Orexins and fear: Implications for the treatment of anxiety disorders
Abstract
An understanding of the neurobiological mechanisms involved in the regulation of fear is essential for the development of new treatments for anxiety disorders, such as phobias, panic, and post-traumatic stress disorders (PTSD). Orexins, also known as hypocretins, are neuropeptides located exclusively in hypothalamic neurons that have extensive projections throughout the central nervous system. Although this system was initially believed to be primarily involved in the regulation of feeding behavior, recent studies have shown that orexins also modulate neural circuits implicated in the expression and extinction of fear memories. Here, we discuss recent findings involving orexins in anxiety disorders and current clinical trials using orexin ligands that could be applied to identify new therapies for diseases characterized by pathological fear.
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Orexin receptor 1 and/or orexin receptor 2 are expressed in several brain areas engaged during anxiety and fear processing, including the hippocampus, amygdala and mPFC.
“The orexin receptor 1 and/or orexin receptor 2 receptor are expressed in several brain areas that are engaged during anxiety and fear processing including the hippocampus, amygdala and mPFC (Flores, Saravia, Maldonado, & Berrendero, 2015;Marcus et al., 2001).”
From Novel pharmacological targets in drug development for the treatment of anxiety and anxiety-related disorders (2019) · cites this paper as Flores, Saravia, Maldonado, & Berrendero, 2015
Activation of the orexin system is involved in the expression and consolidation of fear while it counteracts fear extinction.
“Furthermore, activation of the orexin system has been shown to be involved in the expression and consolidation of fear while it counteracts fear extinction (Flores et al., 2015).”
From Novel pharmacological targets in drug development for the treatment of anxiety and anxiety-related disorders (2019) · cites this paper as Flores et al., 2015
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Ten-Blanco, M., Ponce-Renilla, M., Pereda-Pérez, I., Izquierdo-Luengo, C., Bressa, C., Zafra, O., Tolón, R. M., & Berrendero, F. (2025) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-025-03400-9 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationOliveira, G. V. M., Suzuki, G. M. F., Soriano, R. F., Alves, L. D. C., de Carvalho, M. L. C., Hernandes, P. M., Wotjak, C. T., Coimbra, N. C., & Almada, R. C. (2025) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2025.116010 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Phoenixin and nesfatin-1 – novel neuropeptides in anxiety disorders
Pałasz, A., Mordecka‐Chamera, K., Rojczyk, E., Siwiec, A., Zakrocka, M., Private Psychotherapy Practice “Relation, ”. S., & Janas-Kozik, M. H. (2020) · Psychiatria i Psychologia Kliniczna · doi:10.15557/pipk.2020.0005 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Insulin-Like Growth Factor I Modulates Vulnerability to Stress Through Orexin NeuronsPreprint
de Sevilla, M. F., Pignatelli, J., Méndez, P., Zegarra-Valdivia, J. A., & Alemán, I. T. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.02.10.941377 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The Hypocretin/Orexin System and Fear Learning
Flores, Á., & Berrendero, F. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-813751-2.00008-5
Self-citationFlores, Á. (2017) · doi:10.26226/morressier.5971be86d462b80290b527a4
Self-citationXinxin, T., Shi, Y., Xiong, H., Sun, Y., Shi, M., Zhou, G., Dong, J., & Ren, J. (2026) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2026.109057
- Authors
- Flores, Á., Saravia, R., Maldonado, R., & Berrendero, F.
- Affiliations
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (ES)
- Venue
- Trends in Neurosciences
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-09
- Volume
- 38
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 550-559
- ISSN
- 0166-2236 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1696117693
- Cited by
- 102
- References
- 101
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 6
- FWCI
- 0.98
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Trends in Neurosciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Repositori digital de la UPF (Universitat Pompeu Fabra) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Keywords
- orexin, fear regulation, anxiety disorders, fear extinction, phobia, panic disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, hypothalamus
- MeSH terms
- Orexins, Animals, Anxiety Disorders, Brain, Fear, Humans
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