Anogenital distance in newborn daughters of women with polycystic ovary syndrome indicates fetal testosterone exposure
Open accessAbstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) affects ~7% of reproductive age women. Although its etiology is unknown, in animals, excess prenatal testosterone (T) exposure induces PCOS-like phenotypes. While measuring fetal T in humans is infeasible, demonstrating in utero androgen exposure using a reliable newborn biomarker, anogenital distance (AGD), would provide evidence for a fetal origin of PCOS and potentially identify girls at risk. Using data from a pregnancy cohort (The Infant Development and Environment Study), we tested the novel hypothesis that infant girls born to women with PCOS have longer AGD, suggesting higher fetal T exposure, than girls born to women without PCOS. During pregnancy, women reported whether they ever had a PCOS diagnosis. After birth, infant girls underwent two AGD measurements: anofourchette distance (AGD-AF) and anoclitoral distance (AGD-AC). We fit adjusted linear regression models to examine the association between maternal PCOS and girls' AGD. In total, 300 mother-daughter dyads had complete data and 23 mothers reported PCOS. AGD was longer in the daughters of women with a PCOS diagnosis compared with daughters of women with no diagnosis (AGD-AF: β=1.21, P=0.05; AGD-AC: β=1.05, P=0.18). Results were stronger in analyses limited to term births (AGD-AF: β=1.65, P=0.02; AGD-AC: β=1.43, P=0.09). Our study is the first to examine AGD in offspring of women with PCOS. Our results are consistent with findings that women with PCOS have longer AGD and suggest that during PCOS pregnancies, daughters may experience elevated T exposure. Identifying the underlying causes of PCOS may facilitate early identification and intervention for those at risk.
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One report involving 23 mothers self-reporting PCOS and 277 women reporting no PCOS indicated increased anogenital differences, a marker of prenatal androgen exposure, in daughters of women with PCOS.
“One report involving 23 mothers self-reporting PCOS and 277 women reporting no PCOS indicated increased anogenital differences, a marker of prenatal androgen exposure, in daughters of women with PCOS [104].”
From Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Pathophysiology, Presentation, and Treatment With Emphasis on Adolescent Girls (2019) · cites this paper as [104]
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“Daughters of mothers with PCOS also demonstrate evidence of longer AGDs than daughters of unaffected women (Barrett et al., 2018; Perlman et al., 2020, but see Glintborg et al., 2019), in association with high serum testosterone in affected mothers during gestation.”
BackgroundOvarian and extra-ovarian mediators in the development of polycystic ovary syndrome
Puttabyatappa, M., & Padmanabhan, V. (2018) · Journal of Molecular Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/jme-18-0079 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
In utero Androgen Excess: A Developmental Commonality Preceding Polycystic Ovary Syndrome?
Abbott, D. H., Kraynak, M., Dumesic, D. A., & Levine, J. E. (2019) · Frontiers of Hormone Research · doi:10.1159/000494899 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Self-citationFabregues, F., González-Foruria, I., Peñarrubia, J., & Carmona, F. (2018) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/dey244 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Pan, Z., Zhu, F., & Zhou, K. (2021) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2021.696879 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Peters, H. E., Laeven, C. H. C., Trimbos, C. J. M. A., van de Ven, P. M., Verhoeven, M. O., Schats, R., Mijatovic, V., & Lambalk, C. B. (2020) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2020.06.029 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Dural, O., Kurbanova, T., Yasa, C., Ugurlucan, F. G., Selvi, E., Ozdemir, P. K., & Akhan, S. E. (2021) · European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2021.01.017 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
- Authors
- Barrett, E. S., Hoeger, K. M., Sathyanarayana, S., Abbott, D. H., Redmon, J. B., Nguyen, R. H. N., & Swan, S. H.
- Affiliations
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (US)
- University of Rochester Medicine (US)
- University of Washington (US)
- University of Wisconsin System (US)
- University of Minnesota (US)
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (US)
- Corresponding author
- Barrett, E. S.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2018-01-09
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 307-314
- ISSN
- 2040-1744 (ISSN-L)
- 2040-1752
- PMC
- PMC5997496
- OpenAlex
- W2784049362
- Cited by
- 145
- References
- 83
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 6
- FWCI
- 16.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Rutgers University Community Repository (Rutgers University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (R01ES016863, R01ES025169, P30ES005022)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Ovarian function and disorders
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Sexual Differentiation and Disorders
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Effects and risks of endocrine disrupting chemicals
- Keywords
- polycystic ovary syndrome, anogenital distance, prenatal androgen exposure, maternal PCOS, infant girls, developmental origins of health and disease, PCOS etiology, pregnancy cohort
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Androgens, Anal Canal, Female, Genitalia, Female, Humans, Infant, Newborn, Nuclear Family, Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Testosterone, Cohort Studies
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