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Affective polarization in Europe

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Wagner, Markus·2024·European Political Science Review
DOI 10.1017/s1755773923000383
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Abstract

Affective polarization, a concept that originated in the USA, has increasingly been studied in Europe’s multi-party systems. This form of polarization refers to the extent to which party supporters dislike one another – or, more technically, to the difference between the positive feelings towards the supporters of one’s own political party and the negative feelings towards the supporters of other parties. Measuring this gap in Europe’s multi-party systems requires researchers to make various important decisions relating to conceptualization and measurement. Often, our focus could instead lie on assessing partisan hostility or negative party affect, which is easier to measure. While recent research on affective polarization in Europe has already taught USA lot, both about affective polarization and about political conflict in Europe, I nevertheless suggest that research in this field faces four challenges, namely developing better measures, more sophisticated theories, clearer accounts of affective polarization’s importance and successful ways of reducing negative party affect, if this is indeed desirable.

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  • Affective polarization is harder to measure in multiparty systems, as is the case in many European countries.

    “Part of this is because affective polarization is harder to measure in multiparty systems, as is the case in many European countries (Reiljan 2025; Wagner 2024).”

    From Computational Social Science of Social Cohesion and Polarization (2026) · cites this paper as Wagner 2024

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Authors
Wagner, M.
Affiliations
University of Vienna (AT)
Corresponding author
Wagner, Markus
ORCID
Wagner, Markus
Venue
European Political Science Review
Publisher
Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Published
2024-02-08
Volume
16
Issue
3
Pages
378-392
ISSN
  • 1755-7739 (ISSN-L)
  • 1755-7747
DOI
10.1017/s1755773923000383
OpenAlex
W4391646421
Cited by
80
References
11
Citations by year
2026: 29 · 2025: 37 · 2024: 14
FWCI
128.38
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
European Political Science Review (publishedVersion, cc-by)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Electoral Systems and Political Participation
  • Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Populism, Right-Wing Movements
  • Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Political Theory and Democracy
Keywords
affective polarization, partisan hostility, multiparty system, party identification, political conflict, European politics

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