Central orexin (hypocretin) 2 receptor antagonism reduces ethanol self-administration, but not cue-conditioned ethanol-seeking, in ethanol-preferring rats
Open accessAbstract
Orexins are hypothalamic neuropeptides which bind to two G-protein-coupled receptors, orexin-1 (OX(1)R) and orexin-2 (OX(2)R) receptor. While a role for OX(1)R has been established in both ethanol reinforcement and ethanol-seeking behaviour, the role of OX(2)R in these behaviours is relatively less-studied. The aim of this study was to determine the role of central OX(2)R in ethanol-taking and ethanol-seeking behaviour. Indiana ethanol-preferring rats were trained to self-administer ethanol (10% w/v) or sucrose (0.7–1% w/v) in the presence of reward-associated cues before being implanted with indwelling guide cannulae. The selective OX(2)R antagonist TCS-OX2-29 was administered i.c.v. to assess its effect on operant self-administration and cue-induced reinstatement following extinction. Following i.c.v. injection TCS-OX2-29 reduced self-administration of ethanol, but not sucrose. Despite reducing ethanol self-administration, TCS-OX2-29 had no impact on cue-induced reinstatement of ethanol seeking. To determine where in the brain OX(2)R were acting to modulate ethanol self-administration, TCS-OX2-29 was microinjected into either the shell or core of the nucleus accumbens (NAc). Intra-NAc core, but not shell, infusions of TCS-OX2-29 decreased responding for ethanol. Importantly, the doses of TCS-OX2-029 used were non-sedating. Collectively, these findings implicate OX(2)R in the NAc in mediating the reinforcing effects of ethanol. This effect appears to be drug-specific as antagonism of central OX(2)R had no impact on sucrose self-administration. Thus, OX(2)R in addition to OX(1)R may represent a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of ethanol-use disorders. However, unlike OX(1)R, no impact of OX(2)R antagonism was observed on cue-induced reinstatement, suggesting a more prominent role for OX(2)R in ethanol self-administration compared to cue-conditioned ethanol-seeking.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Both Hcrt-1 and Hcrt-2 receptor blockade decreased alcohol self-administration in alcohol-preferring rats.
“Both Hcrt-1 and Hcrt-2 receptor blockade decreased alcohol self-administration in alcohol-preferring rats(Lawrence et al., 2006;Brown et al., 2013).”
From Drug Addiction: Hyperkatifeia/Negative Reinforcement as a Framework for Medications Development (2021) · cites this paper as Brown et al., 2013
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
The Rat Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates
Paxinos, G., & Watson, C. (1983) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/c2009-0-63235-9 · Cited by 28,585 · see citing works
Sakurai, T., Amemiya, A., Ishii, M., Matsuzaki, I., Chemelli, R. M., Tanaka, H., Williams, S. C., Richardson, J. A., Kozlowski, G. P., Wilson, S., et al. (1998) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)80949-6 · Cited by 5,501 · see citing works
The hypocretins: hypothalamus-specific peptides with neuroexcitatory activity
de Lecea, L., Kilduff, T. S., Peyron, C., Gao, X.-B., Foye, P. E., Danielson, P. E., Fukuhara, C., Battenberg, E. L. F., Gautvik, V. T., Bartlett, F. S., et al. (1998) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.95.1.322 · Cited by 3,878 · see citing works
Neurons containing hypocretin (orexin) project to multiple neuronal systems
Peyron, C., Tighe, D. K., van den Pol, A. N., de Lecea, L., Heller, H. C., Sutcliffe, J. G., & Kilduff, T. S. (1998) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.18-23-09996.1998 · Cited by 3,466 · see citing works
Lin, L., Faraco, J., Li, R., Kadotani, H., Rogers, W., Lin, X., Qiu, X., de Jong, P. J., Nishino, S., & Mignot, E. (1999) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81965-0 · Cited by 2,613 · see citing works
Differential expression of orexin receptors 1 and 2 in the rat brain
Marcus, J. N., Aschkenasi, C. J., Lee, C. E., Chemelli, R. M., Saper, C. B., Yanagisawa, M., & Elmquist, J. K. (2001) · Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.1190 · Cited by 1,659 · see citing works
A role for lateral hypothalamic orexin neurons in reward seeking
Harris, G. C., Wimmer, M., & Aston-Jones, G. (2005) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature04071 · Cited by 1,311 · see citing works
Cortico-Basal Ganglia Reward Network: Microcircuitry
Sesack, S. R., & Grace, A. A. (2010) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2009.93 · Cited by 985 · see citing works
Distribution of orexin receptor mRNA in the rat brain
Trivedi, P. G., Yu, H., MacNeil, D. J., der Ploeg, L. H. T. V., & Guan, X.-M. (1998) · FEBS Letters · doi:10.1016/s0014-5793(98)01266-6 · Cited by 979 · see citing works
Borgland, S. L., Taha, S. A., Sarti, F., Fields, H. L., & Bonci, A. (2006) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2006.01.016 · Cited by 718 · see citing works
Promotion of sleep by targeting the orexin system in rats, dogs and humans
Roch, C., Dingemanse, J., Koberstein, R., Hoever, P., Aissaoui, H., Flores, S., Mueller, C., Nayler, O., van Gerven, J., de Haas, S. L., et al. (2007) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm1544 · Cited by 578 · see citing works
Role for hypocretin in mediating stress-induced reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behavior
Boutrel, B., Kenny, P. J., Specio, S. E., Martin-Fardon, R., Markou, A., Koob, G. F., & de Lecea, L. (2005) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0507480102 · Cited by 520 · see citing works
Narita, M., Nagumo, Y., Hashimoto, S., Narita, M., Khotib, J., Miyatake, M., Sakurai, T., Yanagisawa, M., Nakamachi, T., Shioda, S., et al. (2006) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2761-05.2006 · Cited by 516 · see citing works
The brain renin–angiotensin system: location and physiological roles
McKinley, M. J., Albiston, A. L., Allen, A. M., Mathai, M. L., May, C. N., McAllen, R. M., Oldfield, B. J., Mendelsohn, F. A. O., & Chai, S. Y. (2003) · The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology · doi:10.1016/s1357-2725(02)00306-0 · Cited by 504 · see citing works
Fadel, J. R., & Deutch, A. Y. (2002) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/s0306-4522(02)00017-9 · Cited by 503 · see citing works
Gene expression and protein distribution of the orexin-1 receptor in the rat brain and spinal cord
Hervieu, G. J., Cluderay, J. E., Harrison, D. C., Roberts, J. C., & Leslie, R. A. (2001) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/s0306-4522(01)00033-1 · Cited by 463 · see citing works
The orexin system regulates alcohol-seeking in rats
Lawrence, A. J., Cowen, M. S., Yang, H., Chen, F., & Oldfield, B. (2006) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706789 · Cited by 392 · see citing works
Self-citationBaldo, B. A., Daniel, R. A., Berridge, C. W., & Kelley, A. E. (2003) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.10783 · Cited by 346 · see citing works
The role of mesolimbic dopamine in the development and maintenance of ethanol reinforcement
Gonzales, R. A., Job, M. O., & Doyon, W. M. (2004) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2004.06.002 · Cited by 297 · see citing works
Insular hypocretin transmission regulates nicotine reward
Hollander, J. A., Lu, Q., Cameron, M. D., Kamenecka, T. M., & Kenny, P. J. (2008) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0808023105 · Cited by 296 · see citing works
Kelley, A. E., Smith‐Roe, S. L., & Holahan, M. R. (1997) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.94.22.12174 · Cited by 293 · see citing works
Glutamatergic mechanisms in addiction
Tzschentke, T., & Schmidt, W. (2003) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4001269 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
Protein distribution of the orexin-2 receptor in the rat central nervous system
Cluderay, J. E., Harrison, D. C., & Hervieu, G. J. (2002) · Regulatory Peptides · doi:10.1016/s0167-0115(01)00357-3 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
España, R. A., Oleson, E. B., Locke, J. L., Brookshire, B. R., Roberts, D. C. S., & Jones, S. R. (2009) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2009.07065.x · Cited by 250 · see citing works
Richards, J. K., Simms, J. A., Steensland, P., Taha, S. A., Borgland, S. L., Bonci, A., & Bartlett, S. E. (2008) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-008-1136-5 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Dugovic, C., Shelton, J. E., Aluisio, L. E., Fraser, I. C., Jiang, X., Sutton, S. W., Bonaventure, P., Yun, S., Li, X., Lord, B., et al. (2009) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1124/jpet.109.152009 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Dayas, C. V., McGranahan, T. M., Martin‐Fardon, R., & Weiss, F. (2007) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.02.002 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Orexin/hypocretin signaling at the orexin 1 receptor regulates cue‐elicited cocaine‐seeking
Smith, R. J., See, R. E., & Aston‐Jones, G. (2009) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2009.06844.x · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Multiple roles for orexin/hypocretin in addiction
Mahler, S. V., Smith, R. J., Moorman, D. E., Sartor, G. C., & Aston-Jones, G. (2012) · Progress in Brain Research · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-59489-1.00007-0 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Orexin A in the nucleus accumbens stimulates feeding and locomotor activity
Thorpe, A. J., & Kotz, C. M. (2005) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2005.05.045 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Nucleus accumbens cell firing during goal-directed behaviors for cocaine vs. ‘natural’ reinforcement
Carelli, R. M. (2002) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0031-9384(02)00760-6 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Zhu, Y. F., Miwa, Y., Yamanaka, A., Yada, T., Shibahara, M., Abe, Y., Sakurai, T., & Goto, K. (2003) · Journal of Pharmacological Sciences · doi:10.1254/jphs.92.259 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
España, R. A., Melchior, J. R., Roberts, D. C. S., & Jones, S. R. (2010) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-010-2048-8 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Shoblock, J. R., Welty, N., Aluisio, L. E., Fraser, I. C., Motley, S. T., Morton, K. L., Palmer, J. A., Bonaventure, P., Carruthers, N. I., Lovenberg, T. W., et al. (2010) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-010-2127-x · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Piccoli, L., Bonaventura, M. V. M. D., Cifani, C., Costantini, V. J. A., Massagrande, M., Montanari, D., Martinelli, P., Antolini, M., Ciccocioppo, R., Massi, M., et al. (2012) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2012.48 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Hodge, C. W., Miles, M. F., Sharko, A. C., Stevenson, R. A., Hillmann, J. R., Lepoutre, V., Besheer, J., & Schroeder, J. P. (2005) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-005-0217-y · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Orexigenic Peptides and Alcohol Intake: Differential Effects of Orexin, Galanin, and Ghrelin
Schneider, E. R., Rada, P. V., Darby, R. D., LEIBOWITZ, S. F., & Hoebel, B. G. (2007) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2007.00510.x · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Sharf, R., Sarhan, M., & Dileone, R. (2008) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.03.006 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
James, M. H., Charnley, J. L., Levi, E. M., Jones, E., Yeoh, J. W., Smith, D. W., & Dayas, C. V. (2011) · The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1017/s1461145711000423 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Orexin B/hypocretin 2 increases glutamatergic transmission to ventral tegmental area neurons
Borgland, S. L., Storm, E. E., & Bonci, A. (2008) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06397.x · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Mahler, S. V., Smith, R. J., & Aston‐Jones, G. (2012) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-012-2681-5 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Moorman, D. E., & Aston‐Jones, G. (2009) · Alcohol · doi:10.1016/j.alcohol.2009.07.002 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Jupp, B., Krivdic, B., Krstew, E., & Lawrence, A. J. (2011) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2011.03.045 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Self-citationWang, B., You, Z., & Wise, R. A. (2009) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.01.018 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Orexin/hypocretin is necessary for context-driven cocaine-seeking
Smith, R. J., Tahsili‐Fahadan, P., & Aston‐Jones, G. (2009) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2009.06.042 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Bäckström, P., & Hyytiä, P. (2004) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1097/01.alc.0000122101.13164.21 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Sleep, feeding, and neuropeptides: roles of orexins and orexin receptors
Mieda, M. (2002) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/s0959-4388(02)00331-8 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Cowen, M. S., Djouma, E., & Lawrence, A. J. (2005) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1124/jpet.105.090449 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Self-citationLiang, J., Chen, F., Krstew, E., Cowen, M. S., Carroll, F. Y., Crawford, D. J., Beart, P. M., & Lawrence, A. J. (2006) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2005.11.011 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Self-citationThe signalling profile of recombinant human orexin-2 receptor
Tang, J., Chen, J., Ramanjaneya, M., Punn, A., Conner, A. C., & Randeva, H. S. (2008) · Cellular Signalling · doi:10.1016/j.cellsig.2008.05.010 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Hirose, M., Egashira, S., Goto, Y., Hashihayata, T., Ohtake, N., Iwaasa, H., Hata, M., Fukami, T., Kanatani, A., & Yamada, K. (2003) · Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters · doi:10.1016/j.bmcl.2003.08.038 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Hypocretin /orexin preferentially activates caudomedial ventral tegmental area dopamine neurons
Vittoz, N. M., Schmeichel, B. E., & Berridge, C. W. (2008) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06453.x · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Gozzi, A., Turrini, G., Piccoli, L., Massagrande, M., Amantini, D., Antolini, M., Martinelli, P., Cesari, N., Montanari, D., Tessari, M., et al. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0016406 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Jupp, B., Krstew, E., Dezsi, G., & Lawrence, A. (2010) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.01088.x · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Self-citationRole of orexin/hypocretin in conditioned sucrose-seeking in rats
Cason, A. M., & Aston‐Jones, G. (2012) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-012-2902-y · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Respiration and autonomic regulation and orexin
Nattie, E., & Li, A. (2012) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-59489-1.00004-5 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Hypocretins and the neurobiology of sleep–wake mechanisms
de Lecea, L. (2012) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-59489-1.00003-3 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Cowen, M. S., Adams, C., Kraehenbuehl, T., Vengeliene, V., & Lawrence, A. (2005) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1080/13556210500223132 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Self-citationSrinivasan, S., Simms, J. A., Nielsen, C. K., Lieske, S. P., Bito‐Onon, J. J., Yi, H. Y., Hopf, F. W., Bonci, A., & Bartlett, S. E. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0044726 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Martin‐Fardon, R., & Weiss, F. (2012) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1369-1600.2012.00480.x · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Orexins, feeding, and energy balance
Girault, E. M., Yi, C., Fliers, E., & Kalsbeek, A. (2012) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-59489-1.00005-7 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Zhang, G., Mao, L., Liu, X., & Wang, J. Q. (2007) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.04748.x · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Local hypocretin-1 modulates terminal dopamine concentration in the nucleus accumbens shell
Patyal, R., Woo, E. Y., & Borgland, S. L. (2012) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2012.00082 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Mukai, K., Kim, J., Nakajima, K., Oomura, Y., Wayner, M. J., & Sasaki, K. (2009) · Peptides · doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2009.04.018 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Distinct subsets of nucleus accumbens neurons encode operant responding for ethanol versus water
Robinson, D. L., & Carelli, R. M. (2008) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06464.x · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Taslimi, Z., Arezoomandan, R., Omranifard, A., Ghalandari-Shamami, M., Riahi, E., Vafaei, A. A., Rashidy‐Pour, A., & Haghparast, A. (2012) · Peptides · doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2012.07.023 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Tabaeizadeh, M., Motiei-Langroudi, R., Mirbaha, H., Esmaeili, B., Tahsili‐Fahadan, P., Paydar, M. J., Ghaffarpour, M., & Dehpour, A. R. (2012) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2012.09.010 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
The effects of lamotrigine on alcohol seeking and relapse
Vengeliene, V., Heidbreder, C. A., & Spanagel, R. (2007) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2007.09.006 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Mori, K., Kim, J., & Sasaki, K. (2010) · Peptides · doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2010.10.023 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
The role of orexins/hypocretins in alcohol use and abuse: an appetitive-reward relationship
Kim, A. K., Brown, R. M., & Lawrence, A. J. (2012) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2012.00078 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Self-citationOrexins: looking forward to sleep, back at addiction
Scammell, T. E., & Saper, C. B. (2007) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm0207-126 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Role of orexin receptors in the nucleus accumbens in dopamine-dependent turning behaviour of rats
Kotani, A., Ikeda, H., Koshikawa, N., & Cools, A. R. (2007) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2007.11.006 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Pelkonen, A., Hiltunen, M. O., Kiianmaa, K., & Yavich, L. (2010) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.06844.x · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Vesa, J., Kr�ttgen, A., Cosgaya, J. M., & Shooter, E. M. (2000) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/1097-4547(20001015)62:2 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 75 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Drug Addiction: Hyperkatifeia/Negative Reinforcement as a Framework for Medications Development
Koob, G. F. (2021) · Pharmacological Reviews · doi:10.1124/pharmrev.120.000083 · Cited by 337 · see citing works
The Orexin/Receptor System: Molecular Mechanism and Therapeutic Potential for Neurological Diseases
Wang, C., Wang, Q., Ji, B., Pan, Y., Xu, C., Cheng, B., Bai, B., & Chen, J. (2018) · Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnmol.2018.00220 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Orexin/hypocretin role in reward: implications for opioid and other addictions
Baimel, C., Bartlett, S. E., Chiou, L., Lawrence, A. J., Muschamp, J. W., Patkar, O. L., Tung, L.-W., & Borgland, S. L. (2014) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/bph.12639 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Self-citationA Decade of Orexin/Hypocretin and Addiction: Where Are We Now?
James, M. H., Mahler, S. V., Moorman, D. E., & Aston‐Jones, G. (2016) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2016_57 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Novel Agents for the Pharmacological Treatment of Alcohol Use Disorder
Burnette, E. M., Nieto, S. J., Grodin, E. N., Meredith, L. R., Hurley, B., Miotto, K., Gillis, A. J., & Ray, L. A. (2022) · Drugs · doi:10.1007/s40265-021-01670-3 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Barson, J. R., Ho, H. T., & LEIBOWITZ, S. F. (2014) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/adb.12139 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Role of cues and contexts on drug‐seeking behaviour
Perry, C., Zbukvic, I. C., Kim, J., & Lawrence, A. (2014) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/bph.12735 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Self-citationOrexins and fear: Implications for the treatment of anxiety disorders
Flores, Á., Saravia, R., Maldonado, R., & Berrendero, F. (2015) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2015.06.005 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Anderson, R. I., Becker, H. C., Adams, B. L., Jesudason, C. D., & Rorick‐Kehn, L. M. (2014) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2014.00033 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Medications for alcohol use disorders: An overview
Akbar, M. D., Egli, M., Cho, Y., Song, B., & Noronha, A. (2017) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.11.007 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Moorman, D. E., James, M. H., Kilroy, E. A., & Aston‐Jones, G. (2016) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2016.10.018 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Orexin antagonists for neuropsychiatric disease: progress and potential pitfalls
Yeoh, J. W., Campbell, E. J., James, M. H., Graham, B. A., & Dayas, C. V. (2014) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2014.00036 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Prince, C. D., Rau, A. R., Yorgason, J. T., & España, R. A. (2014) · ACS Chemical Neuroscience · doi:10.1021/cn500246j · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Matzeu, A., Zamora-Martinez, E. R., & Martin‐Fardon, R. (2014) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00117 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Mehr, J. B., Mitchison, D., Bowrey, H. E., & James, M. H. (2021) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-021-01052-z · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Brown, R. M., Kim, A. K., Khoo, S. Y., Kim, J. H., Jupp, B., & Lawrence, A. J. (2015) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/adb.12251 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Self-citationOrexin/Hypocretin System: Role in Food and Drug Overconsumption
Barson, J. R., & LEIBOWITZ, S. F. (2017) · International review of neurobiology · doi:10.1016/bs.irn.2017.06.006 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Reichelt, A. C., Westbrook, R. F., & Morris, M. J. (2015) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/bph.13321 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Moorman, D. E., James, M. H., Kilroy, E. A., & Aston‐Jones, G. (2016) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.13170 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Orexin/Hypocretin Based Pharmacotherapies for the Treatment of Addiction: DORA or SORA?
Khoo, S. Y., & Brown, R. M. (2014) · CNS Drugs · doi:10.1007/s40263-014-0179-x · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Self-citationRecent perspectives on orexin/hypocretin promotion of addiction-related behaviors
Hopf, F. W. (2020) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108013 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Therapeutics development for addiction: Orexin-1 receptor antagonists
Perrey, D. A., & Zhang, Y. (2018) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2018.08.025 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Hypothalamic neuropeptide signaling in alcohol addiction
Barson, J. R., & LEIBOWITZ, S. F. (2015) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.02.006 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Martin‐Fardon, R., Cauvi, G., Kerr, T. M., & Weiss, F. (2016) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/adb.12441 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
A sleeping giant: Suvorexant for the treatment of alcohol use disorder?
Campbell, E. J., Marchant, N. J., & Lawrence, A. J. (2018) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2018.08.005 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Self-citationDrug addiction: An affective-cognitive disorder in need of a cure
Fattore, L., & Diana, M. (2016) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.04.006 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Orexin/hypocretin and dysregulated eating: Promotion of foraging behavior
Barson, J. R. (2018) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2018.08.018 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Nucleus incertus Orexin2 receptors mediate alcohol seeking in rats
Kastman, H. E., Błasiak, A., Walker, L. C., Siwiec, M., Krstew, E., Gundlach, A. L., & Lawrence, A. J. (2016) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.07.006 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Self-citationHow contexts promote and prevent relapse to drug seeking
Khoo, S. Y., Gibson, G. D., Prasad, A. A., & McNally, G. P. (2016) · Genes Brain & Behavior · doi:10.1111/gbb.12328 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Self-citationCh’ng, S. S., & Lawrence, A. J. (2015) · Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy · doi:10.1016/j.jchemneu.2015.03.002 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Self-citationMohammadkhani, A., James, M. H., Pantazis, C. B., & Aston‐Jones, G. (2019) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146461 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Ten-Blanco, M., Flores, Á., Cristino, L., Pereda-Pérez, I., & Berrendero, F. (2023) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2023.101066 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Dynorphin and its role in alcohol use disorder
Karkhanis, A. N., & Al-Hasani, R. (2020) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2020.146742 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
The Role of Orexins/Hypocretins in Alcohol Use and Abuse
Walker, L. C., & Lawrence, A. J. (2016) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2016_55 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Self-citationLei, K., Wegner, S. A., Yu, J. H., Mototake, A., Hu, B., & Hopf, F. W. (2016) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2016.00400 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Knockdown of hypocretin attenuates extended access of cocaine self-administration in rats
Schmeichel, B. E., Matzeu, A., Koebel, P., Vendruscolo, L. F., Sidhu, H., Shahryari, R., Kieffer, B. L., Koob, G. F., Martin‐Fardon, R., & Contet, C. (2018) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-018-0054-4 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Orexin-1 receptor blockade suppresses compulsive-like alcohol drinking in mice
Lei, K., Wegner, S. A., Yu, J.-H., & Hopf, F. W. (2016) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.08.008 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Lei, K., Kwok, C., Darevsky, D. M., Wegner, S. A., Yu, J.-H., Nakayama, L., Pedrozo, V., Anderson, L., Ghotra, S., Fouad, M., et al. (2019) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2019.00088 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Matzeu, A., & Martin‐Fardon, R. (2019) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.107906 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Matzeu, A., & Martin‐Fardon, R. (2020) · Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnint.2020.599710 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Matzeu, A., & Martin‐Fardon, R. (2022) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2021.787595 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Orexins (hypocretins): The intersection between homeostatic and hedonic feeding
Muthmainah, M., Gogos, A., Sumithran, P., & Brown, R. M. (2021) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/jnc.15328 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Self-citationZlebnik, N. E., Holtz, N. A., Lepak, V. C., Saykao, A. T., Zhang, Y., & Carroll, M. E. (2021) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108719 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
A systematic review and meta-analysis on the transcriptomic signatures in alcohol use disorder
Friske, M. M., Torrico, E. C., Haas, M. J. W., Borruto, A. M., Giannone, F., Hade, A.-C., Yu, Y., Gao, L., Sutherland, G. T., HITZEMANN, R. J., et al. (2024) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-024-02719-x · Cited by 29 · see citing works
The hypocretin/orexin system as a target for excessive motivation in alcohol use disorders
Moorman, D. E. (2018) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-018-4871-2 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Identification of discrete, intermingled hypocretin neuronal populations
Iyer, M., Essner, R. A., Klingenberg, B., & Carter, M. E. (2018) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.24490 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
James, M. H., Fragale, J. E. C., O’Connor, S. L., Zimmer, B. A., & Aston‐Jones, G. (2020) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108359 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
At the intersection of sleep deficiency and opioid use: mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities
Greenwald, M. K., Moses, T. E. H., & Roehrs, T. (2021) · Translational research · doi:10.1016/j.trsl.2021.03.006 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Vaseghi, S., Zarrabian, S., & Haghparast, A. (2021) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.104516 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Sadeghzadeh, F., Namvar, P., Naghavi, F. S., & Haghparast, A. (2015) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2015.12.005 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Suvorexant to treat alcohol use disorder and comorbid insomnia: Plan for a phase II trial
Campbell, E. J., Norman, A. F., Bonomo, Y. A., & Lawrence, A. J. (2019) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146597 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-citationSánchez-Alavez, M., Benedict, J., Wills, D. N., & Ehlers, C. L. (2019) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsz020 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Giannotti, G., Mottarlini, F., Heinsbroek, J. A., Mandel, M. R., James, M. H., & Peters, J. (2022) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-022-02161-z · Cited by 25 · see citing works
James, M. H., & Aston‐Jones, G. (2020) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2020.146665 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Carvajal, F., Alcaráz-Iborra, M., Lerma-Cabrera, J. M., Valor, L. M., de la Fuente, L., Sanchez-Amate, M. D. C., & Cubero, I. (2015) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2015.03.046 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Flores‐Ramirez, F. J., Illenberger, J. M., Pascasio, G., Matzeu, A., Mason, B. J., & Martin‐Fardon, R. (2022) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2022.1085882 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Orexin in Patients with Alcohol Dependence Treated for Relapse Prevention: A Pilot Study
Ziółkowski, M., Czarnecki, D., Budzyński, J., Rosińska, Z., Żekanowska, E., & Góralczyk, B. (2015) · Alcohol and Alcoholism · doi:10.1093/alcalc/agv129 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Illenberger, J. M., Flores‐Ramirez, F. J., Matzeu, A., Mason, B. J., & Martin‐Fardon, R. (2023) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2023.1127735 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Cannella, N., Ubaldi, M., Masi, A., Bramucci, M., Roberto, M., Bifone, A., & Ciccocioppo, R. (2019) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.05.014 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Kwok, C., Lei, K., Pedrozo, V., Anderson, L., Ghotra, S., Walsh, M. M., Li, L., Yu, J.-H., & Hopf, F. W. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-79935-2 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Sahafzadeh, M., Karimi‐Haghighi, S., Mousavi, Z., & Haghparast, A. (2017) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2017.12.008 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Gargiulo, A. T., Pirino, B. E., Curtis, G. R., & Barson, J. R. (2020) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/adb.12972 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Ardeshiri, M. R., Hosseinmardi, N., & Akbari, E. (2017) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.03.004 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Contribution of hypothalamic orexin (hypocretin) circuits to pathologies of motivation
Mohammadkhani, A., Mitchell, C. S., James, M. H., Borgland, S. L., & Dayas, C. V. (2024) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/bph.17325 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Alcaráz-Iborra, M., Navarrete, F., Rodríguez‐Ortega, E., de la Fuente, L., Manzanares, J., & Cubero, I. (2017) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00186 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Alcaráz-Iborra, M., & Cubero, I. (2015) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2015.04.012 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Ehlers, C. L., Benedict, J., Wills, D. N., & Sánchez-Alavez, M. (2019) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-019-05371-4 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
The influence of orexins on ethanol-induced behavioral sensitization in male mice
Macedo, G. C., Kawakami, S. E., Vignoli, T., Sinigaglia‐Coimbra, R., & Suchecki, D. (2013) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2013.07.010 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Mendoza-Ruiz, L. G., Vázquez-León, P., Martı́nez-Mota, L., Juan, E. R., & Miranda-Páez, A. (2018) · Alcohol · doi:10.1016/j.alcohol.2018.01.008 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Aldridge, G. M., Zarin, T. A., Brandner, A. J., George, O., Gilpin, N. W., Repunte‐Canonigo, V., Sanna, P. P., Koob, G. F., Vendruscolo, L. F., & Schmeichel, B. E. (2022) · Addiction Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.addicn.2022.100028 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Emerging targets for addiction neuropharmacology
Ubaldi, M., Cannella, N., & Ciccocioppo, R. (2015) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/bs.pbr.2015.07.018 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Orexin-mediated motivated arousal and reward seeking
Bjorness, T. E., & Greene, R. W. (2024) · Peptides · doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2024.171280 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Orexin receptors: possible therapeutic targets for psychiatric disorders
Chaki, S. (2025) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-025-06767-1 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Morales‐Mulia, M. (2019) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2019.172761 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Illenberger, J. M., Flores‐Ramirez, F. J., Pascasio, G., Franco, M., Mendonsa, B., & Martin‐Fardon, R. (2024) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/02698811241260989 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Reid, M. J., Dunn, K. E., Abraham, L., Ellis, J. D., Hunt, C., Gamaldo, C. E., Coon, W. G., Mun, C. J., Strain, E. C., Smith, M. T., et al. (2024) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsae025 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Drug addiction co-morbidity with alcohol: Neurobiological insights
McGinn, M. A., Pantazis, C. B., Tunstall, B. J., Marchette, R. C. N., Carlson, E. R., Said, N., Koob, G. F., & Vendruscolo, L. F. (2021) · International review of neurobiology · doi:10.1016/bs.irn.2020.11.002 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Role of Lateral Hypothalamic Orexin (Hypocretin) Neurons in Alcohol Use and Abuse: Recent Advances
Walker, L. C., Ch’ng, S. S., & Lawrence, A. J. (2016) · Current Pharmacology Reports · doi:10.1007/s40495-016-0069-7 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationMa, Y., Sardar, H., Benabou, M. E., Yu, A. C., Morningstar, A. R., Fajardo, R. N., Kandil, I. F., Rogers, E. T., Vassalli, A., Kauer, J. A., et al. (2025) · Biological Psychiatry Global Open Science · doi:10.1016/j.bpsgos.2025.100617 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Lay, B. P. P., & Khoo, S. Y. (2021) · Neuroanatomy and Behaviour · doi:10.35430/nab.2021.e18 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationFlores‐Ramirez, F. J., Pascasio, G., & Martin‐Fardon, R. (2025) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2025.1718540 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Cruise, S. C., Secci, M. E., Kelley, L. K., Sharfman, N. M., Rodríguez‐Graciani, K. M., Wills, T. A., Gilpin, N. W., & Avegno, E. M. (2025) · Advances in Drug and Alcohol Research · doi:10.3389/adar.2025.14199 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Hypocretin Receptor 1 Regulation of Dopamine Neurotransmission and Motivated Behavior
Shaw, J. K., Black, E. M., Zhang, Y., & España, R. A. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-813751-2.00005-x · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Berry, E. A., Huhulea, E. N., Ishibashi, M., McGregor, R., Siegel, J. M., & Leonard, C. S. (2025) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0563-25.2025 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Medication for Sleep Problems in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
de Jong, J., & Vermetten, E. H. G. J. M. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-7148-0_29 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Neuropsychiatric and Neurobehavioral Syndromes of the Human Hypothalamus
Wagner, J. H., Sarfraz, N., Maini, K., & Edinoff, A. N. (2020) · Contemporary Endocrinology · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-62187-2_8 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Flores‐Ramirez, F. J., Illenberger, J. M., & Martin‐Fardon, R. (2024) · Neurobiology of Stress · doi:10.1016/j.ynstr.2024.100695 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Amodeo, L. R., Wills, D. N., Benedict, J., & Ehlers, C. L. (2025) · Alcohol · doi:10.1016/j.alcohol.2025.01.006 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The Role of Ghrelin in Reward-Based Feeding
St-Onge, V. (2014) · doi:10.22215/etd/2014-10569 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Phospholipase Cascades in OX1 Orexin Receptor Signaling
Jäntti, M. H. (2014)
Orexin/Hypocretin System and Drug Addiction
Matzeu, A., & Martin‐Fardon, R. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-800634-4.00015-9
Czora-Poczwardowska, K., Kujawski, R., Słyńko-Krzyżostaniak, J., Mikołajczak, P. Ł., & Szulc, M. (2021) · Postępy Higieny i Medycyny Doświadczalnej · doi:10.2478/ahem-2021-0007
(2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-816793-9.00001-3
de Lecea, L. (2018) · Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature · doi:10.3410/f.726881621.793550004
de Lecea, L. (2018) · Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature · doi:10.3410/f.726068380.793550010
Berry, E. A., Huhulea, E. N., Ishibashi, M., McGregor, R., Siegel, J. M., & Leonard, C. S. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.03.20.644444
Investigating the effects of orexin receptor 1 antagonism on decision making under uncertainty
Metha, J. A., Bertheau, M., Murawski, C., Hoyer, D., & Jacobson, L. H. (2025) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2025.115691
Ostos‐Valverde, A., Daval-Marín-Lozano, V., Gómez‐Villatoro, J. P., Méndez‐Díaz, M., Herrera-Solís, A., Ruiz‐Contreras, A. E., & García, Ó. P. (2025) · Revista de la Facultad de Medicina UNAM · doi:10.22201/fm.24484865e.2025.68.6.02
Holguin, G., & Martin‐Fardon, R. (2026) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2026.1729040
Ray, L. A., Nieto, S. J., Miotto, K. A., Mooney, L. J., LeBeau, R. T., Yoon, J. H., Schmitz, J. M., Acierno, R. E., Bailey, N. W., Jenkins, J., et al. (2026) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-026-09489-7
- Authors
- Brown, R. M., Khoo, S. Y.-S., & Lawrence, A. J.
- Affiliations
- Medical University of South Carolina (US)
- The University of Melbourne (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Lawrence, Andrew John
- Venue
- International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2013-10-01
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 2067-2079
- ISSN
- 1461-1457 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-5111
- OpenAlex
- W1987854393
- Cited by
- 101
- References
- 75
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 5.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Minerva Access (University of Melbourne) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- State Government of Victoria
- Medical Research Council
- National Health and Medical Research Council (1021227)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
- Keywords
- orexin receptor 2, TCS OX2 29, ethanol self-administration, ethanol seeking, cue-induced reinstatement, nucleus accumbens, nucleus accumbens shell, nucleus accumbens core, ethanol reinforcement, sucrose self-administration, alcoholism, G protein-coupled receptors
- MeSH terms
- Orexin Receptor Antagonists, Alcohol Drinking, Ethanol, Animals, Behavior, Animal, Brain, Conditioning, Psychological, Cues, Isoquinolines, Male, Motor Activity, Pyridines, Reward, Self Administration, Sucrose, Rats, Drug-Seeking Behavior, Orexin Receptors
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review