Ideological identity, issue‐based ideology and bipolar affective polarization in multiparty systems: The cases of Argentina, Chile, Italy, Portugal and Spain
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In multiparty contexts, we know that affective polarization tends to cluster in ideological blocs, although the factors driving this process are still quite unexplored. In this paper, we contribute to filling this gap in the literature by exploring the capacity of ideological identity vis-à-vis issue-based ideology to polarize sentiments towards party voters into two opposing left-right blocs. Specifically, we provide empirical evidence that affective attachments to ideological labels increase the affective distance between ideological blocs to a greater extent than issue extremity and issue consistency. These bipolarizing effects of ideological identity persist even when the identity is inconsistent with issue-based ideology. Additionally, we show that bipolar affective polarization exerts little reverse influence on ideological identity. We support these arguments using an original survey from the TRI-POL project carried out in five multiparty systems: Argentina, Chile, Italy, Portugal and Spain.
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Multiparty systems may lead to divisions that are much more salient than those within a single party.
“It is possible that multiparty systems may lead to divisions that are much more salient than those within a single party (Bantel, 2023;Comellas & Torcal, 2023).”
From Measuring affective polarization: Matching concepts to measures (2026) · cites this paper as Comellas & Torcal, 2023
The Conclusions (pp. 9–10) describe voters in multiparty systems dividing into opposing affective blocs. The paper does not compare those divisions with divisions within a single party or establish that they are more salient. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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- Authors
- Comellas, J. M., & Torcal, M.
- Affiliations
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (ES)
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (ES)
- Corresponding author
- Comellas, Josep M.
- Venue
- Electoral Studies
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2023-06
- Volume
- 83
- Pages
- 102615
- ISSN
- 0261-3794 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4362639735
- Cited by
- 57
- References
- 73
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 5
- FWCI
- 56.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Electoral Studies (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Dipòsit Digital de Documents de la UAB (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Repositori digital de la UPF (Universitat Pompeu Fabra) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Fundación BBVA
- European Commission (501100011033, /AEI/10.13039/501100011033)
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats
- Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (10.13039, / AEI/10, PID2019, 501100011033, I00/AEI/10.13039, /AEI/10.13039/ 501100011033)
- Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria
- Agencia Estatal de Investigación (501100011033, 10.13039/501100011033, 13039, 10.13039, AEI/10, PID2019)
- NextGenerationEU
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Electoral Systems and Political Participation
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Populism, Right-Wing Movements
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Political Theory and Democracy
- Keywords
- affective polarization, ideological identity, bipolarization, multiparty system, party voters
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