Mental health professionals’ attitudes towards virtual reality therapies: a systematic review
Open accessAbstract
Abstract Virtual reality (VR) therapies show promise in mental health treatment, yet their adoption in clinical practice remains limited. Understanding mental health professionals’ attitudes is crucial for successful implementation. A systematic search was conducted by the first author with support from a librarian in eight databases (PubMed [1966], PsycINFO [1967], Web of Science [1900], Scopus [1966], Medline [1946], Global Health [1973], Embase [1974], and PsycExtra [1908]), Google Scholar, and ProQuest Dissertation and Theses Global until May 9th 2024. Twenty studies (2010–2024) from Europe ( n = 11), North America ( n = 5), Oceania ( n = 3), and Asia ( n = 1), comprising 1300 mental health professionals, meeting inclusion criteria were analyzed, including qualitative, quantitative, and mixed-methods research. The methodological quality of the included studies was moderate to high, but some limitations in sampling strategies. Data were synthesized using narrative synthesis. Results indicated that while only 3% of mental health professionals reported using VR in clinical settings, they predominantly held positive attitudes towards VR therapies but identified numerous barriers. Key facilitators included VR’s accessibility, safety and controllability (the therapist’s ability to customize stimulus according to patients’ needs), and increased patient engagement. Key barriers encompassed technical limitations, high cost, treatment suitability concerns, potential side effects, workload, and time investment. The findings highlight the need for targeted training programs, improved technological infrastructure, and clearer guidelines to support VR therapies in mental health practice. Future research could focus on ways to address these limitations and using facilitators to enhance VR adoption.
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VR has demonstrated outstanding performance and efficacy in exposure therapy.
“Although VR has demonstrated outstanding performance and efficacy in exposure therapy, it may be unfamiliar or even intimidating to clients with anxiety or panic disorders and counselors who empathize with and care for them [52].”
From Exploring Predictors of Counselors’ Acceptance of Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy With Resistance and Job Contexts as Moderators: Cross-Sectional Mixed Methods Study (2025) · cites this paper as [52]
The Introduction describes VR exposure therapy as particularly valuable for trauma-related disorders and phobias, and the Results report advantages such as customizable exposure tasks. But the review does not establish the claimed “outstanding” efficacy; its Results also describe clinicians’ concerns about effectiveness and the evidence for it. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredVR may be unfamiliar or even intimidating to clients with anxiety or panic disorders and counselors who empathize with and care for them.
“Although VR has demonstrated outstanding performance and efficacy in exposure therapy, it may be unfamiliar or even intimidating to clients with anxiety or panic disorders and counselors who empathize with and care for them [52].”
From Exploring Predictors of Counselors’ Acceptance of Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy With Resistance and Job Contexts as Moderators: Cross-Sectional Mixed Methods Study (2025) · cites this paper as [52]
The Results report patient reluctance toward unfamiliar VR treatments and clinicians’ discomfort with the technology; they also note clinicians’ doubts about VR’s suitability for patients with acute anxiety. The review does not specifically establish that clients with panic disorders find VR intimidating, or that counselors’ concern arises from empathizing with those clients. The indexed copy provides no page numbers for these Results passages. (LLM, conf=0.84)
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Kim, M., Jeon, M., Lee, Y., Lee, S., Kim, H., & Jung, D. (2025) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/81803
“Although VR has demonstrated outstanding performance and efficacy in exposure therapy, it may be unfamiliar or even intimidating to clients with anxiety or panic disorders and counselors who empathize with and care for them [52].”
- Authors
- Bin, S., Alrashdi, D. H., Whitehead, T., Riches, S., & Drini, E.
- Affiliations
- University College London (GB)
- King's College London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Drini, Eugenia
- Venue
- Journal of Technology in Behavioral Science
- Published
- 2025-03-10
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 146-169
- ISSN
- 2366-5963 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4408284991
- Cited by
- 21
- References
- 67
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 7
- FWCI
- 3.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Technology in Behavioral Science (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Keywords
- virtual reality therapy, mental health professionals' attitudes, technology adoption, implementation barriers, implementation facilitators, clinical practice, therapist training, patient engagement, adverse effects
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