. F., Barnes, L. L., Tang, Y., & Bennett, D. A. (2007) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.64.2.234 · Cited by 1,363 · see citing works
The Epidemiology of Social Stress
Turner, R. J., Wheaton, B., & Lloyd, D. A. (1995) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2096348 · Cited by 1,362 · see citing works
Social Ties and Susceptibility to the Common Cold
Heeler, R. M. (1997) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1997.03550150035019 · Cited by 1,300 · see citing works
Social Ties and Susceptibility to the Common Cold
Cohen, S. (1997) · JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association · doi:10.1001/jama.1997.03540480040036 · Cited by 1,238 · see citing works
Can Comorbidity Be Measured By Questionnaire Rather than Medical Record Review?
Katz, J. N., Chang, L. C., SANGHA, O., Fossel, A. H., & Bates, D. W. (1996) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/00005650-199601000-00006 · Cited by 1,035 · see citing works
Loneliness within a nomological net: An evolutionary perspective
Cacioppo, J. T., Hawkley, L. C., Ernst, J. M., Burleson, M., Berntson, G. G., Nouriani, B., & Spiegel, D. (2006) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2005.11.007 · Cited by 1,010 · see citing works
Self-citationAdvances in Psychology Research
Columbus, F. H., Shohov, S. P., & Columbus, A. M. (2001) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 911 · see citing works
Socioeconomic Status and Chronic Stress: Does Stress Account for SES Effects on Health?
Baum, A., Garofalo, J., & Yali, A. (1999) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb08111.x · Cited by 887 · see citing works
Day-to-day dynamics of experience–cortisol associations in a population-based sample of older adults
Adam, E. K., Hawkley, L. C., Kudielka, B. M., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2006) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0605053103 · Cited by 782 · see citing works
Self-citationCommitment, pro-relationship behavior, and trust in close relationships.
Wieselquist, J., Rusbult, C. E., Foster, C. A., & Agnew, C. R. (1999) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.77.5.942 · Cited by 751 · see citing works
Developing and testing a model of loneliness.
Gierveld, J. D. J. (1987) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.53.1.119 · Cited by 659 · see citing works
Predictors and subjective causes of loneliness in an aged population
Savikko, N., Routasalo, P., Tilvis, R. S., Strandberg, T. E., & Pitkälä, K. H. (2005) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2005.03.002 · Cited by 641 · see citing works
Commitment, pro-relationship behavior, and trust in close relationships.
Wieselquist, J., Rusbult, C. E., Foster, C. A., et al. (1999) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.77.5.942 · Cited by 530 · see citing works
Loneliness is a unique predictor of age-related differences in systolic blood pressure.
Hawkley, L. C., Masi, C. M., Berry, J. D., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2006) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/0882-7974.21.1.152 · Cited by 488 · see citing works
Self-citationGender Differences in Loneliness
Borys, S., & Perlman, D. (1985) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167285111006 · Cited by 476 · see citing works
Do Lonely Days Invade the Nights? Potential Social Modulation of Sleep Efficiency
Cacioppo, J. T., Hawkley, L. C., Berntson, G. G., Ernst, J. M., Gibbs, A. C., Stickgold, R., & Hobson, J. A. (2002) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00469 · Cited by 445 · see citing works
Self-citationPenninx, B. W. J. H., van Tilburg, T., Kriegsman, D. M. W., Deeg, D. J. H., Boeke, A. J. P., & van Eijk, J. T. M. (1997) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009305 · Cited by 438 · see citing works
Loneliness in Relation to Suicide Ideation and Parasuicide: A Population‐Wide Study
Stravynski, A., & Boyer, R. (2001) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1521/suli.31.1.32.21312 · Cited by 430 · see citing works
Socially Isolated Children 20 Years Later: Risk of Cardiovascular Disease
Caspi, A., Harrington, H., Moffitt, T. E., Milne, B. J., & Poulton, R. (2006) · Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/archpedi.160.8.805 · Cited by 414 · see citing works
Hawkley, L. C., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2007) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2007.00501.x · Cited by 389 · see citing works
Self-citationSocial support versus companionship: Effects on life stress, loneliness, and evaluations by others.
Rook, K. S. (1987) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.52.6.1132 · Cited by 371 · see citing works
Hawkley, L. C., Browne, M. W., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2005) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2005.01617.x · Cited by 354 · see citing works
Self-citationSocial support versus companionship: Effects on life stress, loneliness, and evaluations by others.
Rook, K. S. (1987) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.52.6.1132 · Cited by 354 · see citing works
Dehle, C. M., Larsen, D., & Landers, J. E. (2001) · American Journal of Family Therapy · doi:10.1080/01926180152588725 · Cited by 332 · see citing works
Depressive symptoms in late life: a 10-year follow-up
Heikkinen, R.-L., & Kauppinen, M. (2004) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2003.10.004 · Cited by 319 · see citing works
Loneliness and alcohol abuse: A review of evidences of an interplay
Åkerlind, I., & Hörnquist, J. O. (1992) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/0277-9536(92)90300-f · Cited by 309 · see citing works
SEVERAL METHODS OF TREATING DISTAL PHALANGEAL FRACTURES.
Gl, C. (1965) · PubMed · Cited by 259 · see citing works
Loneliness and nursing home admission among rural older adults.
Russell, D. W., Cutrona, C. E., de la Mora, A., & Wallace, R. B. (1997) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037//0882-7974.12.4.574 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Holt‐Lunstad, J., Uchino, B. N., Smith, T. W., & Hicks, A. M. (2007) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/bf02879910 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Risk factors for loneliness in adulthood and old age--a meta-analysis.
Pinquart, M., & Sörensen, S. (2003) · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Loneliness and nursing home admission among rural older adults.
Russell, D. W., Cutrona, C. E., de la Mora, A., & Wallace, R. B. (1997) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/0882-7974.12.4.574 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Tornstam, L. (1992) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407592092003 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Social determinants of loneliness among older Americans.
Mullins, L. C., Elston, C. H., & Gutkowski, S. M. (1996) · PubMed · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Social skills, stressful life events, and the development of psychosocial problems.
Segrin, C. (1999) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.1999.18.1.14 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
An Examination of Loneliness Among Elderly Canadian Seasonal Residents in Florida
Mullins, L. C., Tucker, R., Longino, C. F., & Marshall, V. (1989) · Journal of Gerontology · doi:10.1093/geronj/44.2.s80 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
de Jong-Gierveld, J., Kamphuis, F., & Dykstra, P. A. (1987) · PubMed · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Parental Divorce, Family Conflict and Friendship Networks
Jones, D. C. (1992) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407592092004 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Socioeconomic Status, Social Support, Age, and Health
Antonucci, T. C., Ajrouch, K. J., & Janevic, M. R. (1999) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb08150.x · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Predictors of Social Isolation in Older Southern Adults: A Cross-Racial Analysis
Adams, J. P., Kaufman, A. V., & Dressler, W. W. (1989) · Journal of Applied Gerontology · doi:10.1177/073346488900800307 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
(1965) · PubMed
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Berkman LF Glass T Berkman LF Kawachi I Social integration, social networks, social support, and health Social epidemiology 2000 New York Oxford University Press 137 173
- Cole SW Hawkley LC Arevalo JM Sung CY Rose RM Cacioppo JT Social regulation of gene expression in humans: Glucocorticoid resistance in the leukocyte transcriptome Genome Biology 2007 8 R189.1 R189.13 17854483 PMC2375027
- Hobson CJ Kamen J Szostek J Nethercut CM Tiedmann JW Wojnarowicz S Stressful life events: A revision and update of the Social Readjustment Rating Scale International Journal of Stress Management 1998 5 1 23
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The interpersonal theory of suicide.
Van Orden, K. A., Witte, T. K., Cukrowicz, K. C., Braithwaite, S. R., Selby, E. A., & Joiner, T. E. (2010) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/a0018697 · Cited by 5,292 · see citing works
“These include an individuals’ actual interpersonal environments (e.g., number of individuals in the social network; Hawkley et al., 2008), activated interpersonal schemas (e.”
BackgroundLoneliness matters: a theoretical and empirical review of consequences and mechanisms
Hawkley, L. C., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2010) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12160-010-9210-8 · Cited by 4,782 · see citing works
Self-citationPerceived social isolation and cognition
Cacioppo, J. T., & Hawkley, L. C. (2009) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2009.06.005 · Cited by 2,144 · see citing works
Self-citationA Meta-Analysis of Interventions to Reduce Loneliness
Masi, C. M., Chen, H.-Y., Hawkley, L. C., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2011) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868310377394 · Cited by 1,995 · see citing works
“Factors negatively associated with loneliness included social network size, satisfaction with social network, and having a spousal confidant (Hawkley et al., 2008).”
BackgroundSelf-citationCacioppo, J. T., Hawkley, L. C., & Thisted, R. A. (2010) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/a0017216 · Cited by 1,757 · see citing works
Self-citationLoneliness, health, and mortality in old age: A national longitudinal study
Luo, Y., Hawkley, L. C., Waite, L. J., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2012) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.11.028 · Cited by 1,232 · see citing works
Self-citationLoneliness: clinical import and interventions
Cacioppo, S., Grippo, A. J., London, S., Goossens, L., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2015) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691615570616 · Cited by 1,206 · see citing works
Self-citationLoneliness Across the Life Span
Qualter, P., Vanhalst, J., Harris, R., Van Roekel, E., Lodder, G., Bangee, M., Maes, M., & Verhagen, M. (2015) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691615568999 · Cited by 1,080 · see citing works
Social relationships and health: The toxic effects of perceived social isolation
Cacioppo, J. T., & Cacioppo, S. (2014) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12087 · Cited by 1,057 · see citing works
Self-citationThe neuroendocrinology of social isolation
Cacioppo, J. T., Cacioppo, S., Capitanio, J. P., & Cole, S. W. (2015) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010814-015240 · Cited by 977 · see citing works
Self-citationAge differences in loneliness from late adolescence to oldest old age
Luhmann, M., & Hawkley, L. C. (2016) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/dev0000117 · Cited by 758 · see citing works
Self-citationHawkley, L. C., Thisted, R. A., Masi, C. M., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2010) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/a0017805 · Cited by 726 · see citing works
Self-citationCohen-Mansfield, J., Hazan, H., Lerman, Y., & Shalom, V. (2016) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610215001532 · Cited by 691 · see citing works
Toward a neurology of loneliness
Cacioppo, S., Capitanio, J. P., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2014) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0037618 · Cited by 623 · see citing works
Self-citationEvolutionary mechanisms for loneliness
Cacioppo, J. T., Cacioppo, S., & Boomsma, D. I. (2014) · Cognition and Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2013.837379 · Cited by 576 · see citing works
Self-citationCacioppo, J. T., Hawkley, L. C., Norman, G. J., & Berntson, G. G. (2011) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06028.x · Cited by 554 · see citing works
Self-citationSheldon, K. M., Abad, N., & Hinsch, C. (2011) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0022407 · Cited by 514 · see citing works
Perceived social isolation, evolutionary fitness and health outcomes: a lifespan approach
Hawkley, L. C., & Capitanio, J. P. (2015) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2014.0114 · Cited by 468 · see citing works
Self-citationDorsal raphe dopamine neurons represent the experience of social isolation
Matthews, G. A., Nieh, E. H., Vander Weele, C. M., Halbert, S. A., Pradhan, R. V., Yosafat, A. S., Glober, G. F., Izadmehr, E. M., Thomas, R. E., Lacy, G. D., et al. (2016) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2015.12.040 · Cited by 402 · see citing works
Cole, S. W., Capitanio, J. P., Chun, K., Arevalo, J. M. G., Ma, J., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2015) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1514249112 · Cited by 310 · see citing works
Self-citationLoneliness from young adulthood to old age: explaining age differences in loneliness
Hawkley, L. C., Buecker, S., Kaiser, T., & Luhmann, M. (2022) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1177/0165025420971048 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
Loneliness and Mortality Among Older Adults in China
Luo, Y., & Waite, L. J. (2014) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbu007 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Self-citationLate-Life Loneliness in 11 European Countries: Results from the Generations and Gender Survey
Hansen, T., & Slagsvold, B. (2016) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-015-1111-6 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
Loneliness and Eating Disorders
Levine, M. P. (2012) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980.2011.606435 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
Loneliness impairs daytime functioning but not sleep duration.
Hawkley, L. C., Preacher, K. J., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2010) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0018646 · Cited by 247 · see citing works
Self-citationLoneliness Across Phylogeny and a Call for Comparative Studies and Animal Models
Cacioppo, J. T., Cacioppo, S., Cole, S. W., Capitanio, J. P., Goossens, L., & Boomsma, D. I. (2015) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691614564876 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Self-citationLoneliness across time and space
Luhmann, M., Buecker, S., & Rüsberg, M. (2022) · Nature Reviews Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44159-022-00124-1 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Social Isolation and Cognitive Function in Appalachian Older Adults
DiNapoli, E. A., Wu, B., & Scogin, F. (2014) · Research on Aging · doi:10.1177/0164027512470704 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Oral health-related quality of life and loneliness among older adults
Rouxel, P., Heilmann, A., Demakakos, P., Aida, J., Tsakos, G., & Watt, R. G. (2017) · European Journal of Ageing · doi:10.1007/s10433-016-0392-1 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Nersesian, P. V., Han, H.-R., Yenokyan, G., Blumenthal, R. S., Nolan, M. T., Hladek, M. D., & Szanton, S. L. (2018) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.04.007 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Structural brain correlates of loneliness among older adults
Düzel, S., Drewelies, J., Gerstorf, D., Demuth, I., Steinhagen-Thiessen, E., Lindenberger, U., & Kühn, S. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-49888-2 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Predicting stability and change in loneliness in later life
Newall, N. E. G., Chipperfield, J. G., & Bailis, D. S. (2014) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407513494951 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Loneliness as experienced by adolescents and young adults: an explorative qualitative study
Hemberg, J., Östman, L., Korzhina, Y., Groundstroem, H., Nyström, L., & Nyman-Kurkiala, P. (2022) · International Journal of Adolescence and Youth · doi:10.1080/02673843.2022.2109422 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Online assessment of risk factors for dementia and cognitive function in healthy adults
Huntley, J., Corbett, A., Wesnes, K., Brooker, H., Stenton, R., Hampshire, A., & Ballard, C. (2018) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.4790 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
I'm lonely, can't you tell? Convergent validity of self- and informant ratings of loneliness
Luhmann, M., Bohn, J., Holtmann, J., Koch, T., & Eid, M. (2016) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2016.02.002 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Wigfield, A., Turner, R., Alden, S., Green, M., & Karania, V. K. (2022) · Social Policy and Society · doi:10.1017/s147474642000055x · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Does loneliness thrive in relational freedom or restriction? The culture-loneliness framework
Heu, L. C., van Zomeren, M., & Hansen, N. (2021) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1177/1089268020959033 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Loneliness During a Nationwide Lockdown and the Moderating Effect of Extroversion
Entringer, T. M., & Gosling, S. D. (2022) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/19485506211037871 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
A Behavioral Taxonomy of Loneliness in Humans and Rhesus Monkeys (Macaca mulatta)
Capitanio, J. P., Hawkley, L. C., Cole, S. W., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0110307 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Self-citationJeste, D. V., Di Somma, S., Lee, E. E., Nguyen, T. T., Scalcione, M., Biaggi, A., Daly, R., Liu, J., Tu, X., Ziedonis, D., et al. (2021) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2020.1821170 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Junttila, N., Ahlqvist‐Björkroth, S., Aromaa, M., Rautava, P., Piha, J., & Räihä, H. (2015) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/sjop.12241 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Honigh-de Vlaming, R., Haveman-Nies, A., Heinrich, J., van‵t Veer, P., & de Groot, L. C. (2013) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-13-984 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“Only the oldest-old are often found to be the most lonely [1-6].”
BackgroundUpdates in Parkinson’s disease integrative therapies: an evidence-based review
Kola, S., & Subramanian, I. (2023) · Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports · doi:10.1007/s11910-023-01312-z · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Parlikar, N., Strand, L. B., Kvaløy, K., Espnes, G. A., & Moksnes, U. K. (2025) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-025-02888-2 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
- Authors
- Hawkley, L. C., Hughes, M. E., Waite, L. J., Masi, C. M., Thisted, R. A., & Cacioppo, J. T.
- Affiliations
- University of Chicago (US)
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- University of Chicago Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hawkley, L. C.
- Venue
- The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2008-11-01
- Volume
- 63
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- S375-S384
- ISSN
- 1079-5014 (ISSN-L)
- 1758-5368
- PMC
- PMC2769562
- OpenAlex
- W2135570695
- Cited by
- 666
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 28 · 2025: 58 · 2024: 56 · 2023: 58 · 2022: 78 · 2021: 70 · 2020: 47 · 2019: 42 · 2018: 35 · 2017: 29 · 2016: 26 · 2015: 43 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 21
- FWCI
- 10.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Journals of Gerontology Series B (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- John Templeton Foundation
- University of Chicago
- National Institute on Aging (P01AG18911, P01AG018911)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Aging and Gerontology Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
- Keywords
- loneliness, socio-structural factors, relationship quality, socioeconomic status, marital relationships, social network size, racial and ethnic differences, physical health, occupational stress, social stress, middle-aged and older adults
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Chicago, Chronic Disease, Health Status, Humans, Loneliness, Middle Aged, Models, Psychological, Risk Factors, Social Behavior, Social Support, Socioeconomic Factors, Stress, Psychological
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
