Plasma concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in meat eaters, fish eaters, vegetarians and vegans: results from the EPIC–Oxford study
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OBJECTIVE: Vegetarians and vegans exclude certain food sources of vitamin D from their diet, but it is not clear to what extent this affects plasma concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D). The objective was to investigate differences in vitamin D intake and plasma concentrations of 25(OH)D among meat eaters, fish eaters, vegetarians and vegans. DESIGN: A cross-sectional analysis. SETTING: United Kingdom. SUBJECTS: Plasma 25(OH)D concentrations were measured in 2107 white men and women (1388 meat eaters, 210 fish eaters, 420 vegetarians and eighty-nine vegans) aged 20-76 years from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-Oxford cohort. RESULTS: Plasma 25(OH)D concentrations reflected the degree of animal product exclusion and, hence, dietary intake of vitamin D; meat eaters had the highest mean intake of vitamin D (3·1 (95 % CI 3·0, 3·2) μg/d) and mean plasma 25(OH)D concentrations (77·0 (95 % CI 75·4, 78·8) nmol/l) and vegans the lowest (0·7 (95 % CI 0·6, 0·8) μg/d and 55·8 (95 % CI 51·0, 61·0) nmol/l, respectively). The magnitude of difference in 25(OH)D concentrations between meat eaters and vegans was smaller (20 %) among those participants who had a blood sample collected during the summer months (July-September) compared with the winter months (38 %; January-March). The prevalence of low plasma concentrations of 25(OH)D (<25 nmol/l) during the winter and spring ranged from <1 % to 8 % across the diet groups. CONCLUSIONS: Plasma 25(OH)D concentrations were lower in vegetarians and vegans than in meat and fish eaters; diet is an important determinant of plasma 25(OH)D in this British population.
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UK dietary intake data excluding supplementation show that mean vitamin D intake per day in adult vegans was 0.7 μg compared with 3.1 μg/d in omnivores.
“Dietary intake data (excluding supplementation) from the United Kingdom show that mean vitamin D intake per day in adult vegans was only 0.7 μg compared with an intake of 3.1 μg/d in omnivores [30].”
From Nutritional Considerations for the Vegan Athlete (2023) · cites this paper as [30]
When controlling for season, year of blood collection, and age, lower dietary vitamin D intake translates to serum 25(OH)D concentrations in meat eaters being approximately 20 nmol/L higher than in vegans.
“Indeed, when controlling for season, year of blood collection, and age, this considerably lower dietary intake translates to serum 25(OH)D concentrations in meat eaters being considerably (∼20 nmol/L) higher than in vegans [30].”
From Nutritional Considerations for the Vegan Athlete (2023) · cites this paper as [30]
Dietary intakes of vitamin D are low in vegans who do not achieve sufficient sun exposure.
“Dietary intakes of vitamin D are low in vegans who do not achieve sufficient sun exposure [101].”
From Novel Insights on Intake of Fish and Prevention of Sarcopenia: All Reasons for an Adequate Consumption (2020) · cites this paper as [101]
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- Authors
- Crowe, F. L., Steur, M., Allen, N. E., Appleby, P. N., Travis, R. C., & Key, T. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Crowe, Francesca L
- Venue
- Public Health Nutrition
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2010-09-21
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 340-346
- ISSN
- 1368-9800 (ISSN-L)
- 1475-2727
- OpenAlex
- W2150458065
- Cited by
- 302
- References
- 24
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 38 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 4.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Public Health Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Cancer Research UK
- Medical Research Council
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Vitamin D Research Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutrition and Health Studies
- Keywords
- 25-hydroxyvitamin D, vitamin D status, vitamin D intake, meat-eaters, vegetarians, vegans, seasonal variation, vitamin D deficiency
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Cross-Sectional Studies, England, Feeding Behavior, Female, Humans, Male, Meat, Middle Aged, Nutritional Status, Seasons, Diet, Vegetarian, Vitamin D, Cohort Studies, Biomarkers, Seafood, Bone Density Conservation Agents, Young Adult
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